Term
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Definition
Manufactures
Industry should be left to Europe
Saw America’s plentiful land as a place for agriculture, not for industrialization
Believed that humans were meant to be farmers, work with land and nature
Industry brings out greedy ambitions and corrupt behavior for one’s selfish gain
England did not have enough land to provide for their population, but the US had enough land and could support its people on all the available lands |
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Term
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Definition
What is a city?
city as a “social drama”
a stage for the drama of human life.
part of social life is the idea of spectating and performing
“purposive associations” - cities are tied together as these associations.
some of these associations relate to faith, commerce
social ties- first is family; then neighborhood and economic organizations (corporate)
the social ties are related to how the physical manifestation of the city is subservient to the social
there must be activities outside of the home to get people out and into the city |
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Term
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Definition
Cities as a Way of Life
Chicago School sociologist
focuses on population size, density and demographic heterogeneity
population size: urban dwellers depend on more people for day to day interactions creating impersonal, superficial, transitory and segmental contacts and engendering reserve, indifference and a blase outlook that people use to immunize themselves against the expectations of others. Impersonal contact is therefore driven by selfish utility
Density: describes a socially differentiated specialization. Daily interaction- functionally close but socially distant- among people without mutual ties fosters exploitation although such diversity gives rise to a relativistic perspective that leads to tolerance. Density, self-satisficing masses competing for scarce resources in a competitive environment fosters friction and irritation and creates nervous tensions.
heterogeneity: turns away from built environment to explain the complicated phenomenon of affinity groups. Demographic variety erodes class distinctions and with this, he proposes that urbanites are subject to have multiple group memberships. Where there is high membership, intra-group mass homogenization highlights the interests of the individual and the leveling influences mandate that members subordinate their interests to those of the average community at large. This goes in opposition to the urban environments tendency to favor uniqueness and inventiveness which are factors needed to provide the variety of differentiated services that characterize major cities.
he proposes that the city has become dominant because the variety of services provide the armament needed to assert power over competing regions of lesser capability
Based on the organizational perspective, urban existence is characterized by a de-emphasis on kinship and primary contacts, liberating individuals to act rationally in the pursuit of their own interests without burdensome exhortations of traditional institutions.
the urbanites ability to assert self as an individual is obstructed by competition and therefore he joins groups that pool everyone’s resources to pursue end-goals that serve the average constituent.
these fictional kinship groups serve as an outlet for expression and mobility
lastly, he states that crowded environments lower the sophistication of communication to elementary levels focusing on things that are of common interest to all. |
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Term
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Definition
urban dwellers depend on more people for day to day interactions creating impersonal, superficial, transitory and segmental contacts and engendering reserve, indifference and a blase outlook that people use to immunize themselves against the expectations of others.
Impersonal contact is therefore driven by selfish utility |
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Term
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Definition
describes a socially differentiated specialization.
Daily interaction- functionally close but socially distant- among people without mutual ties fosters exploitation although such diversity gives rise to a relativistic perspective that leads to tolerance.
Density, self-satisficing masses competing for scarce resources in a competitive environment fosters friction and irritation and creates nervous tensions. |
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Term
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Definition
turns away from built environment to explain the complicated phenomenon of affinity groups.
Demographic variety erodes class distinctions and with this, he proposes that urbanites are subject to have multiple group memberships.
Where there is high membership, intra-group mass homogenization highlights the interests of the individual and the leveling influences mandate that members subordinate their interests to those of the average community at large.
This goes in opposition to the urban environments tendency to favor uniqueness and inventiveness which are factors needed to provide the variety of differentiated services that characterize major cities. |
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Term
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Definition
he proposes that the city has become dominant because the variety of services provide the armament needed to assert power over competing regions of lesser capability
Based on the organizational perspective, urban existence is characterized by a de-emphasis on kinship and primary contacts, liberating individuals to act rationally in the pursuit of their own interests without burdensome exhortations of traditional institutions.
the urbanites ability to assert self as an individual is obstructed by competition and therefore he joins groups that pool everyone’s resources to pursue end-goals that serve the average constituent.
these fictional kinship groups serve as an outlet for expression and mobility
lastly, he states that crowded environments lower the sophistication of communication to elementary levels focusing on things that are of common interest to all. |
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Term
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Definition
“Selections” (r 474-485)
a city should be built to give its inhabitants security and happinesss
buildings: shift from having a basis of art to hard math concepts
analysis from a technician and artist standpoint at italy
difference between antiquity and now
>public squares are now used to provide more light and to break the monotony of ocean of houses
>back then, they were used for necessity, such as theaters and market places
>more open and public use of spaces such as baths, theaters, markets, but now these places have walls built around them
>“ a city without public edifices and squares is not worthy of its name.”
the relationship between buildings, monuments, and public spaces
>before: distinct use of public spaces that would have two centers, religious and one royal |
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Term
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Definition
A Phenomenology of the Global City
Overview
>An assessment of the city in the age of globalization – and argues we must view such cities from t perspectives of those who are most oppressed, in order to meet the challengers that the global city faces
Globalization is a process of urbanization
>Cities first developed as appendages to large agricultural areas
>Industrialization and the industrialization of agriculture allowed cities to become independent → they could produce their own commodities (knowledge, culture, and political power)
>By 2050, 50% of humanity will be in cities
>>There will still be a huge percentage of people living in rural areas (farmers and peasants) → who will mostly live in Third World Countries
>By 3000, the 10 most populated metropolises of the World will be neither in Europe nor the USA → rather in “Third World” countries
The city (globalization) assaults the fabric of the countryside
>Television, radio, and the internet destabilized the sense of tradition and cultural continuity in the countryside
>>Television erodes tradition by showing a world of possibilities → favors living a life of luxury (money, materialism)
Another characteristic of Globalization is the decreasing importance of the local, the state, and the national
>The city is the site at which the forces of the local and the global meet
>>Where the forces of transnational, finance capital, and the local labor markets and national infrastructures enter into conflict and contestation over the city
>>>The denationalizing of urban space and the formation of new claims by transnational actors
>>>>Whose city is it?
