Term
2 kinds of adult stem cells |
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Definition
undifferentiated cells in tissues of adults Multipotent: bone marrow producing several blood cell types Unipotent: most limited plasticity; only epidermal cells produced |
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Term
2 kinds of embryonic stem cells |
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Definition
Totipotent: have potential to develop into any type of fully differentiated human cell Source—cells of very early embryo Pluripotent: can develop into any type of cell in the embryo Source—cells of inner cell mass of embryo |
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Term
2 types of exocrine glands |
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Definition
Unicellular glands—found in epithelium that is predominantly nonsecretory Mucus-secreting goblet cells
Multicellular glands Branched (compound) or unbranched (simple) Tubular or acinar (shaped like a flask) |
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Term
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Definition
—tissue in which adipocytes are the dominant cell type
Space between adipocytes is occupied by areolar tissue, reticular tissue, and blood capillaries
Fat is the body’s primary energy reservoir The quantity of stored triglyceride and the number of adipocytes are quite stable in a person Fat is recycled continuously to prevent stagnation New triglycerides are constantly synthesized and stored Old triglycerides are hydrolyzed and released into circulation |
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Definition
—primarily merocrine mode of secretion A ‘part of’ gland pinches off Axillary sweat glands, mammary glands |
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Term
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Definition
—programmed cell death Normal death of cells that have completed their function and best serve the body by dying and getting out of the way Phagocytized by macrophages and other cells Billions of cells die by apoptosis Every cell has a built-in “suicide program” |
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Definition
—shrinkage of a tissue through a loss in cell size or number |
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Definition
delicate canals that radiate from each lacuna to its neighbors, and allow osteocytes to contact each other |
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Term
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Definition
connections between one cell and another All cells (except blood and metastatic cancer cells) are anchored to each other or their matrix by intercellular junctions Resist stress and communicate with each other |
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Term
Characteristics Connective tissue |
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Definition
Scattered cells; abundant matrix Supports and binds structures together Stores energy as fat Provides immunity to disease Transportation (blood) |
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Term
Characteristics Muscle and Bervous tissue |
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Definition
Muscle tissue Specialized to contract and produce movement
Nervous tissue Conduct electrical signals Detect changes within and outside body Responds to nerve signals |
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Term
Characteristics of epithelial tissue |
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Definition
Cellularity - composed of closely connected cells Polarity - apical free space and basal surface attached to connective tissue Attachment - bound to undersurface (basal lamina) Avascularity - lack blood vessels Regenerative - continuously replaced |
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Term
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Definition
is arranged in cylinders that surround central (haversian or osteonic) canals that run longitudinally through shafts of long bones Blood vessels and nerves travel through central canal Bone matrix deposited in concentric lamella Onionlike layers around each central canal |
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Term
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Definition
Fibers fill spaces between cells Types vary in fiber orientation Dense regular connective tissue Dense irregular connective tissue |
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Term
Dense irregular connective tissue |
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Definition
Densely packed, randomly arranged, collagen fibers and few visible cells Withstands unpredictable stresses Deeper layer of skin; capsules around organs |
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Term
Dense regular connective tissue |
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Definition
Densely packed, parallel collagen fibers Compressed fibroblast nuclei Elastic tissue/fibers, wavy sheets Tendons attach muscles to bones and ligaments hold bones together |
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Term
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Definition
—diversity of mature cell types to which stem cells can give rise |
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Term
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Definition
Cartilage containing elastic fibers Covered with perichondrium Provides flexible, elastic support External ear and epiglottis |
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Term
Embryonic Mucous Connective Tissue |
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Definition
Star-shaped cells in jelly-like ground substance Found only in the umbilical cord |
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Definition
- lose contact w/ surface & have no ducts - hormones are secreted into blood directly - thyroid, adrenal, pituitary gland |
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Definition
—a characteristic of all living cells Developed to highest degree in nervous and muscular tissues |
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Term
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Definition
maintain their contact with the body surface by way of a duct (epithelial tube that conveys secretion to surface) Sweat, mammary, and tear glands |
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Term
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Definition
Cartilage containing large, coarse bundles of collagen fibers Never has perichondrium Resists compression and absorbs shock Pubic symphysis, menisci, and intervertebral discs |
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Term
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Definition
—cells and cell fragments Erythrocytes—red blood cells: transport O2 and CO2 Leukocytes—white blood cells: defense against infection and other diseases Platelets—cell fragments involved in clotting and other mechanisms |
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Term
Gap (communicating) junction |
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Definition
—formed by a ringlike connexon Consists of six transmembrane proteins arranged like segments of an orange Surrounding water-filled pores Ions, glucose, amino acids, and other solutes pass from one cell to the next |
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Term
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Definition
