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| Classes of large biological molecules |
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| Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids |
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large molecules composed of thousands of covalently connected atoms
(structure and function are inseparable) |
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a long molecule consisting of many similar building blocks
(Proteins, nucleic acid, carbohydrates are polymers) |
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| Building block molecules that polymers are made of |
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| Condensation reaction (dehydration reaction) |
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| When two monomers bond together through the loss of a water molecule |
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| macromolecules that speed up the dehydration process |
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| Sugars and the polymers of sugars |
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Simple carbohydrates
Single sugars
Usually multiples of CH2O
Classified by:
Location of carbonyl group
Number of carbons in the carbon skeleton
Serve as major fuel for cells and as raw material for building molecules |
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carbohydrate macromolecules
composed of many monosaccharides |
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| (C6H12O6) Most common monosaccharide |
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| formed when a dehydration reaction joins two monosaccharides |
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| Covalent bond formed via dehydration reaction between two monosaccharides |
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a storage of polysaccharide of plants
consists entirely of glucose monomers
Plants store surplus starch as granules within chloroplasts and other plastids |
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Polysaccharide storage in animals
Stored mainly in liver and muscle cells |
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Polysaccharide that is a major component of the tough wall of plant cells
Polymer of glucose, though glycosidic linkages differ
Difference is alpha and beta rings
Polymers with alpha glucose are helical while those with beta glucose are straight |
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Structural polysaccharide in the exoskeleton of arthropods
Also provides structural support for the cell walls of many fungi |
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The one class of large biological molecules that do not form polymers
Have little to no affinity with water, due to their lack of polarity
Hydrophobic due to their hydrocarbons, which form non polar covalent bonds
Most important lipids are fats, phospholipids, and steroids |
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Constructed of glycerol and fatty acids
Three fatty acids are joined with glycerol by an ester linkage, creating a triglyceride |
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| A three-carbon alcohol with a hydroxyl group attached to each carbon |
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| A carboxyl group attached to a long carbon skeleton |
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Have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms possible and no double bonds
Solid at room temperature |
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one or more double bonds
fluid at room temperature |
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Two fatty acids and a phosphate group attached to glycerol
Fatty acid tails are hydrophobic, while the phosphate head is hydrophilic
When added to water, form a bi-layer, with the tails inward and the heads outward
Form cell membranes |
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| Lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings |
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| A steroid, a component in animal cell membranes |
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Selective acceleration of chemical reactions
Ex: Digestive enzymes |
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Function:Support
Ex: Silk fibers, collagen and elastin, keratin |
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Function: Storage of amino acids
Ex: Ovalbumin in egg white, protein of milk, storage proteins in plant seeds |
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Function: Transport of other substances
Ex: Hemoglobin |
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Function: coordination of organism's activities
Ex: Insulin |
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Function: Response of cell to chemical stimuli
Ex: receptors in nerve cells |
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function: protection against disease
Ex: Antibodies combat bacteria and viruses |
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| A type of protein that acts as a catalyst to speed up chemical reactions |
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| Polymers built from the same set of 20 amino acids |
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organic molecules with carboxyl and amino groups
Differ in properties due to R groups |
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Linked by peptide bonds
Polymer of amino acids
Vary greatly in length |
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| Proteins Primary Structure |
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Definition
| Unique sequence of amino acids |
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| Consists of coils and folds in the polypeptide chain |
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| Protein Tertiary Structure |
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| Determined by interactions among various side chains |
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| Protein Quaternary Structure |
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| Results when a protein consists of multiple polypeptide chains |
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| Loss of a proteins native structure due to changes in environment |
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| Protein molecules that assist in the proper folding of other proteins |
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| Strong covalent bonds that sometimes reinforce a protein's structure |
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| A method used by scientists to better determine a protein's structure. A beam of x-rays strikes a crystal and causes a beam of light to spread in many specific directions. A sensor then builds 3D images from the xrays it picks up |
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| A unit of inheritance in which the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide is stored |
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Deoxyribonucleic acid
Provides directions for its own replication
Directs synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA), controls protein synthesis (Which occurs in ribosomes)
In the shape of a double helix
Two strands are antiparallel |
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Ribonucleic acid
Carries messages, etc for DNA |
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| Polymers of nucleotides, the building block for nucleic acids |
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Monomers used to build polynucleotides
Made of a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate group |
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| Part of the nucleic acid without the phosphate group |
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A family of nitrogenous base found in nucleic acids
(Cytosine, thymine, and uracil)
Have a single six-membered ring |
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A family of nitrogenous base in nucleic acids
(adenine and guanine)
SIx member ring fused to a five-membered ring |
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