In the modern city, we are surrounded by strangers
>Crowded subways, traffic jams, etc
>Leads to a departure from philosophical reflection bc we start to value/appreciate other human lives less (just strangers)
>>“we are all others before each other”
>The only way to reconcile this is through the process of encounter
>>Encounter allows use to discover, constitute, and dismantle our own sense of identity and the difference of others
>>>“we make others as we make ourselves”
Issue of the Global city as a space for the representation and formation of post-colonial identities
>Strangers are now part of the everyday experience in cities |
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Term
| overview of Mendieta reading |
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Definition
| An assessment of the city in the age of globalization – and argues we must view such cities from t perspectives of those who are most oppressed, in order to meet the challengers that the global city faces |
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Term
| (Eduardo Mendieta ) Globalization is a process of urbanization |
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Definition
>Cities first developed as appendages to large agricultural areas
>Industrialization and the industrialization of agriculture allowed cities to become independent → they could produce their own commodities (knowledge, culture, and political power)
>By 2050, 50% of humanity will be in cities
>>There will still be a huge percentage of people living in rural areas (farmers and peasants) → who will mostly live in Third World Countries
>By 3000, the 10 most populated metropolises of the World will be neither in Europe nor the USA → rather in “Third World” countries |
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Term
| (Eduardo Mendieta ) The city (globalization) assaults the fabric of the countryside |
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Definition
>Television, radio, and the internet destabilized the sense of tradition and cultural continuity in the countryside
>>Television erodes tradition by showing a world of possibilities → favors living a life of luxury (money, materialism) |
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Term
| (Eduardo Mendieta) Another characteristic of Globalization is the decreasing importance of the local, the state, and the national |
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Definition
>The city is the site at which the forces of the local and the global meet
>>Where the forces of transnational, finance capital, and the local labor markets and national infrastructures enter into conflict and contestation over the city
>>>The denationalizing of urban space and the formation of new claims by transnational actors
>>>>Whose city is it? |
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Term
| (Eduardo Mendieta) surrounded by strangers |
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Definition
>Crowded subways, traffic jams, etc
>Leads to a departure from philosophical reflection bc we start to value/appreciate other human lives less (just strangers)
>>“we are all others before each other”
>The only way to reconcile this is through the process of encounter
>>Encounter allows use to discover, constitute, and dismantle our own sense of identity and the difference of others
>>>“we make others as we make ourselves”
Issue of the Global city as a space for the representation and formation of post-colonial identities
>Strangers are now part of the everyday experience in cities |
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Term
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Definition
Space of Flows, Space of Places: Materials for a Theory of Urbanism in the Information Age”
Space is a fundamental dimension that expresses urban society
Spatial experience is expressed through:
1. The space of flows – the electronic, computerized network of telecommunications through which most of the work of the new global economy is conducted
2. The space of places – the physical world of neighborhoods and local business nodes within metropolitan regions where people live their day to day lives and develop personal, familial relationships and individual identities
21st Century as the “Information Age”
>Characterized by a new “network society” and the “informational city”
New developments in the 21st century
>New geography of networks and urban nodes based on telecommunications technologies;
>social relationships that pit virtual communities against physical communities which nonetheless “develop in close interaction”;
>new forms of local governance based on the emergence of “the network state”
Castells builds his theoretical approach to cities along three axes:
1. Function – the dynamic opposition between the electron global and the face-to-face local
2. Meaning – a complex relationship between “individuation” (personal identity) and “communalism” (the shared identities of ethnicity, social class, and culture)
3. Form – the conflict and interaction between the two spatial dimensions of online and physical
Castells argues that the organization of society in the information age involves centralization as dominant processes in the economy, technology, media, and institutionalized authority are organized in global networks
Castells stresses the social importance of public spaces
>That urban planners should treat this just as importantly as economic competitiveness
In modern cities, the challenge of urban planning, design, and governance is to create a meaningful and effective “connectivity” btw the two urban worlds people live in (the electronic space of flows and the physical space of flows) |
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Term
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Definition
| Space of Flows, Space of Places: Materials for a Theory of Urbanism in the Information Age” |
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Term
| (Manuel Castells) space is... |
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Definition
| Space is a fundamental dimension that expresses urban society |
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Term
| (Manuel Castells) Spatial experience is expressed through: |
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Definition
1. The space of flows – the electronic, computerized network of telecommunications through which most of the work of the new global economy is conducted
2. The space of places – the physical world of neighborhoods and local business nodes within metropolitan regions where people live their day to day lives and develop personal, familial relationships and individual identities |
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Term
(Manuel Castells) 21st Century as the “Information Age”
new 21st century developments |
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Definition
>Characterized by a new “network society” and the “informational city”
developments:
>New geography of networks and urban nodes based on telecommunications technologies;
>social relationships that pit virtual communities against physical communities which nonetheless “develop in close interaction”;
>new forms of local governance based on the emergence of “the network state” |
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Term
| (Manuel Castells) builds his theoretical approach to cities along three axes: |
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Definition
1. Function – the dynamic opposition between the electron global and the face-to-face local
2. Meaning – a complex relationship between “individuation” (personal identity) and “communalism” (the shared identities of ethnicity, social class, and culture)
3. Form – the conflict and interaction between the two spatial dimensions of online and physical |
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Term
| (Manuel Castells) space/ modern cities and other randoms |
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Definition
Castells argues that the organization of society in the information age involves centralization as dominant processes in the economy, technology, media, and institutionalized authority are organized in global networks
Castells stresses the social importance of public spaces
>That urban planners should treat this just as importantly as economic competitiveness
In modern cities, the challenge of urban planning, design, and governance is to create a meaningful and effective “connectivity” btw the two urban worlds people live in (the electronic space of flows and the physical space of flows) |
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Term
| Neil Brenner and Roger Keil |
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Definition
From Global Cities to Global Urbanization
The contemporary urban world reaveals new forms of global connectivity – along with new patterns of disconnection, peripheralixzation, exlusion, and vulnerability
Global cities are detached from nation-states and subject to global forces
Urbanization has now become an active moment within the ongoing production and transformation of capitalist socio-spatial configurations
The realities of globalization as a fundamentally disjointed, yet profoundly authoritarian, new world order |
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Term
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Definition
Chinese Cities in a Global Society
Argues that China has been the most dramatically transformed country by globalization
Rapid urbanization has lead to geographically “uneven distribution pattern”
>Unprecedented rural-to-urban migration
China’s response to urban globalism has lessons for other countries in 4 ways:
1. Most of the population and economic growth of the foreseeable future will be urban
2. Urbanization has had many positive economic effects and does not necessarily result in “a burden to a nation’s economy or a negative impact on cities”
3. “Active public-private partnerships” are key to the success of economic and urban development
4. Important choices must be made in terms of the development policies that cities and central authorizes embrace |
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Term
| (Tingwei Zhang) China’s response to urban globalism has lessons for other countries in 4 ways: |
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Definition
1. Most of the population and economic growth of the foreseeable future will be urban
2. Urbanization has had many positive economic effects and does not necessarily result in “a burden to a nation’s economy or a negative impact on cities”
3. “Active public-private partnerships” are key to the success of economic and urban development
4. Important choices must be made in terms of the development policies that cities and central authorizes embrace |
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Term
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Definition
| Chinese Cities in a Global Society |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| A Phenomenology of the Global City |
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Term
| Neil Brenner and Roger Keil's book |
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Definition
| From Global Cities to Global Urbanization |
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Term
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Definition
“Urbanism beyond Architecture: African Cities as Infrastructure”
-Describes the city of Kinshasa, the city exists beyond its architecture
-the infrastructure and architecture that function best in Kinshasa are amlost totally invisible on a material level
-explores the relationship between visibility and invisibility
-beyond built form = “living space” , alive
-Urban networks and how people move through the city, make use of the city, and create the city and generate the city while doing so |
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Term
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Definition
| “Urbanism beyond Architecture: African Cities as Infrastructure” |
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Term
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Definition
Building Power in the City: Reflections on the Emergence of the Right to the City Alliance and the National Domestic Worker’s Alliance
-Two national grassroots networks representing different fronts of urban struggle were launched in 2007
- Right to the City Alliance (a national network of grassroots organizations fighting against gentrification) and the National Domestic Workers Alliance.
-The formation of these networks represents the maturation of the generation of organizing that began in the era of neoliberal globalization
-Shows that as capitalism has changed, social movements also need to change and develop new forms of organization that will allow us to fight on new terrain
-many working class communities of color are being torn apart by gentrification in order to make space for the new layer of corporate workers
-These organizations fight against gentrification, so cities serve people rather than the possession of capital
-Promote more low income housing and jobs
-The struggle cannot be confined to one system of oppression. Working class communities and communities of color face class exploitation, racial and gender oppression, xenophobia and homophobia; all of these issues have to be addressed in the work
-The city is a key site for the struggle
-“Organizing oppressed people is heart and soul of the movement
-We need to combine grassroots organizing with a deep political analysis
-Overall, know that Goldberg talks about organizing within cities to achieve a common goal |
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Term
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Definition
| Building Power in the City: Reflections on the Emergence of the Right to the City Alliance and the National Domestic Worker’s Alliance |
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Term
| (Goldberg) Two national grassroots networks representing different fronts of urban struggle were launched in 2007 |
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Definition
- Right to the City Alliance (a national network of grassroots organizations fighting against gentrification)
the National Domestic Workers Alliance. |
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Term
| (Goldberg) what does formation of these 2 grassroots networks represent? |
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Definition
represents the maturation of the generation of organizing that began in the era of neoliberal globalization
Shows that as capitalism has changed, social movements also need to change and develop new forms of organization that will allow us to fight on new terrain |
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Term
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Definition
| know that Goldberg talks about organizing within cities to achieve a common goal |
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Term
|
Definition
-many working class communities of color are being torn apart by gentrification in order to make space for the new layer of corporate workers
-These organizations fight against gentrification, so cities serve people rather than the possession of capital
-Promote more low income housing and jobs
-The struggle cannot be confined to one system of oppression. Working class communities and communities of color face class exploitation, racial and gender oppression, xenophobia and homophobia; all of these issues have to be addressed in the work
-The city is a key site for the struggle
-“Organizing oppressed people is heart and soul of the movement
-We need to combine grassroots organizing with a deep political analysis |
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Term
|
Definition
Gender identity in urban poor mobilizations: evidence from Bengaluru
-analyzes women’s collective engagement to improve the provision of urban services in low-income neighborhoods
-women and women’s organizations play a crucial role in the improvement of infrastructure and services
-Women form a crucial part of urban poor movements, particularly at the neighborhood level, where their negotiations and lobbying with state departments and political representatives have transformative power
-Slum or area leaders claim to represent residents and often act as middlemen, connecting the populations they claim to represent to political representatives in need of vote banks, to mass movement organizations in need of manpower, and to NGOs and CBOs seeking to work in the slum
-Women have not been encountered in this role |
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Term
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Definition
| Gender identity in urban poor mobilizations: evidence from Bengaluru |
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Term
| Haritas' reading is analyzing? |
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Definition
| -analyzes women’s collective engagement to improve the provision of urban services in low-income neighborhoods |
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Term
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Definition
-women and women’s organizations play a crucial role in the improvement of infrastructure and services
-Women form a crucial part of urban poor movements, particularly at the neighborhood level, where their negotiations and lobbying with state departments and political representatives have transformative power |
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Term
| (Haritas) role women haven't been seen filling |
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Definition
-Slum or area leaders
> claim to represent residents and often act as middlemen, connecting the populations they claim to represent to political representatives in need of vote banks, to mass movement organizations in need of manpower, and to NGOs and CBOs seeking to work in the slum
-Women have not been encountered in this role |
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Term
| (Haritas) who do slum or area leaders claim to connect to? |
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Definition
political representatives in need of vote banks
mass movement organizations in need of manpower
to NGOs and CBOs seeking to work in the slum |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
| (Sitte) difference between antiquity and now |
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Definition
public squares are now used to provide more light and to break the monotony of ocean of houses
back then, they were used for necessity, such as theaters and market places
more open and public use of spaces such as baths, theaters, markets, but now these places have walls built around them
“ a city without public edifices and squares is not worthy of its name.” |
|
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Term
| (Sitte) the relationship between buildings, monuments, and public spaces |
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Definition
| before: distinct use of public spaces that would have two centers, religious and one royal |
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
· Advent of automobile allowed the boom of suburban neighborhoods
>· This developed a major counter culture to suburbia and the automobile cities with many saying it killed culture
>· In the prosperous 1950s and beyond directly following the World War, the automobile became hugely important
· There were a ton of crashes and deaths due to this which led to a huge industry surrounding it with insurance, medical, and repair
-The automobile culture and drive in suburban neighborhoods became an integral part of American society
-Interstate highway
>· Many interest groups with General Motors a huge one, came together to lobby to build highways. Across the spectrum people supported it from banks to construction companies to asphalt companies to parking structures.
