Term
| Describe the anatomical layers of the penis. (COA p419-420) |
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Definition
Outer Dermis
Dartos Muscle Layer
Deep Fascia(Buck's Fascia)
3 masses of cavernous erectile tissue encased and separated by the tunica albuginea
-1 ventral Corpus spongiosum
-2 dorslateral corpora cavernosa penile urethra(within the corpus spongiosum) |
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Term
A 50-year-old man roofing worker develops a cough for the past month that is now associated with
hemoptysis. The patient denies a smoking history or prolonged exposure to second-hand smoke. An Xray reveals a left-sided lower lung coin-shaped lesion. What type of lung cancer is suspected in this
individual? What is the appearance of asbestos fibers in the lung? What cancers are associated with
asbestosis? (FA12 p569, 572) (FA13 p555, 559) (SU13 p130) |
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Definition
not Squamous Cell cancer or Oat cell(centrally located)
Bronchogenic adenocarcinoma in this case
Mesothelioma is associated with asbestos: seen as Golden-brown rods that resemble dumbbells in macrophages |
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Term
| What is vaginismus? (SU13 p248) (COA p434) |
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Definition
Reflex of the pubococcygeus muscle->muscles of the vaagina tense up suddenly->preventing vaginal insertion/examination
- Treatment: Relaxation techniques |
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Term
A young child has weakness of his extremities and is found to have an Arnold-Chiari II malformation
with a syringomyelia. What is a syringomyelia? What symptoms are commonly seen in patients with
syringomyelia? (FA12 p134, 451) (FA13 p410) (SU13 p45) |
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Definition
Arnold-Chiari - herniation of cerebelum through the foramen magnum
Syringomyelia - central canal of the spinal cord is compressed-->Dilation of the canal distal to the compresson-->Dilated canal is compressing tracts nearby
Damage anterior white commissure of spinothalamic tract(2nd order neuron)->bilateral loss of pain and temp[usually C8-T1 - cape-like distribution], sensation to touch is unaffected
And perhaps damage to anterior horn motor nerves->Hand and arm weakness |
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Term
What branchial arch derivative abnormality causes facial abnormalities by affecting Meckel’s cartilage?
What cranial nerves are affected in this abnormality? What is the derivative of the branchial arches?
(FA12 p135, 136) (FA13 p509, 511) |
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Definition
Meckel's cartilage: 1st Branchial Arch
Cranial Nerve V2 and V3(Muscles of mastication)
Derivative of branchial arches: Mesoderm - muscles and arteries
Neural Crest - Bones and Cartilage |
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Term
| A 21-year-old man suffered a lateral blow during a football game and he now complains of pain in his right knee. Which structures were likely injured in what is commonly termed “unhappy triad” knee injury? (FA12 p405) (FA13 p379) (SU13 p271) (COA p639) |
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Definition
Medial Collateral ligament (MCL)
Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL)
Lateral Meniscus |
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Term
| What B-cell surface protein does the monoclonal antibody rituximab target? (FA12 p402) (FA13 p374) (SU13 p385) |
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Definition
| Rituximab is a monoclonal antibody against CD20, which is found on most B-cell neoplasms[Non-Hdogkin's lymphoma, rheumatoid arthritis(w/ methotrexate)] |
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Term
| What popular non-benzodiazepine hypnotic is often avoided in the elderly because of the very undesirable side effect of confusion, to which elderly patients are very susceptible? (FA12 p475) (FA13 p453) |
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Definition
| Zolpidem(Ambien) - acts on GABAa receptors |
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Term
| Where would you expect to find B cells in a lymph node? Where would you find T cells, plasma cells, and macrophages? (FA12 p222) (FA13 p193) (SU13 p286) (Phys p427) |
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Definition
B cells: Follicle of cortex
t cells: Paracortex
Plasma cells: Medullary cords
Macrophages: medullary Sinus |
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Term
| T cells are found in the paracortex of the lymph node between the follicles and the medulla. Which cytokines are secreted by the two different types of helper T cells (Th1 and Th2)? (FA12 p222, 226) (FA13 p192, 196) (SU13 p289) |
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Definition
TH1 - IL 2 & IFN gamma
TH2 - IL 4, IL 5, & IL 10 |
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Term
| A 49-year-old trauma patient comes into the ER unconscious and in need of surgery. What are the exceptions to informed consent? (FA12 p59) (FA13 p56) (SU13 p82) |
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Definition
In emergency situation, consent is implied.
Patient lacks decision-making capacity->power of attorney/spouse
"Therapeutic privilege": where informing patient might cause them to harm themselves
Waiver |
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Term
| A 24-year-old young man is fired from his job and when explaining the chain of events to his roommate he explains that “it doesn’t really matter. I didn’t even need that job.” His roommate is perplexed, wondering how they will pay their rent. Of which immature ego defense could this be an example? (FA12 p483) (FA13 p483) (SU13 p80) |
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Definition
| Rationalization - Proclaiming logical re |
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Term
| A patient comes to the clinic complaining of severe low back pain that radiates down the back of her leg. What is the most likely explanation for her pain? (COA p474) |
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Definition
herniated intervertebral disc - nucleus pulposus protrudes into the vertebral canal(usually posteriorly) and compresses the spinal nerve root
Sciatic nerve - Sciatica |
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Term
| A 45-year-old woman presents to the ER with complaints of chest pain, a racing heart beat and dizziness. Examination reveals a heart rate of 120 beats/minute, BP of 116/74, and 20 respirations/minute. The patient is diaphoretic and anxious. An initial EKG reveals ventricular tachycardia with shifting sinusoidal waveforms. What is this classic EKG finding? What are the possible causes of this patient’s condition? (FA12 p288) (FA13 p261) (R p147) |
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Definition
Torsades de pointes - Ventricular tachycardia->can progress to V-fib.
anything that prolongs QT interval can predispose to torsades te pointes.
Hypokalemia or hupomagnesemia
Congenital long QT syndromes are most often due to defects in the cardiac sodium or potassium channels. Can present with severe congenital sensorineural deafness(Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome) |
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Term
| A 15-year-old boy is rushed into the ER. He is tall and thin, and CXR reveals a pneumothorax. He is having severe dyspnea, and his hemodynamics are in danger of becoming unstable. He needs a chest tube now, but his parents have not yet arrived to the ER to sign a consent form. Can the procedure be done before the parents arrive? (FA12 p59) (FA13 p56) (SU13 p82) |
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Definition
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