—anchor the basal cells of epithelium to the underlying basement membrane Epithelium cannot easily peel away from underlying tissues |
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Term
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Definition
—cells accumulate a product and then the entire cell disintegrates Secretion of a mixture of cell fragments and synthesized substance Oil glands of scalp, glands of eyelids |
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Term
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Definition
Clear, glassy microscopic appearance because of unusualfineness of the collagen fibers Usually covered by perichondrium Articular cartilage, costal cartilage, trachea, larynx, fetal skeleton Eases joint movement, holds airway open, moves vocal cords during speech |
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Term
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Definition
—tissue growth through cell multiplication |
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Term
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Definition
—enlargement of preexisting cells Muscle growth through exercise Accumulation of body fat |
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Term
Keratinized stratified squamous |
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Definition
Multiple cell layers with cells becoming flat and scaly toward surface Epidermis; palms and soles heavily keratinized Resists abrasion; retards water loss through skin; resists penetration by pathogenic organisms |
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Term
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Definition
Much gel-like ground substance between cells Types Areolar Reticular |
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Term
Membrane potential in nervous/ muscular tissue |
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Definition
—electrical charge difference (voltage) that occurs across the plasma membranes is the basis for their excitation Respond quickly to outside stimulus by means of changes in membrane potential Nerves: changes result in rapid transmission of signals to other cells Muscles: changes result in contraction, shortening of the cell |
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Term
Merocrine glands (eccrine glands) |
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Definition
have vesicles that release their secretion by exocytosis Tear glands, pancreas, gastric glands, and others |
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Term
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Definition
—elongated cells that are specialized to contract in response to stimulation Primary job is to exert physical force on other tissues and organs Creates movements involved in body and limb movement, digestion, waste elimination, breathing, speech, and blood circulation Important source of body heat Three types of muscle: skeletal, cardiac, and smooth |
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Term
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Definition
—premature, pathological death of tissue due to trauma, toxins, or infections |
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Term
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Definition
—development of a tumor (neoplasm) Benign or malignant Composed of abnormal, nonfunctional tissue |
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Term
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Definition
Neurosoma (cell body) Houses nucleus and other organelles Cell’s center of genetic control and protein synthesis Dendrites Multiple short, branched processes Receive signals from other cells Transmit messages to neurosoma Axon (nerve fiber) Sends outgoing signals to other cells Can be more than a meter long |
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Term
Nonkeratinized stratified squamous |
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Definition
Same as keratinized epithelium without the surface layer of dead cells Tongue, oral mucosa, esophagus, and vagina Resists abrasion and penetration of pathogens |
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Term
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Definition
mature bone cells that occupy the lacunae |
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Term
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Definition
central canal and its surrounding lamellae |
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Term
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Definition
—tough fibrous connective tissue covering of the bone as a whole |
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Term
Pseudostratified epithelium |
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Definition
Looks multilayered; some not reaching free surface; all touch basement membrane Nuclei at several layers With cilia and goblet cells Secretes and propels mucus Respiratory tract and portions of male urethra |
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Term
Reticular connective tissue |
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Definition
Mesh of reticular fibers and fibroblasts Forms supportive stroma (framework) for lymphatic organs Found in lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, and bone marrow |
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Term
Simple columnar epithelium |
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Definition
Single row of tall, narrow cells Oval nuclei in basal half of cell Brush border of microvilli, ciliated in some organs, may possess goblet cells Absorption and secretion; secretion of mucus Lining of GI tract, uterus, kidney, and uterine tubes |
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Term
Simple cuboidal epithelium |
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Definition
Single layer of square or round cells Absorption and secretion, mucus production and movement Liver, thyroid, mammary and salivary glands, bronchioles, and kidney tubules |
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Term
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Definition
– Lacks striations and is involuntary Relatively short, fusiform cells (thick in middle, tapered at ends) One centrally located nucleus Visceral muscle—forms layers of digestive, respiratory, and urinary tract: propels contents through an organ, regulates diameter of blood vessels |
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Term
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Definition
—undifferentiated cells that are not yet performing any specialized function Have potential to differentiate into one or more types of mature functional cells |
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Term
Stratified cuboidal epithelium |
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Definition
Two or more cell layers; surface cells square or round Secretes sweat; sperm production and ovarian hormone production Sweat gland ducts; ovarian follicles and seminiferous tubules |
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Term
The Stem-Cell Controversy |
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Definition
Possible treatment for diseases caused by loss of functional cell types by embryonic stem cells Cardiac muscle cells, injured spinal cord, insulin-secreting cells
Skin and bone marrow stem cells have been used in therapy for years