>· Eisenhower appointed a committee to look in to what to do
>>o Chairman of this board was also chair of General Motors, so he came up with a superhighway network that spanned the country
superhighway network that spanned the country
>o Made a 41,000 mile network where federal government paid for 90 percent
>o 4 reasons to build: Atomic attack, current highways were unsafe, decrease traffic jams, current roads caused high transportation costs
· Cities were built around the automobile
>o US has best road network but worst public transport system
· LA derives its shape from 3 things:
o Cheap land
o Dispersed location of oil fields and refineries causing cities around them
o Its once excellent mass transit system with 1,100 miles of track
-The Garage-French for storage space
· Started off for the very wealthy
· Became a major and important status symbol after WW2
· By 1960 they were commonplace
-The Motel
· With more people traveling overnight in automobiles, these became necessary for people to stay
-The Drive in Theater
· Popular 1930s to 1970s
· Its downfall was rising land costs
-Gasoline Service Station
· 5 stages
o Buying gas by the bucket full
o 1906 hot-water heater is converted to pump gas
o Became full service business enterprises
o Standardized across the country with big oil companies
o Now come in two forms: Major chains owned by gas companies and the mini-mart
-The shopping center
· Decentralized cities because they catered to the automobile instead of pedestrian so were located on the outskirts
-The house trailer and mobile home
· Originally used and made for transient workers whose jobs required them to move regularly
· Next major change was in 1980s when they started becoming taxed as real estate rather than a motor vehicle
-A drive in society
· Fast-food, drive through banks etc
-Centerless cities
· After the war many big cities did not have city centers such as Santa Ana and Silicon Valley
-1/3 of the US gas stations have been removed in the past decade |
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Term
| Advent of automobile (Jackson) |
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Definition
allowed the boom of suburban neighborhoods
>· This developed a major counter culture to suburbia and the automobile cities with many saying it killed culture
>· In the prosperous 1950s and beyond directly following the World War, the automobile became hugely important
· There were a ton of crashes and deaths due to this which led to a huge industry surrounding it with insurance, medical, and repair
-The automobile culture and drive in suburban neighborhoods became an integral part of American society |
|
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Term
| result if auto boom? (Jackson) |
|
Definition
· There were a ton of crashes and deaths due to this which led to a huge industry surrounding it with insurance, medical, and repair
-The automobile culture and drive in suburban neighborhoods became an integral part of American society
-Interstate highway
superhighway network that spanned the country
· Cities were built around the automobile
· LA derives its shape from 3 things:
-The Garage-French for storage space
-The Motel
-The Drive in Theater
-Gasoline Service Station (five sages)
-The shopping center
-The house trailer and mobile home
-A drive in society
-Centerless cities
-1/3 of the US gas stations have been removed in the past decade |
|
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Term
| -Interstate highway (Jackson) |
|
Definition
>· Many interest groups with General Motors a huge one, came together to lobby to build highways. Across the spectrum people supported it from banks to construction companies to asphalt companies to parking structures.
>· Eisenhower appointed a committee to look in to what to do
>>o Chairman of this board was also chair of General Motors, so he came up with a superhighway network that spanned the country
superhighway network that spanned the country
>o Made a 41,000 mile network where federal government paid for 90 percent
>o 4 reasons to build:
Atomic attack
current highways were unsafe
decrease traffic jams
current roads caused high transportation costs |
|
|
Term
| 4 reasons to build superhighway (Jackson) |
|
Definition
Atomic attack
current highways were unsafe
decrease traffic jams
current roads caused high transportation costs |
|
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Term
| Cities were built around the automobile (Jackson) |
|
Definition
>o US has best road network but worst public transport system
· LA derives its shape from 3 things:
o Cheap land
o Dispersed location of oil fields and refineries causing cities around them
o Its once excellent mass transit system with 1,100 miles of track
-The Garage-French for storage space
-The Motel
-The Drive in Theater
-Gasoline Service Station
· 5 stages
-The shopping center
-The house trailer and mobile home
-A drive in society
-Centerless cities |
|
|
Term
| superhighway network that spanned the country (Jackson) |
|
Definition
>o Made a 41,000 mile network where federal government paid for 90 percent
>o 4 reasons to build:
Atomic attack
current highways were unsafe
decrease traffic jams
current roads caused high transportation costs |
|
|
Term
| LA derives its shape from 3 things: (Jackson) |
|
Definition
o Cheap land
o Dispersed location of oil fields and refineries causing cities around them
o Its once excellent mass transit system with 1,100 miles of track |
|
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Term
| The Garage-French for storage space (Jackson) |
|
Definition
· Started off for the very wealthy
· Became a major and important status symbol after WW2
· By 1960 they were commonplace |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| · With more people traveling overnight in automobiles, these became necessary for people to stay |
|
|
Term
| The Drive in Theater (Jackson) |
|
Definition
· Popular 1930s to 1970s
· Its downfall was rising land costs |
|
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Term
| Gasoline Service Station (Jackson) |
|
Definition
· 5 stages
o Buying gas by the bucket full
o 1906 hot-water heater is converted to pump gas
o Became full service business enterprises
o Standardized across the country with big oil companies
o Now come in two forms: Major chains owned by gas companies and the mini-mart
-1/3 of the US gas stations have been removed in the past decade |
|
|
Term
| The shopping center (Jackson) |
|
Definition
| · Decentralized cities because they catered to the automobile instead of pedestrian so were located on the outskirts |
|
|
Term
| 5 stages (gas service) (Jackson) |
|
Definition
o Buying gas by the bucket full
o 1906 hot-water heater is converted to pump gas
o Became full service business enterprises
o Standardized across the country with big oil companies
o Now come in two forms: Major chains owned by gas companies and the mini-mart |
|
|
Term
| The house trailer and mobile home (Jackson) |
|
Definition
· Originally used and made for transient workers whose jobs required them to move regularly
· Next major change was in 1980s when they started becoming taxed as real estate rather than a motor vehicle |
|
|
Term
| A drive in society (Jackson) |
|
Definition
Fast-food,
drive through banks
etc |
|
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Term
| Centerless cities (Jackson) |
|
Definition
| After the war many big cities did not have city centers such as Santa Ana and Silicon Valley |
|
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Term
| what has happened to gas stations in last decade? (Jackson) |
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Definition
| -1/3 of the US gas stations have been removed in the past decade |
|
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Term
|
Definition
-Most successful regions have a large amount of civic engagement (When the population is very involved in the community)
>· Civic engagement decreases crime, makes schools better, and creates faster economic development
>· Life easier in cities with a high social capital
-Civic engagement is rapidly decreasing
· Decreasing voter turnout
· Decreasing participation in public meetings
· Decreased participation in the PTA (Parent teacher association)
· Decrease in woman’s club membership
· Decrease for fraternial organizations
Church membership
· Most common form where there is still participation is church groups
· US has most of houses of worship per capita in the world
Could be changing/new organizations-These clubs however have very little social interaction
· AARP growing
· Sierra Club growing
Social Capital
· Decrease in neighborliness
· Increase in time spent with friends not in your neighborhood
· Americans are less trusting
Transformation of American Families
· Fewer marriages
· Fewer children
· Higher divorce rate
· Lower wages
Summary
· Social capital is decreasing
· Could be due to technology, ease of transport (automobile) |
|
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Term
| social capital effect on cities? (Putnam) |
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Definition
-Most successful regions have a large amount of civic engagement (When the population is very involved in the community)
>· Civic engagement decreases crime, makes schools better, and creates faster economic development
>· Life easier in cities with a high social capital |
|
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Term
is civic engagement rapidly decreasing (If so, signs?)
