Fungi

Characteristics:

1. Eukaryotic

2. Heterotrophic

3. Multicellular

4. Primary decomposers

Ex: saphrophytes (mushrooms), yeast, athlete's foot

Protista

Characteristics:

1. First eukaryotic organisms

2. Mostly unicelluar

3. Autotrophic or heterotrophic

4. Live in moist environments

Ex: Euglena (plant like), Amoeba (animal like), Slime mold (fungus like)

Cilia

Tiny hair-like projections on the outside of the cell membrane. Aid in cellular movement.

Eukaryotic

Cells with membrane bound organelles; Nucleus is present.

Ex: Animal and Plant cells.

Lysosome

Organelle that rids the cell of cellular waste.

Vacuole

Organelle used for storing water or other nutrients.

Smooth ER

Oraganelle in charge of making lipids; without ribosomes

Chromatin

Loose genetic information.

Nucleolus

Located inside of the nucleus; makes ribosomes

Cytoplasm

Semi-liquid matrix inside of the cell that helps to hold organelles in place.

Animalia

Characteristics:

1. Eukaryotic

2. Multicellular

3. Heterotrophic

Ex: Annelida, Mollusca, Chordata, etc.

Plantae

Characteristics

1. Eukaryotic

2. Multicellular

3. Autotrophic

Ex: Moss, Red Oak, Dandelion

Selective Permeability

The ability of the cell membrane to pick and choose what crosses the cell membrane (in or out).

Mitochondria

Powerhouse of the cell; makes all of the

energy (ATP) needed by the organism

Prokaryotic

Cells with no membrane bound organelles;

no nucleus

Ex: ALL Bacteria

Vesicle

Organelles that transport substances

 throughout the cell

 Rough ER

The site where ribosomes make proteins

Chromosome

Tight genetic information when the cell

is preparing to divide.

Nuclear Membrane

Surrounds the nucleus.

Cell membrane

The outside covering of animal cell;

just underneath the cell wall plant cells

Pathogen

Anything that can make you sick.

Ex: some Bacteria, some viruses, some fungi

hydrophilic

Water loving.

Flagella

Whip-like projection that aids in cell movement.

Taxons in order

1. Kingdom

2. Phylum

3. Class

4. Order

5. Family

6. Genus

7. Species

King Philip Came Over For Grape Soda.

 Organelle

"Tiny organ"; components of the cell

Golgi Apparatus

Sort, package, and send proteins throughout the cell/body.

(Like UPS!)

 Ribosome

Make proteins.

DNA

Genetic information insdie of the cell.

Nucleus

Control center of the cell.

Cell Wall

The outside covering of plant cells.

Provide extra protection and support. 

Pasteur

Developed the first vaccine for rabies.

Fleming

Created the first antibiotic.

Cytoskeleton

Support system of the cell.

 Chloroplast

Organelle that controls photosynthesis in autotrophic organisms.

Schleiden & Schwann

Developed the cell theory.

Leeuwenhoek

The first to see real cells.

(Sperm, protozoa, red blood cell)

Host

The larger of the two organisms

in a symbiotic relationship.

Symbiont

The smaller of the two organisms

in a symbiotic relationship.

Commensalism

The type of symbiotic relationship where one party benefits and the other is harmed.

Hooke

The man that coined the term "cell"

while looking at cork.

The three shapes of bacteria.

1. Rod (bacilus)

2. Spherical (coccus)

3. Spiral (spirillum)

Active Transport

Movement of molecules across the cell membrane that requires cellular energy.

cell

The smallest unit of life.

Unicelluar

A one celled organism.

Multicellular

Organisms made up of two or more cells.

Mutualism

The type of symbiotic relationship where

both organisms benefit.

Diffusion

The movement of molecules across the cell membrane from higher concentrations to lower concentrations. A type of passive transport.

Passive Transport

The movement of molecules across the cell membrane without the use of cellular energy.

Biotic

Living or used to be living

Zoology

The study of animals.

Ecology

The study of organisms and their environments.

The taxons in order.

1. Kingdom

2. Phylum

3. Class

4. Order

5. Family

6. Genus

7. Species

(King Philip Came Over For Grape Soda.)

Parasitism

The type of symbiotic relationship where one organism benefits and the other is harmed.

Isotonic

The condition of having equal amounts of water both inside and outside of the cell.

Osmosis

The diffusion of water from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration. This is a type of passive transport.

Hypertonic

There is more water outside of the cell

than inside of the cell.

Endocytosis

Taking substances into the cell.

Phagocytosis

A type of endocytosis; Cell "eating"; Taking solids into the cell.

Growth

To increase in size.

Botany

The study of plants.

Entomology

The study of insect.

Organism

Any living thing.

Biology

The study of life.

Symbiotic relationship

Two organisms that live in close

proximity to one another.

Hypotonic

There is more water inside of the cell than outside of the cell. The cell will "pop" or lyse.

Exocytosis

Substances being removed from the cell

or exiting the cell.

Pinocytosis

A type of endocytosis; Cell "drinking"; Taking liquids into the cell.

Ingestion

Taking food in.

Physiology

The study of the how the

structures of the body work.

Anatomy

The study of the structures of the body.

Homeostasis

To maintain a constant internal environment.

Hypothesis

An educated guess.

Lipid

Fats, oils, or waxes.

Hydrophobic

Water hating.

Asexual

The type of reproduction that involves only one parent with an identical offspring.

Digestion

Breaking down food.

 Sexual

The type of reproduction that involves two parents and the offspring having traits from both.

Pseudopodia

False foot.

Conjugation

The most primitive form of sexual reproduction.

Carolus Linnaeus

The scientist that came up with the modern taxonomic classification system.