Adult stem cells have limited developmental potential Difficult to harvest and culture |
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Term
The term bone has two meanings: |
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Definition
An organ of the body: femur, mandible; composed of multiple tissue types Bone tissue (osseous tissue) makes up most of the mass of bone |
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Term
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Definition
a region in which adjacent cells are bound together by fusion of the outer phospholipid layer of their plasma membranes In epithelia, forms a zone that completely encircles each cell near its apical pole Seals off intercellular space Makes it impossible for substance to pass between cells |
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Term
Tissue Degeneration and Death |
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Definition
atrophy, necrosis and apoptosis |
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Term
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Definition
—increasing the number of cells or the existing cells grow larger |
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Term
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Definition
Multilayered epithelium surface cells that change from round to flat when stretched Allows for filling of urinary tract Ureter and bladder |
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Term
Two forms of osseous tissue |
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Definition
Spongy bone: spongy in appearance Delicate struts of bone: trabeculae Covered by compact bone Found in heads of long bones and in middle of flat bones such as the sternum Compact bone: denser, calcified tissue with no visible spaces More complex arrangement Cells and matrix surround vertically oriented blood vessels in long bones |
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Term
Types of cartilage vary with fiber types |
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Definition
Hyaline cartilage, fibrocartilage, and elastic cartilage |
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Term
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Definition
Empty-looking cells with thin margins; nucleus pressed against cell membrane Energy storage, insulation, cushioning Subcutaneous fat and organ packing Brown fat (hibernating animals) produces heat |
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Term
areolar connective tissue |
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Definition
Loosely organized fibers, abundant blood vessels, and a lot of seemingly empty space Underlies all epithelia, in serous membranes, between muscles, passageways for nerves and blood vessels |
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Term
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Definition
Fluid connective tissue
Transports cells and dissolved matter from place to place
Plasma—blood’s liquid ground substance |
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Term
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Definition
Cardiac muscle Limited to the heart Myocytes or cardiocytes are shorter, branched, and notched at ends Contain one centrally located nucleus surrounded by light-staining glycogen Intercalated discs join cardiocytes end to end Provide electrical and mechanical connection Striated and involuntary (not under conscious control) |
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Term
characteristics of cartilage |
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Definition
Supportive connective tissue with flexible, rubbery matrix No blood vessels Heals slowly Matrix rich in chondroitin sulfate and contains collagen fibers Types of cartilage vary with fiber types Hyaline cartilage, fibrocartilage, and elastic cartilage
Cells: Chondroblasts produce matrix Chondrocytes—cartilage cells in lacunae |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Gland—cell or organ that secretes substances for use elsewhere in the body or releases them for elimination from the body Composed of epithelial tissue in a connective tissue framework and capsule May produce product synthesized by the gland (digestive enzymes) or products removed from tissues and modified by the gland (urine) |
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Term
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Definition
Secretion—product useful to the body |
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Term
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Definition
Desmosomes—patch that holds cells together (like a clothing snap) Serves to keep cells from pulling apart—resists mechanical stress Hooklike J-shaped proteins arise from cytoskeleton Approach cell surface Penetrate into thick protein plaques linked to transmembrane proteins Hemidesmosomes—anchor the basal cells of epithelium to the underlying basement membrane Epithelium cannot easily peel away from underlying tissues |
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Term
different types of cells in connective tissue and their function |
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Definition
Fibroblasts produce fibers and ground substance Macrophages phagocytize foreign material and activate immune system when they sense foreign matter (antigen) Arise from white blood cells called monocytes Leukocytes, or white blood cells Neutrophils wander about attacking bacteria Lymphocytes react against bacteria, toxins, and other foreign material Plasma cells synthesize disease-fighting antibodies Arise from lymphocytes Mast cells are found alongside blood vessels Secrete heparin to inhibit clotting Secrete histamine to dilate blood vessels Adipocytes store triglycerides (fat molecules) |
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Term
different types of fibers in connective tissue and their function |
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Definition
Collagenous fibers Most abundant of the body’s proteins—25% Tough, flexible, and resist stretching Tendons, ligaments, and deep layer of the skin are mostly collagen Less visible in matrix of cartilage and bone
Reticular fibers Thin collagen fibers coated with glycoprotein Form framework of such organs as spleen and lymph nodes
Elastic fibers Thinner than collagenous fibers Branch and rejoin each other Made of protein called elastin Allows stretch and recoil Yellow fibers—fresh elastic fibers |
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Term
function of connective tissue |
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Definition
Binding of organs—tendons and ligaments
Support—bones and cartilage
Physical protection—cranium, ribs, sternum
Immune protection—white blood cells attack foreign invaders
Movement—bones provide lever system
Storage—fat, calcium, phosphorus
Heat production—metabolism of brown fat in infants
Transport—blood |
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Term
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Definition
Inherited disorder of the fibrillin gene Abnormal development of elastic fibers Tendency to be tall with long legs, arms, fingers and toes, concave sternum Life-threatening weakening of aorta may lead to rupture |
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Term
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Definition