(Putnam) |
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Definition
*Civic engagement is rapidly decreasing*
· Decreasing voter turnout
· Decreasing participation in public meetings
· Decreased participation in the PTA (Parent teacher association)
· Decrease in woman’s club membership
· Decrease for fraternial organizations |
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Term
| Church membership (Putnam) |
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Definition
· Most common form where there is still participation is church groups
· US has most of houses of worship per capita in the world
Could be changing/new organizations-These clubs however have very little social interaction
· AARP growing
· Sierra Club growing |
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Term
| signs of declining social cap.? (Putnam) |
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Definition
· Decreasing voter turnout
· Decreasing participation in public meetings
· Decreased participation in the PTA (Parent teacher association)
· Decrease in woman’s club membership
· Decrease for fraternial organizations |
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Term
| Social Capital (trends) (Putnam) |
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Definition
· Decrease in neighborliness
· Increase in time spent with friends not in your neighborhood
· Americans are less trusting |
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Term
| Transformation of American Families (Putnam) |
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Definition
· Fewer marriages
· Fewer children
· Higher divorce rate
· Lower wages |
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Term
|
Definition
· Social capital is decreasing
· Could be due to technology, ease of transport (automobile) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Chicago vs. LA school of thought in terms of gender |
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Term
| Gender relations (Mandanipour) |
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Definition
Refers to the beliefs, expectations, and behavior that characterize interactions between women and men.
· Early culture made woman reliant on men because men performed paid jobs while woman performed unpaid jobs.
· Now 60 percent of woman work outside the home
Chicago |
|
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Term
| women's role; a change? (now vs. then) (Mandanipour) |
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Definition
· Early culture made woman reliant on men because men performed paid jobs while woman performed unpaid jobs.
· Now 60 percent of woman work outside the home
Chicago |
|
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Term
Jane Adams impact on Burgess and Park (chicago school)
(Mandanipour) |
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Definition
· Burgess and Park, developers of the Chicago school both were around Jane Adams while they were formulating their theories
· Jane Adams was big on supporting woman’s advancements in the city
· Chicago school ignored gender issues |
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Term
|
Definition
· Modern urbanism is edge cities, suburban neighborhoods
· Keno capitalism-A random pattern of development |
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Term
| Chicago vs. LA (Mandanipour) |
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Definition
1. The presence of 1 enter versus two
2. The location of activities
3. The level of density
4. The direction of development |
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Term
| WW2 impact on gender roles (Mandanipour) |
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Definition
· Shortage of men, opening more jobs for woman
· Woman’s status increased due to federal intervention with reproductive rights and equal opportunity legislation
· Equal pay passed by congress
· Increased college availability for woman |
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Term
| Gender changes affect on urban form (Mandanipour) |
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Definition
· Increased gated communities
· Compared low income housing in downtowns (mainly woman and children) are directly compared to prisons (mainly males)
· Increased day cares
· Increased Fast food and restaurants
· Increased apartments for single woman working woman who have yet to marry |
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Term
| Development of edge cities (Mandanipour) |
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Definition
1. Dominance of automobiles
2. Communications revolution
3. Entry of woman in large numbers to the labor market
-“Rise of service sector has merely taken unpaid work out of the home and turned it in to underpaid occupations throughout the metropolis”-Very important |
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Term
| effect of rise of service sector-Very important (Mandanipour) |
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Definition
| -“Rise of service sector has merely taken unpaid work out of the home and turned it in to underpaid occupations throughout the metropolis” |
|
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Term
|
Definition
· Burgess and Park, developers of the Chicago school both were around Jane Adams while they were formulating their theories
· Jane Adams was big on supporting woman’s advancements in the city
· Chicago school ignored gender issues |
|
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Term
| Davis, “Fortress LA” (overview) |
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Definition
“Fortress LA”
Physical security in the city
Wealthy vs. Poor
· Wealthy live behind gates with private security
· Increased militarization of police in low income areas
The destruction of public space
· Shift to following what corporations want rather than citizens
· Public spaces are inward in malls and such rather than outward facing
· Getting rid of sidewalks
The Forbidden City
· Headed back towards militarization with mega-structures with outside investment taking shape
· The financial district has retreated to bunker hill and is cut off from the lower classes |
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
· Wealthy live behind gates with private security
· Increased militarization of police in low income areas |
|
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Term
| The destruction of public space (Davis) |
|
Definition
· Shift to following what corporations want rather than citizens
· Public spaces are inward in malls and such rather than outward facing
· Getting rid of sidewalks |
|
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Term
| The Forbidden City (Davis) |
|
Definition
· Headed back towards militarization with mega-structures with outside investment taking shape
· The financial district has retreated to bunker hill and is cut off from the lower classes |
|
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Term
| Nemeth "Skateboarding and Public Space" (overview) |
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Definition
-In 2002 a ban was placed on skateboarding in Philadelphia’s Love Park; what was not realized was these skateboarders were what made this park.
Love Park
· Located in central downtown business district
· Became world famous to skate boarders as best in the world natural skate park
· Famous for “Love” sculpture
· X games held here in 200 and 2001 due to Love parks iconic skate scene, making the city around $40 million
· Overhauled the park and kicked skateboarders out, sending them to a far off skate park
· In 2004, it came out that 94 percent of people in the city supported allowing skateboarders |
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Term
|
Definition
| Conflict, exclusion, relocation: Skateboarding and public space |
|
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Term
|
Definition
· Located in central downtown business district
· Became world famous to skate boarders as best in the world natural skate park
· Famous for “Love” sculpture
· X games held here in 200 and 2001 due to Love parks iconic skate scene, making the city around $40 million |
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Term
| Love Park (change/ response) |
|
Definition
· Overhauled the park and kicked skateboarders out, sending them to a far off skate park
· In 2004, it came out that 94 percent of people in the city supported allowing skateboarders |
|
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Term
| Sotelo, “Maid in LA” (overview) |
|
Definition
Latina workers take low-wage jobs from demanding employers working in the service industry, specifically as live-in or live-out nannies, maids, or house cleaners, connecting race relations and domestic work
Surveyed 153 Latina domestic workers at bus stops, ESL classses, parks. Only 10% did domestic work in home country
Case studies of live-in nanny/housekeeper jobs
Lady named Maribel only made $80 a week to clean a 23 bedroom house and take care of child. Maribel knew about the music they would play and wanted to feel cultured by employers still treated her as a second class. Felt unwelcome outside of her room, even just to go to the kitchen to eat.
“There is no time off the job, and they say they feel confined, trapped, and imprisoned.”
