Term
|
Definition
Conversion of nutrients into energy, energy storage molecules, and critical metabolites for biochemical syntheses. Waste product production and removal. Generate precursors for cell growth and function. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
carbohydrates (sugars), lipids (fats), protein, and alcohol (ethanol) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Amount of energy per gram: Carbohydrate, fat, protein, alcohol |
|
Definition
Carbs 4 Calories/gm, Fat 9, Protein 4, alcohol 7 |
|
|
Term
How carbohydrates are stored |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
2 (linolenic and linoleic acids) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Number of essential amino acids |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
How excess amino acids are stored |
|
Definition
They aren't stored, but the carbons are converted to either glycogen or triglyceride |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Are essential and are not altered in reactions. They are utilized as co-factors in reactions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
required for amino acid metabolism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
fat soluble; anti-oxidant |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Can also be classified as a hormone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) |
|
Definition
Energy required to keep all organs functioning while at rest (BMR approximately 24 times weight, in kg; units are kcal/day) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Daily energy need: BMR + energy for work (1.3 times BMR for sedentary; 1.6 times BMR for moderately active; up to 2 times BMR for very active) |
|
|
Term
Why do intestinal cells use glutamine as an energy source instead of glucose |
|
Definition
Because they need to secrete glucose. |
|
|
Term
Which parts of the body only use glucose as an energy source? |
|
Definition
Brain and red blood cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Entry of sugars into metabolism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
synthesis of glucose from metabolic precursors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Central point of metabolism; Generates precursors for biosynthesis |
|
|
Term
Oxidative Phosphorylation |
|
Definition
Generates energy from transferring electrons to oxygen in a carefully controlled process |
|
|
Term
Processes typically affected by mitochondrial diseases |
|
Definition
TCA cycle and Oxidative phosphorylation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Fatty acids are the preferred Energy Storage Form. They are Stored as Triacylglycerol in Adipocytes and Cannot be used to synthesize sugars. They Give rise to ketone bodies under special conditions. Diabetes and MCAD are two disorders associated with fatty acid metabolism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
HMP is an alternate means of glucose oxidation. It Converts six and five carbon sugars and Generates NADPH for biosynthesis. Direction of the pathway depends on the needs of the cell. |
|
|
Term
Purine and Pyrimidine Synthesis and Degradation |
|
Definition
All purines and pyrimidine can be synthesized de novo. Excessive degradation of purines leads to gout (uric acid accumulation). Salvage pathways reduce demand on biosynthetic pathway |
|
|
Term
Urea Cycle and Amino Acid Metabolism |
|
Definition
Ammonia is toxic to the nervous system, so amino acid nitrogen converted to urea for disposal. Amino acids give rise to glucose or acetyl-CoA, which enter TCA cycle at defined points. Hyperammonemia, PKU, MSUD, homocysteinemia are examples of disorders |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Synthesizes Steroid Hormones and Required Cofactors for Electron Transport. Cholesterol metabolism and recirculation of cholesterol throughout the body. Utilizes LDL, HDL, VLDL, chylomicrons. Typical disorder is Heart Disease. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Enzymes are proteins which aid the substrates in approaching the appropriate transition state. They reduce the amount of energy required to reach the transition state, but enzymes do not change the overall equilibrium constant of the reaction |
|
|
Term
Why is enzyme regulation required? |
|
Definition
Prevents opposing pathways from being active at the same time. If this does not occur, futile cycles (substrate cycling) occurs. Regulation also prevents making unneeded products and to ensure needed products are made. |
|
|
Term
Types of enzyme regulation |
|
Definition
long-term adaptation, feedback inhibition, allosteric modification, covalent modification, and compartmentation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
change in amount of enzyme; occurs at transcriptional level. Examples are fatty acid biosynthesis and degradation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Product of pathway inhibits upstream enzymes. Example is glycolysis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
small molecule binding to any enzyme and altering its conformation. Occurs in almost every pathway |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
e.g. adding a phosphate to a protein; cleaving precursors. Examples are glycolysis, glycogen metabolism, zymogen activation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
putting enzymes in one pathway in a compartment so different pathways don’t mix. Example is fatty acid synthesis vs degradation |
|
|
Term
Why is it important to measure blood contents |
|
Definition
To see if there are metabolic problems |
|
|
Term
Blood levels of AST and ALT indicate what? |
|
Definition
liver leakage (damage to the liver) |
|
|
Term
Blood levels of amylase indicate what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Blood levels of amylase indicate what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Blood levels of isozymes of CPK and troponin indicate what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
when two metabolic pathways run simultaneously in opposite directions and have no overall effect |
|
|