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| The large arterial trunk that carries blood from the heart to be distributed by branch arteries through the body. |
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| Any of the small terminal twigs of an artery that ends in capillaries. |
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| Any of the tubular branching muscular- and elastic-walled vessels that carry blood from the heart through the body. |
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| A chronic disease characterized by abnormal thickening and hardening of the arterial walls with resulting loss of elasticity |
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| A cardiovascular disease in which growths called plaques develop on the inner walls of the arteries, narrowing their inner diameters. |
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| A chamber of the heart that receives blood from the veins and forces it into a ventricle or ventricles. |
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| The hydrostatic force that blood exerts against the wall of a vessel. |
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| Any of the smallest blood vessels connecting arterioles with venules and forming networks throughout the body. |
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| Striated muscle fibers (cells) that form the wall of the heart; stimulated by the intrinsic conduction system and autonomic motor neurons |
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| The volume of blood ejected from the left side of the heart in one minute. |
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| The movement of blood through the vessels of the body that is induced by the pumping action of the heart and serves to distribute nutrients and oxygen to and remove waste products from all parts of the body. |
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| Either of two arteries that arise one from the left and one from the right side of the aorta immediately above the semilunar valves and supply the tissues of the heart itself |
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| A measure of cardiac activity usually expressed as number of beats per minute |
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| Peripheral artery disease |
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| A form of peripheral vascular disease in which there is partial or total blockage of an artery, usually one leading to a leg or arm. |
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| Peripheral vascular disease |
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| Vascular disease affecting blood vessels outside of the heart and especially those vessels supplying the extremities. |
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| The passage of venous blood from the right atrium of the heart through the right ventricle and pulmonary arteries to the lungs where it is oxygenated and its return via the pulmonary veins to enter the left atrium and participate in the systemic circulation |
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| A regularly recurrent wave of distension in arteries that results from the progress through an artery of blood injected into the arterial system at each contraction of the ventricles of the heart. |
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| A tissue specialized for contraction, composed of smooth muscle fibers (cells), located in the walls of hollow internal organs, and innervated by the autonomic motor neurons |
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| The volume of blood pumped from a ventricle of the heart in one beat |
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| The passage of arterial blood from the left atrium of the heart through the left ventricle, the systemic arteries, and the capillaries to the organs and tissues that receive much of its oxygen in exchange for carbon dioxide and the return of the carbon-dioxide carrying blood via the systemic veins to enter the right atrium of the heart and to participate in the pulmonary circulation |
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| A bodily structure (as the mitral valve) that closes temporarily a passage or orifice or permits movement of fluid in one direction only. |
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| An abnormal swelling of a superficial vein of the legs. |
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| Any of the tubular branching vessels that carry blood from the capillaries toward the heart and have thinner walls than the arteries and often valves at intervals to prevent reflux of the blood which flows in a steady stream and is in most cases dark-colored due to the presence of reduced hemoglobin. |
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| A chamber of the heart which receives blood from a corresponding atrium and from which blood is forced into the arteries. |
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| Any of the minute veins connecting the capillaries with the larger systemic veins |
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| What types of muscle help move blood around the body? |
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| The heart is the primary muscle that helps move blood & is made of cardiac muscle tissue. It is responsible for the circulation of blood & all the materials in it. |
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| The right side of the heart collects deoxygenated blood into its atrium & then passes it into the ventricle. The right ventricle then pushes the blood to the lungs, where the CO2 is dropped off and O2 is picked up. |
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| The blood from the lungs comes back to the left side of the heart through the left atrium. It then moves into the left ventricle and the ventricle pushes it out through the aorta (biggest artery) and into the rest of the arteries. The arteries carry oxygenated blood to all of the body's tissues. As they reach the tissues, they turn into tiny arteries called arterioles, which then become capillaries. The capillaries are the place where oxygen, nutrients and hormones are dropped off and waste products are picked up. The capillaries then turn into venules, which turn into veins, which come together as the vena cavas (biggest veins) and carry deoxygenated blood back into the right atrium of the heart. |
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| Three layers of thick, fairly rigid walls to allow them to expand/contract & to handle high pressure (blood has greatest pressure as it's leaving the heart)—one layer is smooth muscle |
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| Thin walled (one cell layer thick) & microscopic in size to allow exchange of materials, often have pores to allow movement of materials |
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| Three layers of elastic/collapsible walls with valves to prevent the backflow of blood as it moves toward the heart— one layer is smooth muscle |
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| Varicose veins are big, twisty veins near the skin's surface that are caused by weakened valves. When the valves don't work (keep blood moving), blood collects in the veins and the pressure builds up, causing them to become weak, large and twisted. |
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| Why don't we ever hear about varicose arteries? |
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| Arteries don't do this because they have higher pressure in them & therefore do not need valves to keep the blood moving. |
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| Blood is pushed out of the aorta by the left ventricle & then the aorta branches into all other arteries in the body |
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| This is the artery that runs across the ventral side of the heart, nourishing the cardiac tissue itself |
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| Carry blood from the right ventricle to the lungs to pick up oxygen |
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| Carries deoxygenated blood from the upper body (arms and head) back to the heart |
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| Carries deoxygenated blood from the lower body (abdomen and legs) back to the heart |
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| Carry newly oxygenated blood from the lungs back to the left atrium |
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| Cardiac output is the volume of blood the heart pumps per minute (mL/min) out of the left side. It's calculated by multiplying heart rate (beats/min) by stroke volume (mL/beat). |
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| Stroke volume is how much blood is pushed out by the left ventricle with each beat. |
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| How does an increased or decreased cardiac output impact the body? |
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| Normal cardiac output is needed to move oxygen and nutrients to all the body's tissues. If a person's cardiac output is lower than normal, the tissues can suffer or blood pressure can become unhealthy. An increased cardiac output from exercise can help strengthen the heart. |
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| Blood pressure is a measure of how fast the molecules in blood are hitting the walls of the arteries. It increases with increased blood volume & with increased heart rate. |
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| How can the measurement of blood pressure in the legs be used to assess circulation? |
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| The blood pressure in the legs can be taken to measure how well blood is circulat vvving to those limbs. To take the pressure, a person listens to the pulse in that region. |
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| Why can smoking lead to peripheral artery disease? |
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| Smoking raises the risk of atherosclerosis and therefore the risk of PAD. It's thought to do so by damaging the endothelium (innermost layer of the artery), which allows plaque to build up on the artery walls. |
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An ABI is calculated for each leg. The ABI value is determined by taking the higher pressure of the 2 arteries at the ankle, divided by the brachial arterial systolic pressure. In calculating the ABI, the higher of the two brachial systolic pressure measurements is used. In normal individuals, there should be a minimal (less than 10 mm Hg) interarm systolic pressure gradient during a routine examination. A consistent difference in pressure between the arms greater than 10mmHg is suggestive of (and greater than 20mmHg is diagnostic of) subclavian or axillary arterial stenosis, which may be observed in individuals at risk for atherosclerosis.
Calculated ABI values should be recorded to 2 decimal places.
[image] |
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| How to calculate cardiac output |
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Definition
Cardiac output (ml/min) = stroke volume (ml/beat) x heart rate (beats/min) |
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| How to find stroke volume |
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Stroke Volume = (End-Diastolic Volume) – (End-Systolic Volume)
Stroke Volume = (Cardiac Output) / (Heart Rate) |
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