Live-in workers are restricted from telephone calls, taking ESL courses, going home to see family
Food is a major issue, employers provide small amounts of low quality food with “DO NOT TOUCH” signs on their own food
Symbol of exclusion and inclusion
93% of live-in workers in 1990’s made less than $5 an hour, avg 64 hrs a week
Legal status and proficiency in english increases wage
Live-out nannies/housekeepers
Less demanding, can return home when work day is over to own neighborhood, relate to hooks and heidigger idea of homeplace
60% work five or less days a week, avg wage $5.90, above min wage
Many complaints of neglectful parents and belligerent children, shrug shoulders even if child scratches or bites nanny
Marisela is a live-out housecleaner and likes her job
Takes breaks, schedules own work weeks, no worry about speed of work, $11 per hour, avg is $9.50
Needs more experience, recommendations, good english
Negatives: physically draining and bad stigma
These jobs are transitions for immigrants, “transnational motherhood”
83% of housecleaners and 69% of live-out workers have been in US for more than 5 years
Central American women (Guatemala and El Salvador) overrepresent domestic workers
Possibly because many Mexican immigrants have support here rather than coming alone and have social networks
Other immigrants from asian heritage or other usually have more education, better english, experience, and legal status
Employers have a racial preference because they see Latina women as more submissive |
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| background/ facts (Sotelo) |
|
Definition
Latina workers take low-wage jobs from demanding employers working in the service industry, specifically as live-in or live-out nannies, maids, or house cleaners, connecting race relations and domestic work
Surveyed 153 Latina domestic workers at bus stops, ESL classses, parks. Only 10% did domestic work in home country
These jobs are transitions for immigrants, “transnational motherhood”
83% of housecleaners and 69% of live-out workers have been in US for more than 5 years
Central American women (Guatemala and El Salvador) overrepresent domestic workers
Possibly because many Mexican immigrants have support here rather than coming alone and have social networks
Other immigrants from asian heritage or other usually have more education, better english, experience, and legal status
Employers have a racial preference because they see Latina women as more submissive |
|
|
Term
| Live-out nannies/housekeepers (Sotelo) |
|
Definition
Less demanding, can return home when work day is over to own neighborhood, relate to hooks and heidigger idea of homeplace
60% work five or less days a week, avg wage $5.90, above min wage
Many complaints of neglectful parents and belligerent children, shrug shoulders even if child scratches or bites nanny
Marisela is a live-out housecleaner and likes her job
Takes breaks, schedules own work weeks, no worry about speed of work, $11 per hour, avg is $9.50
Needs more experience, recommendations, goof english
Negatives: physically draining and bad stigma |
|
|
Term
| Case studies of live-in nanny/housekeeper jobs (Sotelo) |
|
Definition
Lady named Maribel only made $80 a week to clean a 23 bedroom house and take care of child.
Maribel knew about the music they would play and wanted to feel cultured by employers; still treated her as a second class. |
|
|
Term
| feeling unwelcome (live in nanny/ housekeeper) (Sotelo) |
|
Definition
Felt unwelcome outside of her room, even just to go to the kitchen to eat.
“There is no time off the job, and they say they feel confined, trapped, and imprisoned.”
Live-in workers are restricted from telephone calls, taking ESL courses, going home to see family
Food is a major issue, employers provide small amounts of low quality food with “DO NOT TOUCH” signs on their own food
Symbol of exclusion and inclusion |
|
|
Term
| wage stats/ facts (live in nanny/ housekeeper) (Sotelo) |
|
Definition
93% of live-in workers in 1990’s made less than $5 an hour, avg 64 hrs a week
Legal status and proficiency in english increases wage |
|
|
Term
| negative of being live out (or most likely also live in) nanny/ house keeper? (Sotelo) |
|
Definition
physically draining
bad stigma |
|
|
Term
| example of live out (Sotelo) |
|
Definition
Marisela is a live-out housecleaner and likes her job
Takes breaks, schedules own work weeks, no worry about speed of work, $11 per hour, avg is $9.50 |
|
|
Term
| complaints from live outs? (Sotelo) |
|
Definition
| Many complaints of neglectful parents and belligerent children, shrug shoulders even if child scratches or bites nanny |
|
|
Term
| live out wage stat/ facts (Sotelo) |
|
Definition
| 60% work five or less days a week, avg wage $5.90, above min wage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Future Cities, Future Threats
Violent Wild West Urban World (terrorism)
November 21, 2008 → had a ship the size of a fishing trawler, it was not big
>used it to sail 500 miles
“Urban, networked, littoral”-
>urban referring to megacity environments,
>networked referring to social infrastructure, digital networks and flows (global and local flows)
>littoral referring to coastal cities
There were 40 indigenous people. At times they were invisible, at times they were not. Invisible when they were smuggling goods. The indigenous network aided in hiding.
In the attacks they used diversion, to make a ruckus elsewhere and diverge the attention away from them.
The terrorists had many resources. To name a few: Google Earth, smart phones, GPS, weapons, 600 lbs of ammo, pistols with clips, 8-10 grenades for each person, a control room watching over everything, and LSD and steroids.
The police were a lot less equipped and had a smaller crew. 8 policemen and they had sticks, riot gear which does not stop bullets, and 303 rifles bolt-action.
Took 2 hours for police force to show up. The question of whose problem this is was present.
The main point Kilcullen tries to make is that this is everyone’s problem, but the fact that there is no governmental regulation makes it tough.
At the Taj, there was media present before the government responded. The control room was making sure everyone knew what was going on. Terrorists were hacking into the social media of civilians through social media to figure out their use and to see how many of them were speaking about the terrorist acts.
The terrorists also attacked Obervi Trident and a Jewish Community Center |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The Republic
The types of people it takes to make up a matured city
establishing an ideal state; one that will stand as a model for all existing and emerging states
There should be specialization amongst individuals in a city, each man doing what he is best at and not doing everything
First task in creating a viable state is understanding the fundamental needs of man
the relations between men in the state are where justice and injustice will be present
the luxurious state that Socrates wants to achieve would only be a result of excess and greed
in this sense, war is inevitable
according to Plato, the leaders of a city must be smart and virtuous |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A New Civics for a Smart Century
Focused on smartcities
the concern was that urban science and using data exhaust to predict need
for citizens, we can get a lot out of the smart cities.
we must first opt into the smart, see what we can get out of the app packages. They add to market value.
We must also think about when new technologies help create solutions vs. when they actually create more problems. > Locals must also get out on their own.
People must be interested in it.
The disadvantage is that there is lots of interconnectivity and so it is like sharing electricity.
believed that with technology, a lot can be overcome
Economic productivity of a city could be achieved
the leaders needed for a city are ones that will lead the city to flourishing
Cities use technology to address timeless challenge of government and problems posed by human settlements of previously unimaginable size and complexity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Future Cities, Future Threats |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A New Civics for a Smart Century |
|
|
Term
| attack location (Kilcullen) |
|
Definition
At the Taj, there was media present before the government responded.
The terrorists also attacked Obervi Trident and a Jewish Community Center |
|
|
Term
| terrorist adv (Kilcullen) |
|
Definition
Google Earth,
smart phones,
GPS,
weapons, 600 lbs of ammo, pistols with clips, 8-10 grenades for each person,
a control room watching over everything,
LSD and steroids. |
|
|
Term
| police disadv (Kilcullen) |
|
Definition
a lot less equipped and had a smaller crew.
8 policemen
they had sticks
riot gear which does not stop bullets
303 rifles bolt-action.
Took 2 hours for police force to show up. The question of whose problem this is was present. |
|
|
Term
| indigenous' role (Kilcullen) |
|
Definition
There were 40 indigenous people. At times they were invisible, at times they were not. Invisible when they were smuggling goods. The indigenous network aided in hiding.
In the attacks they used diversion, to make a ruckus elsewhere and diverge the attention away from them. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Terrorists were hacking into the social media of civilians through social media to figure out their use and to see how many of them were speaking about the terrorist acts. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| this is everyone’s problem, but the fact that there is no governmental regulation makes it tough. |
|
|
Term
| “Urban, networked, littoral” (Kilcullen) |
|
Definition
urban referring to megacity environments
networked referring to social infrastructure, digital networks and flows (global and local flows)
littoral referring to coastal cities |
|
|
Term
| background/ context (Kilcullen) |
|
Definition
Violent Wild West Urban World (terrorism)
November 21, 2008 → had a ship the size of a fishing trawler, it was not big
used it to sail 500 miles |
|
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Term
| plato says leaders must be? |
|
Definition
| the leaders of a city must be smart and virtuous |
|
|
Term
| to get something out of smart city, what must the individuals do? (Townsend) |
|
Definition
we must first opt into the smart, see what we can get out of the app packages. They add to market value.