e,bryonic connective tissue- Irregularly shaped cells In semi-fluid ground substance with reticular fibers Gives rise to all other types of connective tissue |
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Term
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Definition
Protect and assist neurons “Housekeepers” of nervous system |
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Term
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Definition
Consists of neurons (nerve cells) Detect stimuli Respond quickly Transmit coded information rapidly to other cells |
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Term
simple squamous epithelium |
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Definition
Single row of thin cells Permits rapid diffusion or transport of substances Secretes serous fluid Alveoli, glomeruli, endothelium, and serosa |
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Term
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Definition
Long, threadlike cells called muscle fibers Most attach to bone Exceptions: in tongue, upper esophagus, facial muscles, some sphincter muscles (ringlike or cufflike muscles that open and close body passages) Contains multiple nuclei adjacent to plasma membrane Striations—alternating dark and light bands Voluntary—conscious control over skeletal muscles |
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Term
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Definition
Range from 2 to 20 or more layers of cells Some cells resting directly on others Only the deepest layer attaches to the basement membrane Three stratified epithelia are named for the shapes of their surface cells Stratified squamous Stratified cuboidal Stratified columnar (rare) Fourth type Transitional epithelium |
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Term
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Definition
Most widespread epithelium in the body Deepest layers undergo continuous mitosis Their daughter cells push toward the surface and become flatter as they migrate farther upward Finally die and flake off—exfoliation or desquamation Two kinds of stratified squamous epithelia Keratinized—found on skin surface, abrasion resistant Nonkeratinized—lacks surface layer of dead cells |
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Term
tissue developement: differentiation |
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Definition
Unspecialized tissues of embryo become specialized mature types Mesenchyme to muscle |
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Term
tissue developement: metaplasia |
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Definition
Changing from one type of mature tissue to another Simple cuboidal tissue of vagina before puberty changes to stratified squamous after puberty Pseudostratified columnar epithelium of bronchi of smokers to stratified squamous epithelium |
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Term
tissue repair - fibrosis` |
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Definition
replacement of damaged cells with scar tissue Holds organs together Does not restore normal function Severe cuts and burns, healing of muscle injuries, scarring of lungs in tuberculosis |
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Term
tissue repair - regeneration |
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Definition
replacement of dead or damaged cells by the same type of cell as before Restores normal function Skin injuries and liver regenerate |
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Term
types of connective tissue |
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Definition
Loose (areolar) connective tissue Dense connective tissue Regular, irregular & elastic Cartilage hyaline, fibrocartilage, elastic cartilage Bone Blood & Lymph Adipose |
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Term
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Definition
Types: Cutaneous membrane (the skin)—largest Mucous membrane (mucosa) lines passages that open to the external environment Serous membrane (serosa)—internal membrane Produces serous fluid that arises from blood Covers organs and lines walls of body cavities Synovial membrane—lines joint cavities Connective tissue layer only, secretes synovial fluid |
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Term
what composes connective tissue? |
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Definition
Cells + Matrix
Matrix = Fibers + Ground Substance |
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Term
what constitutes fibrous connective tissue?` |
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Definition
Ground substance Usually a gelatinous to rubbery consistency resulting from three classes of large molecules Glycosaminoglycans (GAG) Chondroitin sulfate—most abundant GAG Responsible for stiffness of cartilage Hyaluronic acid—viscous, slippery substance that forms an effective lubricant in joints Proteoglycan Forms thick colloids that create strong structural bond between cells and extracellular macromolecules; holds tissues together Adhesive glycoproteins—bind components of tissues together |
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Definition
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Definition
adipose connective tissue |
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Definition
areolar connective tissue |
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Definition
areolar connective tissue |
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Definition
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Definition
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dense irregular connective tissue |
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Definition
keratinized stratified squamous |
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Definition
keratinized stratified squamous epithelium |
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Definition
keratinized stratified squamous |
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Definition
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Definition
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non-keratinized stratified squamous |
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Definition
non-keratinized stratified squamous |
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Definition
pseudostratified columnar epithelial tissue |
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Definition
pseudostratified columnar epithelium |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
simple columnar epithelium |
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Definition
simple columnar epithelium |
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Definition
simple columnar epithelium |
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Definition
simple cuboidal epithelium |
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Definition
simple squamous epithelium |
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Definition
simple squamous epithelium |
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Definition
simple squamous epithelium |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
stratified columnar epithelium |
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Definition
stratified cuboidal epithelium |
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Definition
stratified cuboidal epithelium |
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