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1018 Introduction to Metabolism Dr Lieberman
UC MED 2015 1018 Introduction to Metabolism Dr Lieberman
42
Medical
Graduate
10/18/2011

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Term
Metabolism
Definition
Conversion of nutrients into energy, energy storage molecules, and critical metabolites for biochemical syntheses.
Waste product production and removal.
Generate precursors for cell growth and function.
Term
Types of nutrients
Definition
carbohydrates (sugars), lipids (fats), protein, and alcohol (ethanol)
Term
Essential carbohydrates
Definition
none
Term
Amount of energy per gram: Carbohydrate, fat, protein, alcohol
Definition
Carbs 4 Calories/gm, Fat 9, Protein 4, alcohol 7
Term
How carbohydrates are stored
Definition
as glycogen
Term
Essential fatty acids
Definition
2 (linolenic and linoleic acids)
Term
Storage of lipids
Definition
as triglycerides
Term
Number of essential amino acids
Definition
9
Term
How excess amino acids are stored
Definition
They aren't stored, but the carbons are converted to either glycogen or triglyceride
Term
Vitamins
Definition
Are essential and are not altered in reactions. They are utilized as co-factors in reactions
Term
Vitamin B6
Definition
required for amino acid metabolism
Term
Vitamin E
Definition
fat soluble; anti-oxidant
Term
Vitamin D
Definition
Can also be classified as a hormone
Term
Fat soluble vitamins
Definition
Vit A, D, E, and K
Term
Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)
Definition
Energy required to keep all organs functioning while at rest (BMR approximately 24 times weight, in kg; units are kcal/day)
Term
Daily Energy Need
Definition
Daily energy need: BMR + energy for work (1.3 times BMR for sedentary; 1.6 times BMR for moderately active; up to 2 times BMR for very active)
Term
Why do intestinal cells use glutamine as an energy source instead of glucose
Definition
Because they need to secrete glucose.
Term
Which parts of the body only use glucose as an energy source?
Definition
Brain and red blood cells
Term
glycolysis
Definition
Entry of sugars into metabolism
Term
gluconeogenesis
Definition
synthesis of glucose from metabolic precursors
Term
TCA Cycle
Definition
Central point of metabolism;
Generates precursors for biosynthesis
Term
Oxidative Phosphorylation
Definition
Generates energy from transferring electrons to oxygen in a carefully controlled process
Term
Processes typically affected by mitochondrial diseases
Definition
TCA cycle and Oxidative phosphorylation
Term
Fatty Acid Metabolism
Definition
Fatty acids are the preferred Energy Storage Form. They are Stored as Triacylglycerol in Adipocytes and
Cannot be used to synthesize sugars. They Give rise to ketone bodies under special conditions. Diabetes and MCAD are two disorders associated with fatty acid metabolism
Term
HMP Shunt Pathway
Definition
HMP is an alternate means of glucose oxidation. It Converts six and five carbon sugars and Generates NADPH for biosynthesis. Direction of the pathway depends on the needs of the cell.
Term
Purine and Pyrimidine Synthesis and Degradation
Definition
All purines and pyrimidine can be synthesized de novo. Excessive degradation of purines leads to gout (uric acid accumulation). Salvage pathways reduce demand on biosynthetic pathway
Term
Urea Cycle and Amino Acid Metabolism
Definition
Ammonia is toxic to the nervous system, so amino acid nitrogen converted to urea for disposal. Amino acids give rise to glucose or acetyl-CoA, which enter TCA cycle at defined points. Hyperammonemia, PKU, MSUD, homocysteinemia are examples of disorders
Term
Cholesterol biosynthesis
Definition
Synthesizes Steroid Hormones and
Required Cofactors for Electron Transport. Cholesterol metabolism and recirculation of cholesterol throughout the body. Utilizes LDL, HDL, VLDL, chylomicrons. Typical disorder is Heart Disease.
Term
Enzymes
Definition
Enzymes are proteins which aid the substrates in approaching the appropriate transition state. They reduce the amount of energy required to reach the transition state, but enzymes do not change the overall equilibrium constant of the reaction
Term
Why is enzyme regulation required?
Definition
Prevents opposing pathways from being active at the same time. If this does not occur, futile cycles (substrate cycling) occurs. Regulation also prevents making unneeded products and to ensure needed products are made.
Term
Types of enzyme regulation
Definition
long-term adaptation, feedback inhibition, allosteric modification, covalent modification, and compartmentation
Term
Long-term Adaptation
Definition
change in amount of enzyme; occurs at transcriptional level. Examples are fatty acid biosynthesis and degradation
Term
Feedback inhibition
Definition
Product of pathway inhibits upstream enzymes. Example is glycolysis
Term
Allosteric modification
Definition
small molecule binding to any enzyme and altering its conformation. Occurs in almost every pathway
Term
covalent modification
Definition
e.g. adding a phosphate to a protein; cleaving precursors. Examples are glycolysis, glycogen metabolism, zymogen activation.
Term
Compartmentation
Definition
putting enzymes in one pathway in a compartment so different pathways don’t mix. Example is fatty acid synthesis vs degradation
Term
Why is it important to measure blood contents
Definition
To see if there are metabolic problems
Term
Blood levels of AST and ALT indicate what?
Definition
liver leakage (damage to the liver)
Term
Blood levels of amylase indicate what?
Definition
pancreatic damage
Term
Blood levels of amylase indicate what?
Definition
pancreatic damage
Term
Blood levels of isozymes of CPK and troponin indicate what?
Definition
heart damage
Term
Futile cycles
Definition
when two metabolic pathways run simultaneously in opposite directions and have no overall effect
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