We must also think about when new technologies help create solutions vs. when they actually create more problems. > Locals must also get out on their own.
People must be interested in it. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Focused on smart cities
the concern was that urban science and using data exhaust to predict need
for citizens, we can get a lot out of the smart cities.
we must first opt into the smart, see what we can get out of the app packages. They add to market value. We must also think about when new technologies help create solutions vs. when they actually create more problems. Locals must also get out on their own.
People must be interested in it. The disadvantage is that there is lots of interconnectivity and so it is like sharing electricity.
believed that with technology, a lot can be overcome
Economic productivity of a city could be achieved
the leaders needed for a city are ones that will lead the city to flourishing
Cities use technology to address timeless challenge of government and problems posed by human settlements of previously unimaginable size and complexity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
● Aya is different than the other women in Yop City because of her dismissal of the task of finding a husband
> completely uninterested in men and would rather help others and work towards her future by going to school
● very driven and independent, which is certainly highlighted throughout the novel
other women in the novel do not seem to be as concerned as Aya with changing their roles in society through pursuing an education and a professional level career
> Rather they are more predisposed to the typical women’s role in Yop City of staying home to raise a family
● Aya nevertheless sets a good example and high standard, as she aspires to be a doctor one day
Aya represents the push towards raising the standards of women’s contributions to the community, rather than staying consistent with the historical gender role in Yop City, as displayed by the other women |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
dismissal of the task of finding a husband
would rather help others and work towards her future by going to school
represents the push towards raising the standards of women’s contributions to the community, rather than staying consistent with the historical gender role in Yop City
other women predisposed to the typical women’s role in Yop City of staying home to raise a family |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the push towards raising the standards of women’s contributions to the community, rather than staying consistent with the historical gender role in Yop City, as displayed by the other women |
|
|
Term
| Lynch, “The City Image and its Elements” (overview) |
|
Definition
● Lynch states that, unlike Architecture, Urbanism is in constant change
○ A urban system has to be held legible, through definite sensory cues
○ Its image has to be perceived by the observer, arbitrarily selected by the
community and finally manipulated by city planners
○ Legibility and imageability would then lead to the identification of a structure, and
therefore a precise identity, which are both parameters through which it is
possible to analyse an urban system and its own elements.
● Lynch’s aim is to understand the relation between environmental images and urban life,
at the basis of urban design principles
○ an attention and complete recognition of the citizen’s role, that not only lives a
town –stating his own needs, but also perceives it –providing useful images for
planners to work on
○ importance of visual communication in the urban space, which brings together
individuals, experience and planners in order for them to communicate on a common thread |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| “The City Image and its Elements” |
|
|
Term
| Lynch states that, unlike Architecture, Urbanism is in constant change |
|
Definition
○ A urban system has to be held legible, through definite sensory cues
○ Its image has to be perceived by the observer, arbitrarily selected by the community and finally manipulated by city planners
○ Legibility and imageability would then lead to the identification of a structure, and therefore a precise identity, which are both parameters through which it is possible to analyse an urban system and its own elements. |
|
|
Term
| Lynch’s aim is to understand the relation between environmental images and urban life, at the basis of urban design principles |
|
Definition
○ an attention and complete recognition of the citizen’s role, that not only lives a town –stating his own needs, but also perceives it –providing useful images for planners to work on
○ importance of visual communication in the urban space, which brings together individuals, experience and planners in order for them to communicate on a common thread |
|
|
Term
| Jacobs "The Use of Sidewalks: Safety" (overview) |
|
Definition
● Streets in cities serve many purposes besides carrying vehicles, and city sidewalks – the pedestrian parts of the streets – serve many purposes besides carrying pedestrians.
○ Jacobs main assertion about sidewalks is that they are the one thing that makes a city safe or unsafe
○ circulation is the main purpose of sidewalks
● Jacobs proposes that neighborhoods with active sidewalk life are typically the safe neighborhoods, and those with nearly deserted sidewalks are the ones that are unsafe
○ Adding police officers adds an artificial sense of safety
● The real way a street is made safer is from an unconscious effort of its own residents and other occupants
● Suburbs are not safer because they are spread out
○ LA is so spread out, yet still very dangerous
● More public places to visit causes more people to use the street, which creates more public places to visit, which bring more people. The end result of this cycle is a safer, more usable, more desirable place for people |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "The Use of Sidewalks: Safety" |
|
|
Term
| sidewalks – the pedestrian parts of the streets – serve many purposes besides carrying pedestrians. (Jacobs) |
|
Definition
○ Jacobs main assertion about sidewalks is that they are the one thing that makes a city safe or unsafe
○ circulation is the main purpose of sidewalks |
|
|
Term
| are active or inactive sidewalks usually more safe? (Jacobs) |
|
Definition
neighborhoods with active sidewalk life are typically the safe neighborhoods, and those with nearly deserted sidewalks are the ones that are unsafe
○ Adding police officers adds an artificial sense of safety |
|
|
Term
| "The Code of the Street" by Anderson (overview) |
|
Definition
● Inner City Black America is often stereotyped as a place of random violence
○ violence in the inner city is regulated through an informal but wellknown code of the street
○ How you dress, talk, and behave can have lifeordeath consequences, with young people particularly at risk
● examines the code as a response to the lack of jobs that pay a living wage
○ stigma of race
○ rampant drug use
○ alienation of hope
● An individual's safety and sense of worth are determined by the respect he commands in public
○ a deference frequently based on an implied threat of violence
○ Unfortunately, even those with higher aspirations can often become entangled in the code's self destructive behaviors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| (Anderson) code of street? |
|
Definition
○ violence in the inner city is regulated through an informal but wellknown code of the street
○ How you dress, talk, and behave can have lifeordeath consequences, with young people particularly at risk
● examines the code as a response to the lack of jobs that pay a living wage
○ stigma of race
○ rampant drug use
○ alienation of hope
○ Unfortunately, even those with higher aspirations can often become entangled in the code's self destructive behaviors |
|
|
Term
| Michael Sibalis: “Urban Space and Homosexuality: The Example of the Marais, Paris’ ‘Gay Ghetto’,” |
|
Definition
“Urban Space and Homosexuality: The Example of the Marais, Paris’ ‘Gay Ghetto’,”
Cities allow for communities of homosexual people to unite together
Paris historic for creating areas where homosexual people can gather, frequenting commercial venues and bars, specifically Marais
Marais popular among homosexual people because easily accessible through transit, redeveloped, and it has an aesthetic appeal.
In the 1970s and 80s it became a meca for art and culture, complete with museums and art galleries
Area seen as ripe for investment, great market conditions, gay men wanted to financially benefit and showcase their economic power, defies stigma
Created a celebrated ghetto bc isolated- created a world where you only meet people and do business with other homosexual people-
May be working for political rights, but some men don’t necessarily feel apart of the community. OR did Marais create the gay community or is it the other way around
Deal with a lot of trouble from the police… 1996 police ordered removal of rainbow flags. Same year, gay bars closed at 11 instead of 2 am.
However, mostly accepting, all demand equal rights.
Overall question, does the enclave or “ghetto” enable or disable the group. Separation by choice, enforced by the minority. |
|
|
Term
| Overall question (Sibalis) |
|
Definition
| does the enclave or “ghetto” enable or disable the group. Separation by choice, enforced by the minority. |
|
|
Term
| Deal with a lot of trouble from the police in Marais… (Sibalis) |
|
Definition
| 1996 police ordered removal of rainbow flags. Same year, gay bars closed at 11 instead of 2 am. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Paris area where homosexual people can gather, frequenting commercial venues and bars
popular among homosexual people because easily accessible through transit, redeveloped, and it has an aesthetic appeal.
In the 1970s and 80s it became a meca for art and culture, complete with museums and art galleries
seen as ripe for investment, great market conditions, gay men wanted to financially benefit and showcase their economic power, defies stigma
a celebrated ghetto bc isolated- created a world where you only meet people and do business with other homosexual people-
did Marais create the gay community or is it the other way around? |
|
|
Term
| Marais as celebrated ghetto (Sibalis) |
|
Definition
| bc isolated- created a world where you only meet people and do business with other homosexual people- |
|
|
Term
| why Marais became popular among gays? (Sibalis) |
|
Definition
because easily accessible through transit, redeveloped, and it has an aesthetic appeal.