Autotroph

Organisms that are able to make their own food.

Archaebacteria

Characteristics

1. Prokaryotic

2. Unicelluar

3. Autotrophic or heterotrophic

4. Live in extreme conditions

5. First living organisms.

Eubacteria

Characteristics:

1. Prokaryotic

2. Unicellular

3. Autotrophic or heterotrophic

4. Found everywhere

5. Can make you sick

Ex: Anthrax, poliovirus, flu

Nuceloid

The area inside of a prokaryotic cell where

the DNA is located.

Fission

A form of asexual reproduction that involves the parent growing and dividing into two new daughter cells. The two cells are identical.

Food vacuole

Vacuole that digests food.

Binomial nomenclature

The two word naming system used to classify organisms.

Taxon

Groups of organisms put together because of their genetic and evolutionary relationships.

Colony

Unicellular organisms that live in close proximity of one another, but still function independently.

Abiotic

Non-living things.

Genetics

The study of genes or traits passed

from parent to offspring.

Species

A group of the exact same type of organisms.

Heterotroph

Organisms that need ready made food.

Contractile Vacuole

A vacuole that contracts to expell extra water when the cell is hypotonic and in danger of popping.

Micro-nucleus

The smaller of the two nuclei in protozoans; controls reproduction

Hyphae

The structure of the mushroom that

breaks down nutrients.

Protozoa

An animal-like protista

Ex: Amoeba, Paramecium

Diploid

Having two sets of chromosomes.

 Haploid

Having one set of chromosomes.

 Mycorrhizae

A type of mutualistic fungus that grows with the roots of certain types of plants.

Vertebrate

Organisms with a backbone.

Saprophyte

Fungi that breakdown dead, decaying matter.

Ex: mushroom

Mycology

The study of fungus.

Notochord

One of the unifying characteristics of Chordates; soft flexible axis that is retained throughout life in 10% of all Chordates.

Coccyx

Tail bone

 Dorsal, hollow nerve chord

One of the unifying characteristics in the Chordate Phylum; forms the spinal cord.

Visceral Mass

The part of the organism that contains the organs; refers specifically to Molluscs

Annelida

Segmented worms

Ex: earthworm

Pharyngeal gill slits

One of the four unifying characteristics of all Chordates; become inner ear bones in humans at about 20 weeks gestation

 Arthropoda

Segmented body, jointed appendages, exoskeleton

Ex: Insects, Crustaceans, Arachnids

Exoskeleton

The tough coating on the outside of Arthropods.

Carapace

The portion of the exoskeleton covering the cephalothorax of crayfish.

Echinodermata

Starfish, sea urchins, sand dollars

Chordata

The only phylum containing vertebrates.

Ex: mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, fish

 Post anal tail

One of the four unifying characteristics in the Chordate Phylym; Our coccyx

Diploblastic

Organisms with two germ layers

(endoderm and ectoderm)

Porifera

Sponges

Deuterostomes

Organisms that form their anus first in gastrulation.

Peritonium

Connective tissue inside of the body cavity of coelomates; hold organs in place

Alteration of generations

Two alternating reproductive cycles.

Ex: cnidaria (meduse, polyp, medusa)

Platyhelminthes

Flat worm

Nematoda

Round worm with a tough cuticle.

Triploblastic

Organisms with three germ layers.

(ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm)

germ layer

Tissue layers.

Cnidaria

Jellyfish, coral, sea anemone

Sessile

Immobile; cannot move

Polyp

The sessile form of Cnidaria.

Invertebrate

Animals without a backbone.

Mollusca

Clams, Octopus, Snail

Ectoderm

The germ layer that forms on the outside of the body; skin and hair

Bilateral symmetry

An organism that can be divided into equal left and right parts; mirror images

Radial Symmetry

Organisms that have a central point and can be divided into equal "pie pieces" as rays come out from the central point.

Ex. Starfish

Cnidocytes

Stinging cells in Cnidaria.

Asymmetry

Having no symmetry.

Ex: Sponges

Medusa

The free floating form of Cnidaria.

Ex: jellyfish

Mycelium

The structure of the mushroom that absorbs the nutrients that are broken down by hyphae.

Protostome

Organisms that form the mouth first

during gastrulation.

gastrulation

The formation of the digestive

system in the embryo.

Coelomate

True body cavity lined by the peritonium.

Pseudocoelomate

False body cavity

Acoelomate

No body cavity.

Mesoderm

Middle tissue layer; forms organs,

blood, bones, and muscles

Endoderm

The inside tissue layer; forms the gut

Macro-nucleus

The larger of the two nuclei in protozoa; control day to day functions of the unicelluar organisms

Swimmerets

Small legs used for swimming; located on the ventral side of the abdomen

Cephalothorax

The head and thoracic region of crustaceans.

Abdomen

The posterior section of the crustacean

cervical groove

The groove that separates the cephalic

(head) region and the thorax on the

outside of the crayfish exoskeleton.

Rostrom

Beak or snout-like projection

Telson

Last segment of the abdomen in crayfish; part of the tail fan

Uropod

Appendages off of the telson; part of the tail fan

Antennae

Allow crayfish to taste, smell, and touch; larger than antennules

Cheliped

Pincher type appendages that are used to capture prey and for protection.

Nine Characteristics of Life

1. Grow

2. Reproduce

3. Highly organized

4. Evolve

5. Adapt

6. Use energy

7. Made of one or more cells

8. Limited life span

9. Definite size and form

Be able to label or identify the

exterior structures of the crayfish.

 Go to this site:

http://www.turtletrack.org/Issues03/Co10182003/Art/Crayfish_bw.GIF