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| a nonprotein organic carbon-containing molecule that plays a role in catalysis by an enzyme; adds or removes chemical group from substrate; binds to active site, changes chemically, then separates |
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| an inorganic ion that is weakly bound to an enzyme required for its activity |
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| the energy barrier that blocks the tendency for a chemical rxn to occur |
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| the molecule(S) on which an enzyme exerts catalytic action; reactant of an enzyme catalyzed rxn |
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| the region on the surface of an enzyme or ribozyme where the substrate binds, and where catalysis occurs; causes specificity of an enzyme |
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| a nonsubstrate that inhibits the activity of an enzyme by binding to a site other than its active site |
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chemical reaction with a common intermediate in which energy is transferred from one side of the reaction to the other
*ADP traps chemical energy to make ATP
*NAD+ traps energy released in redox rxn to make NADH |
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| a chemical rxn in which the products have higher free energy than the reactants, therby requiring free energy input to occur |
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| energy that is available for useful work, after allowance is made for the increase or decrease of disorder |
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| the total energy of a system |
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| inhibitors that can separate from the enzyme, allowing the enzyme to functino fully as before |
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| a measure of the degree of disorder in any system; spontaneous rxns in a closed system are always accompanied by an increase in entropy; random thermal motion |
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| reaction taht takes place on its own without an external force and another rxn is needed to drive it |
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| *chemical rxn in which the products of the rxn have lower free energy than the reactants, resulting in a release of free energy in the form of heat, light, etc. |
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movement fo particles in chemical rxns
*the rate the reaction occurs |
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| energy difference from point A to point B |
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Feedback Inhibition
(end-product inhibition) |
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a mechanism for regulation a metabolic pathway in which the end product of the pathway can bind to and inhibit the enzyme that catalyzes the first committed step in the pathway
*The build up of the final product decreases production of that final product |
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| a catalyst protein that speeds up a biochemical rxn; lowers activation energy of a rxn |
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| any nonprotein portion of an enzyme; distinctive, non-amino acid atoms or molecular groupings permanently bound to their enzymes |
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a chemical substance that accelerates a rxn without inself being consumed in the overall course of the rxn; lowers the activation energy of a rxn ; does not cause a reaction to occur that wouldn't proceed w/o it
*most nonbiological are nonspecific
*most biological ARE specific
Ex: Enzymes |
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| the energy associated with movement; energy that does work and makes changes |
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| a nonsubstrate that binds to the active site of an enzyme and therby inhibits binding of its substrate |
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| energy not doing work, such as the energy stored in chemical bonds, as a concentration gradient, or an electric charge imbalance; energy of state or position |
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| sum total of the chemical rxns occurring in a biological system at a given time |
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| what goes in to a reaction |
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What comes out of a reaction
(always equal to reactants) |
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Anabolic Reactions
(Anabolism) |
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link simple molecules to form more complex molecules; requires an input of energy (endergonic or exergonic)
Ex: glycosidic bond btwn. 2 monosaccharides |
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Catabolic Reactions
(Catabolism) |
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break down complex molecules into simpler molecules and releases energy stored in chemical bonds (endergonic or exergonic)
Ex: sucrose being hydrolysed releases energy |
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| First Law of Thermodynamics |
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| Energy is neither created nor destroyed |
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| Second Law of Thermodynamics |
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| Disorder tends to increase~some energy becomes unavailable for doing work |
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