In the 1970s and 80s it became a meca for art and culture, complete with museums and art galleries
Area seen as ripe for investment, great market conditions, gay men wanted to financially benefit and showcase their economic power, defies stigma
May be working for political rights (mostly accepting, all demand equal rights) |
|
|
Term
| Aya (characters from Aya) |
|
Definition
| The protagonist of the book, Aya is a sweet and humble girl who is connected to every character in some way. Aya helps out the entire community in several ways. She is supportive of her friends and family and is always willing to help others. Although she is very young, the audience gets a glimpse of different problems and situations that are common in the African culture through her. |
|
|
Term
| Ignace (characters from Aya) |
|
Definition
| - Aya’s father. He is a working businessman. H takes Aya with him to work as a visit, and when they reach his work establishment, it becomes very apparent that Ignace keeps his family life and work life very separate. Ignace is very defensive and can be extremely rude when he feels that his family may be suspicious about his actions. |
|
|
Term
| Akissi (characters from Aya) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fofana (characters from Aya) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Felicite (characters from Aya) |
|
Definition
| Felicite is the maid for Aya’s family and also helps take care of Bobby. Aya wishes to help Felicite practice for the Miss Yopougon pageant. Felicite, in conjunction with Aya, will help Adjoua with her child situation by either watching Bobby, or helping Adjoua sell fritters at the market. |
|
|
Term
| Fanta (characters from Aya) |
|
Definition
| Aya’s mother and a typical African housewife. She does chores around the house and tends to the children. Fanta is very sweet towards her husband and Aya. |
|
|
Term
| Adjoua (characters from Aya) |
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Definition
| A young single mother struggling to make money in Yop City. Adjoua told her family that the child, Bobby, was Moussa’s son, so she could marry Moussa. Throughout the book, Adjoua shows her irresponsibility with her child, as Aya is usually taking care of Bobby while Adjoua works at the market. |
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Term
| Hyacinte (characters from Aya) |
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Definition
| Adjoua’s father. He is very persistent about confirming that Bobby is Moussa’s son. Hyacinte was outraged to find out the Mamadou was the actual father, when he was working so hard to prove some type of family connection between Moussa and Bobby. Hyacinte abandons Adjoua after being disappointed that her child was not the heir to Moussa’s fortune. |
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Term
| Korotoumou (characters from Aya) |
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Definition
| Adjoua’s mother. She was outraged as well to find out that Moussa was not the father. It served as a disappointment to the entire family and an embarrassment in the community. |
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Term
| Albert (characters from Aya) |
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Definition
| Adjoua’s brother. Albert is not a major character in the first book but we find him sneaking around with another woman at night. He won’t introduce this girl to his family, he is very defensive when anyone asks about her and we do not get a glimpse of the girl. |
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Term
| Bintou (Benton) (characters from Aya) |
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Definition
| Bintou is very promiscuous and is dying to live a fancier life, as well as being a very materialistic, money hungry woman who is only concerned with her own well-being. However, she is very confident and has high self-esteem, but her cockiness inhibits from her to see things as they truly are. |
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Term
| Koffi (characters from Aya) |
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Definition
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Term
| Herve -(characters from Aya) |
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Definition
Bintou’s cousin. Herve is extremely hard working. He works as a car mechanic and is becoming increasingly skilled at fixing cars. Herve is also illiterate and comes to Aya after he decided that he wants to learn the alphabet.
>Only ‘decent’ male character
>Lacks self-confidence and walks around hunched over throughout |
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Term
| Mamadou (characters from Aya) |
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Definition
| Bobby's biological father. Mamadou is referred to as a skirt chaser because he is known to sleep around the city. At first, Mamadou does not seem like a responsible father figur, but towards the end of the book, the audience sees a growth in Mamadou as he searches for a job and begins to help Adjoua with by paying child support. |
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Term
| Moussa (characters from Aya) |
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Definition
Son of a wealthy merchant, lives with his domineering, over-nurturing mother and unsympathetic father in a large peachy-pink house that dramatically sticks out from all others.
Moussa and his family are much wealthier than the other families in the book. He uses his father’s name to meet girls and he often daydreams about women and living a carefree life. His father is very critical of him and he is scolded often. |
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Term
| Bonaventure Sissoko (characters from Aya) |
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Definition
| Moussa’s father. He is very unemotional and is often angry. He is very strict with his son and his business. Bonaventure continuously expresses his hard work ethic and his disapproval of his son’s immature ways. |
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Term
| Simone Sissoko (characters from Aya) |
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Definition
| Moussa’s mother, who is much more compassionate and worried about Moussa, she also encourages Bonaventure to be more kind to their son. She is very supportive of her son and understands that Bonaventure can be too aggressive with him sometimes. |
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Term
| Gregoire (characters from Aya) |
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Definition
| A poor man who tricks Bintou into believing that he is a rich French Parisian. Gregoire is actually sleeping with several woman and he saves up money just so he can appear like a rich man and spoil his mistresses. He is a desperate man who will sell anything just so he can manipulate young women into having sex with him. |
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Term
| Jeanne (characters from Aya) |
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Definition
| Ignace’s secretary and his mistress. Ignace keeps Jeanne a secret while Jeanna seems to know a lot about Aya and her family, she also has two children with him. Aya and her family are completely unaware of Jeane and her role until the end of the book when she surprises them at their home |
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Term
| (themes from Aya) The tugs of friendship (diff. goals) |
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Definition
as Aya, Benton, and Adjoua find themselves wanting and expecting different things from their lives.
Aya wants to break stereotypes and go to medical school
Adjoua finds herself pregnant and faces life as a single mother
Bintou hopes to find a rich Frenchman to take her away from the quiet life of Abidjan to the more fashionable and exciting life of Paris;
The role of class and gender in 1970 Abidjan;
The status of women in the Ivory Coast and the challenges the young women face in their quest to advance their lot and roles;
The struggles of men to preserve their roles as women strive for greater rights and freedoms;
The importance and frailties of loyalty, friendship, family, and commitment;
The stresses and the comforts of strong families and small communities. |
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Term
| (themes from Aya) The role of class and gender in 1970 Abidjan; |
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Definition
The status of women in the Ivory Coast and the challenges the young women face in their quest to advance their lot and roles;
The struggles of men to preserve their roles as women strive for greater rights and freedoms; |
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Term
| (themes from Aya) loyalty, friendship, family, and commitment |
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Definition
The stresses and the comforts of strong families and small communities.
The importance and frailties of loyalty, friendship, family, and commitment |
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Term
| Hierarchy of places (Aya) |
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Definition
(result of lingering effects of colonialism)
Paris; highest; city of dreams
Abidjan; Capital city, wealth/ status/ prestige
Yopuogan-Koute; Village/ suburb
>Yop City; separated into male and female spaces
>(Village = spaces of anonymity?) |
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Term
| Hierarchy of places is result of? (Aya) |
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Definition
| (result of lingering effects of colonialism) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Capital city, wealth/ status/ prestige |
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Term
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Definition
Village/ suburb
>Yop City; separated into male and female spaces
>(Village = spaces of anonymity?) |
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Term
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Definition
Aya; 19; Becoming a doctor and education > boys, marriage, “normal” women’s sphere for Abidjan in 1970’s; unlike friends Adjoua (pregnant) and Bintou (chasing Frenchman or Moussa, whom is richest son)
The Maquis, an inexpensive open-air restaurant with music and room to dance when open. Young adults also use the Maquis’ tables in the dark (and privacy) of late night once the Maquis is closed.
There is a local beauty contest all the girls but Aya enter in the hopes of winning prizes that will help make their daily lives a bit easier.
Early in the book, Adjoua finds out that she’s pregnant, and she believes Moussa (Bintou’s heartthrob) is the father. This causes a great deal of friction with Bintou, who must now find another love interest.
>Creates a love triangle; Bintou, Adjoua, and Moussa
The social climbing tendencies of Bintou and of all of the girls’ parents.
>This illuminates this very distinct time period in African history. Before the soon-to-follow political and economic upheaval, Yop City in the 1970s was an exciting and hopeful time, an exception to the mostly negative changes occurring in Africa. This story reflects this hope.
We also learn that the women in Aya’s world continually ignore signs from men, constantly believing their lies and allowing themselves to be misled and hurt.
