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Definition
| The sum of all chemical reactions in one organism |
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| making/breaking chemical bonds |
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| move ions, molecules, large stuff in and out of the cell, move a cell |
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| The energy of motion (rolling a ball down a hill) |
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| Stored energy (ball poised at top of hill, ready to roll down) |
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| Potential energy in food or storage molecules |
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| study of energy transformations |
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| 1st law of Thermodynamics |
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Definition
| Energy cant be created or destroyed (just converted from one form to another) |
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| 2nd law of Thermodynamics |
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Definition
| every energy transfer/transformation increases entropy |
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Definition
| heat loss in biological reactions |
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| breaking a bond, releasing energy |
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| When making a new bond, energy is required |
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| Where do we get energy for endergonic reactions? |
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Definition
- Store energy as potential energy in electrons carried on nucleotides
- couple endergonic and exergonic reactions to fuel each other
- energy transfer molecules carry energy until it can be used in the ADP-ATP conversion
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Definition
| Reactions that release energy by breaking down molecules |
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Definition
| Reactions that require energy to build molecules |
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Definition
| energy required to start a reaction. Enzymes reduce activation energy |
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Definition
| proteins that catalyze (speed up) reactions |
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Definition
| molecule that the enzyme acts on (reactant) |
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Definition
| another binding partner that may control the enzyme |
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- Enzyme binds substrate; forms enzyme-substrate complex
- Chemical reaction occurs- enzyme is not bound to product
- Enzyme releases product
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| Saturation (of an enzyme) |
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Definition
| Reached when each enyzme molecule is bound |
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Definition
| molecule that binds to the protein |
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Definition
| This enzyme removes phosphate groups |
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| kinases or phosphorylases |
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Definition
| These enymes add phosphate groups |
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| Enviromental factors that effect enzymes |
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Definition
- temperature
- enyzyme concentration
- substrate concentration
- pH
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Definition
- Decrease activation energy which speeds up rate of reaction
- hold two substrates close together, orient them to allow the reaction to occur
- Rearrange the electrons of the substrate in a way that favors reaction
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Definition
| process where we get energy from our food |
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Definition
- goal is energy in the form of ATP
- we eat complicated molecules, and break those polymers into monomers (glucose, amino acids, fatty acids)
- We then break the bonds in the monomers to release energy
- Convert ADP to ATP to temporarily store the energy for use
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- 1 glucose becomes 2 pyruvates
- occurs in cytosol
- anaerobic
- requires activation energy
- 10 step reaction
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Definition
| 2 pyruvates become 2 Acetly CoAs |
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Definition
| 2 Acetyl CoAs become 2 Citric Acid molecules, are broken down |
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Definition
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| Recap Steps: Foods become ATP |
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Definition
- Carbs are broken down into gulcose, this starts glycolysis
- Lipids are broken down into many acetyl CoA molecules, citric acid cycle
- Proteins are mostly used for anabolism but in starvation can be broken down and either used in glycolysis or citric acid cycle
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Term
| Why do we need to replicate our cells? |
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Definition
- Growth
- repair
- reproduction
- mitosis: somatic cells of humans
- meiosis: reproductive cells of humans
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Term
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Definition
- unit of condensed DNA that replicates as one
- when replicated they have two strands joined at center by centromere
- each strand is a chromatid
- humans have 23 pairs
- pair is called a homologous pair
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Term
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Definition
| unwound DNA during interphase, later winds up for mitosis |
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Definition
| normal cell life and prep for mitosis (90% of cellular life spent here) |
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| one phase of the life cycle in which the nucleus replicates |
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| cellular growth. Normal life. DNA in form of chromatin |
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Definition
| DNA replicates. At the end of the process you have 2 new strands each is half old and half new |
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Definition
- prepare for mitosis
- Protein production may take place
- DNA still chromatin
- Nucleus is visible
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Term
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Definition
- Process of cell division
- results in 2 daughter cells
- spindle of microtubules that helps organize and distribute the chromosomes
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Definition
| pole of spindle apparatus, contains centrioles |
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Definition
| the anchors of the mitotic spindle, determine direction of microtubules |
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Definition
- DNA condenses into chromosomes
- centrosomes migrate to the poles
- Centrioles build spindle between
- Nuclear membrane is disappearing
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Definition
- Nuclear membrane completely disappeared
- spindle is fully formed
- Chromosomes attach to spindle
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Definition
| Chromosomes move to the middle of the cell |
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Definition
- Sister chromatids seperate and move to the poles
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Term
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Definition
- A whole cell's worth of DNA in each of the poles
- DNA begins to de-condense
- Nuclear envelope begins to re-form
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Definition
- Plasma membrane begins to pull in
- Two cells seperate
- Result is two identical daughter cells
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| What cells cant undergo Mitosis? |
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Definition
- Most neurons
- All skeletal muscle cells
- Red Blood Cells
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Term
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Definition
- All cells, including bacteria
- for many organisms mitosis = reproduction
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Term
| Do viruses underogo Mitosis? |
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Definition
- No it can't reproduce itself
- needs host cell to reproduce
- The virus short circuts the normal control of mitosis
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Term
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Definition
| Sections of DNA on the end of the chromosomes that get shorter each time the chromosomes replicates |
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Term
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Definition
- Loss of cell cycle control
- Loss of contact-inhibition
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Term
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Definition
| Control mitosis. Dictate when mitosis on and when prevented |
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Definition
- Makes gametes (sperm and egg)
- Reduce the amount of genetic material in gametes (from 46 to 23 chromosomes)
- produce gametes that have the same genes but different alleles
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Term
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Definition
- Sequence of DNA responsible for coding for a single functional product
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Definition
| different versions of the same gene |
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Definition
| reduces the # of chromosomes |
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Definition
| reduces total amount of DNA |
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Definition
| Homologous chromosomes exchange pieces of DNA |
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Definition
- Chromosomes condense
- spindle is forming
- nuclear membrane is disintegrating
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Term
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Definition
- Nuclear membrane disintegrates
- Bivalents attach to spindle
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Term
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Definition
| Bivalents line up at the middle of the cell |
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Term
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Definition
- Bivalents seperate and move to poles
- sister chromatids remain attached
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Term
| Meiosis Telophase 1 and Cytokinesis |
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Definition
- Chromosomes arrive at the poles
- Nuclear membrane begins to reform
- Cell pinches together and separates
- Two haploid daughter cells result
- Chromosomes decondense
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Term
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Definition
- Chromosomes condense
- Spindle forms
- nuclear membrane disintegrates
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Term
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Definition
- Chromatids attach to spindle
- Nuclear membrane disintegrates completely
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Term
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Definition
| Sister chromatids line up at the middle of the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| Sister chromatids are pulled apart by the spindle fibers, move toward opposite poles |
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Term
| Meiosis Telophase and Cytokinesis II |
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Definition
- Sister chromatids reach poles
- nuclear membrane reappears
- cells pinch off
- 4 haploid daughter cells result
- chromosomes decondense
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Term
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Definition
- Nondisjunction: chromosomes don't seperate correctly resulting in missing or extra copies of a chromosome
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Term
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Definition
| Same allele on both chromosomes |
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Definition
| Different alleles on the two chromosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| Alleles of one gene mask or alter the expression of another gene |
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