Aya alone is searching for better answers.
Like a soap opera, with women chasing men and then being hurt, deceived, and abandoned, but Aya who takes no part in this.
Moussa
>Son of a wealthy merchant, lives with his domineering, over-nurturing mother and unsympathetic father in a large peachy-pink house that dramatically sticks out from all others.
Herve
>Only ‘decent’ male character
>Lacks self-confidence and walks around hunched over throughout |
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Term
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Definition
with women chasing men and then being hurt, deceived, and abandoned, but Aya who takes no part in this.
women in Aya’s world continually ignore signs from men, constantly believing their lies and allowing themselves to be misled and hurt.
>Aya alone is searching for better answers. |
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Term
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Definition
of Bintou and of all of the girls’ parents.
>This illuminates this very distinct time period in African history. Before the soon-to-follow political and economic upheaval, Yop City in the 1970s was an exciting and hopeful time, an exception to the mostly negative changes occurring in Africa. This story reflects this hope. |
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Term
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Definition
Early in the book, Adjoua finds out that she’s pregnant, and she believes Moussa (Bintou’s heartthrob) is the father. This causes a great deal of friction with Bintou, who must now find another love interest.
>Creates a love triangle; Bintou, Adjoua, and Moussa |
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Term
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Definition
| an inexpensive open-air restaurant with music and room to dance when open. Young adults also use the Maquis’ tables in the dark (and privacy) of late night once the Maquis is closed. |
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Term
| Benjamin W.: “The Arcades Project” (overview) |
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Definition
similar to Lefevre
explores use of design of public spaces
cities don’t work the way you expect them to
cities are only apparently homogenous; in reality the use of their spaces vary depending of the people who occupy that space
asking who is allowed to be in those public spaces that are supposed for everyone
>does so through analysis of paris and the barracks built in the center by way of church and otherwise in order to disrupt civil war
>however, this failed and instead encouraged the use of barracks in the February Revolution and allowed for barricade fighting |
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Term
| asking who is allowed to be in those public spaces that are supposed for everyone (Benjamin W) |
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Definition
>does so through analysis of paris and the barracks built in the center by way of church and otherwise in order to disrupt civil war
>however, this failed and instead encouraged the use of barracks in the February Revolution and allowed for barricade fighting |
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Term
| cities are only apparently homogenous (Benjamin W) |
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Definition
| in reality the use of their spaces vary depending of the people who occupy that space |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
(Benjamin W) explores?
view of cities? |
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Definition
>explores use of design of public spaces
>cities don’t work the way you expect them to
>cities are only apparently homogenous; in reality the use of their spaces vary depending of the people who occupy that space |
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Term
| Whyte, “The Design of Spaces” (overview) |
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Definition
“The Design of Spaces”
● Whyte examined New York City’s parks and plazas composed mostly of empty space to help sketch a complete design for the city
>○ He described his ideal plaza as one in which there was a high proportion of couples and groups
>○ Whyte discovered the instinctive conviction that the number of occupants directly relates to size of the empty space is false
>○ Shape did not factor into the park use either
● Whyte came to the conclusion that park use is in direct relation with the amount of “sittable space”
● Furthermore, he found that aesthetics did not relate to usage of the space surrounding it
● Overall, the park serves many purposes (walkway, transportation center, spacious environment) and is well designed to meet the needs of its populace. |
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Term
| overall (opinion of park) |
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Definition
| the park serves many purposes (walkway, transportation center, spacious environment) and is well designed to meet the needs of its populace. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| conclusion on parks (Whyte) |
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Definition
● park use is in direct relation with the amount of “sittable space”
● aesthetics did not relate to usage of the space surrounding it |
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Term
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Definition
| one in which there was a high proportion of couples and groups |
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Term
| found false about parks? (Whyte) |
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Definition
the number of occupants directly relates to size of the empty space is false
Shape did not factor into the park use either |
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Term
| what did he examine specifically? (Whyte) |
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Definition
| New York City’s parks and plazas composed mostly of empty space to help sketch a complete design for the city |
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Term
| cities as built environments with (two things)? (Lynch) |
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Definition
| subjective measures or objective measures |
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Term
| objective measures (Lynch) |
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Definition
sidewalks- basic measures of quality assessment: clean?
intersections- how many?
residential densities or building densities
destinations |
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Term
| subjective measures (Lynch) |
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Definition
imageability: what allows you to image and remember a space
Bell Hooks about cities
(edges: things that name boundaries?) may be objective
(nodes: gathering places?) may be objective
districts
landmarks
paths: dynamic component
>a way to experience all the edges in a particular way |
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Term
| “Urban Poverty, Livelihood, and Vulnerability” Jarvis (overview) |
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Definition
● Urban poverty and livelihood insecurity are global problems, meaning both that they affect people in all countries of the world and that they require solutions that draw from global experience and expertise
○ scale and depth of the problem are far greater in the global south and for this reason we largely consider the conceptualisation and problems of poverty from a southern perspective
● poverty increasingly involves not only multiple deprivations but also social isolation and a spatial concentration of poor households, especially loneparent households,
○ the new urban poverty t. 248 • Representation and Regulation increasingly encompasses new subclassifications of the 'working poor’
● 'wages are not enough' to protect individuals, families and households from poverty and the risk of losing their home
○ nonmarket activities and assets, many of them essentially feminised, have a significant impact on individual and collective wellbeing
○ southern perspective we consider the contribution of a sustainable livelihood framework, which effectively takes a multiple livelihoods approach from theory and translates it into development policies and outcomes
● these concepts and intersecting economies have to be understood in locally specific contexts to take full account of the coconstitution of social inequalities, gendered norms and uneven development |
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Term
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Definition
| “Urban Poverty, Livelihood, and Vulnerability” |
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Term
| poverty increasingly involves not only multiple deprivations but also (Jarvis) “Urban Poverty, Livelihood, and Vulnerability” |
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Definition
social isolation and a spatial concentration of poor households, especially loneparent households,
> the new urban poverty t. 248 • Representation and Regulation increasingly encompasses new subclassifications of the 'working poor’ |
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Term
| where is poverty persepective? South or North? Why? (Jarvis) |
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Definition
| scale and depth of the problem are far greater in the global south and for this reason we largely consider the conceptualisation and problems of poverty from a southern perspective |
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Term
| global (Jarvis) “Urban Poverty, Livelihood, and Vulnerability” |
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Definition
| ● Urban poverty and livelihood insecurity are global problems, meaning both that they affect people in all countries of the world and that they require solutions that draw from global experience and expertise |
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Term
| wages not enough (Jarvis) “Urban Poverty, Livelihood, and Vulnerability” |
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Definition
● 'wages are not enough' to protect individuals, families and households from poverty and the risk of losing their home
○ nonmarket activities and assets, many of them essentially feminised, have a significant impact on individual and collective wellbeing
○ southern perspective we consider the contribution of a sustainable livelihood framework, which effectively takes a multiple livelihoods approach from theory and translates it into development policies and outcomes |
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Term
| why must concepts be understood in locally specific contexts? (Jarvis) “Urban Poverty, Livelihood, and Vulnerability” |
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Definition
| these concepts and intersecting economies have to be understood in locally specific contexts to take full account of the coconstitution of social inequalities, gendered norms and uneven development |
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Term
| “Urban Poverty, Livelihood, and Vulnerability” Jarvis (overview) |
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Definition
● Urban poverty and livelihood insecurity are global problems, meaning both that they affect people in all countries of the world and that they require solutions that draw from global experience and expertise
○ scale and depth of the problem are far greater in the global south and for this reason we largely consider the conceptualisation and problems of poverty from a southern perspective
● poverty increasingly involves not only multiple deprivations but also social isolation and a spatial concentration of poor households, especially loneparent households,
○ the new urban poverty t. 248 • Representation and Regulation increasingly encompasses new subclassifications of the 'working poor’
● 'wages are not enough' to protect individuals, families and households from poverty and the risk of losing their home
○ nonmarket activities and assets, many of them essentially feminised, have a significant impact on individual and collective wellbeing
○ southern perspective we consider the contribution of a sustainable livelihood framework, which effectively takes a multiple livelihoods approach from theory and translates it into development policies and outcomes
● these concepts and intersecting economies have to be understood in locally specific contexts to take full account of the coconstitution of social inequalities, gendered norms and uneven development |
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