Term
oligoclonal band on electrophoresis (increased IgG) & slowed visual evoked potentials. What type of cell is depleted?
what other disease is this cell depleted in? |
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Definition
This is MS
- Oligodendrocytes
- PML (JC virus) depletes oligodendrocytes (JC virus infects them) |
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Term
name 3 reducing sugars
will all of them be detected in a urine dipstick? |
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Definition
glucose, fructose, galactose (tested with clinitest tablets)
no! only glucose will be detected |
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Term
hereditary fructose intolerance & essential fructoseuria
which is totally bening? enzymes? |
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Definition
EF is totally benign
HFI: aldolase B (can make Fructose-1-phosphate but can't degrade to DHAP & glyceraldehyde)
EF: fructokinase --> fructose just goes out with the urine
NOTE: in fructokinase deficiency, fructose can still be used for energy b.c. hexokinase will dump it into glycolysis pathway @ F6P. This, however, has its own consequences: Pi will be depleted & deregulate PFK1 -> uninhibited glycolysis -> lactic acidosis
NOTE: fructose enters via GLUT5, which is not regulated by insulin
NOTE: in normal liver, AldolaseB will dump fructose below regulatory step of glycolysis (PFK1); potential for lactic acidosis |
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Term
| in SIADH, is there edema? why? |
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Definition
no edema, HTN, or other signs of volume overload.
mechanism is interesting: ADH causes transient volume excess --> RAA system is suppressed --> salt is wasted in DT --> volume is maintained @ normal level, but there is severe hyponatremia
diagnosis is confirmed by high urine osmolality (if it's <100mOsm/kg, suspect primary polydipsia) |
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Term
| anti ____ antibodies prevent influenza infectivity |
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Definition
| anti-hemagglutinin (IgG & IgA, latter in mucosa) |
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Term
| total sensory loss on contralateral side of body w/ no motor deficits. Proprioception profoundly affected (may lead to falls) --> where is the stroke |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the morphological change to arteries in the pathology of lacunar infarcts? |
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Definition
lipohyalinosis & microatheromas: both have to do with accumulation of lipid-laden Macrophages in small vessels; lipohylanosis may have fibrinoid vessel wall necrosis if acute
lacunar infarcts are caused by occlusion of penetrating arteries into deep areas of brain (e.g. internal capsule, basal ganglion, thalamus)
uncontrolled HTN & diabetes are major risk factors for lacunar infarcts |
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Term
| What CV hemodynamic property would you change to decrease mitral regurgitation (think about what ausculatative maneuver increases the MR murmur) |
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Definition
decrease afterload
(remember handgrip increases MR murmur) |
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Term
| Mutation seen in 70% of metastatic melanomas. There is a drug, now, that is a small molecule inhibitor of this mutated gene and improves longterm survival |
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Definition
| BRAF (NRAS signaling) mutation makes it constitutively active. The pathogenesis needs concurrent inactivation of p16ink, however Vemurafenib (the inhibitor) can stop the metastatic melanoma in its tracks |
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Term
| what O2 sat do you begin to see secondary polycythemia? |
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Definition
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Term
| a Cr-51 tagged RBC infusion detects normal RBC mass. If the hematocrit is 60%, is this true polycythemia? |
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Definition
| NO! this test measure total RBC mass (i.e. all the cells in your body); if the mass is normal, & the Hct is up, it must be relative (e.g. dehydration, excessive diuresis) |
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Term
| the bleed on radiography of a subdural hematoma looks like? epidural? |
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Definition
SD= "crescent shaped" (bridging veins, insiduous onset of headache/confusion)
ED= "biconvex" (middle meningeal) |
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Term
| inheretance of osler-weber-rendu |
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Definition
| AD; "hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia"; manifests as telangiectasias & spontaneous bleeding (e.g. epistaxis, GI bleeds) |
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Term
| mutation that produces larger product with altered/eliminated activity but intact immune reactivity |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
non-ergot dopamine agonists (used in parkinsons)
ergot dopamine agonists: bromocriptine & pergolide |
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Term
if an infant contracts HBV in-utero/ during delivery:
- what are chances it'll get chronic disease?
- how aggressive will the chronic disease be?
- What will the liver histology look like? |
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Definition
- VERY HIGH (>90% vs <5% when an adult contracts HBV)
- The disease will be aggressive with a high viral replication rate
- the liver histology will be esentially normal. this is because the virus causes no direct damage itself & the infants immune system isn't intact.
THERE IS SEVERE RISK OF FUTURE TRANSFORMATION INTO HCC, CIRRHOSIS |
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Term
Chronic use of this drug:
promotes osteoporosis through decreased synthesis of bone matrix, inhibition of intestinal action of vitamin D in promoting Ca++ absorption, & increasing PTH |
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Definition
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Term
what is the ambulatory treatment for acute hypoglycemic syncopal episode?
what is the treatment in the hospital? |
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Definition
- IM glucagon
- IV dextrose |
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Term
| double vision, ptosis, dysphagia, nausea, & dry mouth 18-36 hrs following canned food ingestion? |
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Definition
| botulism (blocks ACh release) |
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Term
| 3 causes of a negative schillings test when administered w/ IF? |
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Definition
1) bacterial overgrowth/parasite (D.latum)
2) malabsorption (e.g. celiac, ileal disease (crohn's))
3) pancreatic insufficiency |
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Term
| what type of imaging is diagnostic of acute cholecystitis? |
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Definition
HIDA scan: give radiolabeled die and see if liver can excrete it into the gallbladder. If no die gets into the gallbladder, then this is indicative of acute cystitis.
acute cholecystitis is usually caused by obstructive gallstones in the cystic duct (>90%); this causes colicky pain. The tissue behind the obstruction becomes inflammed & necrotic, soon followed by bacterial invasion. Risk for perforation & septic peritonitis is a major concern |
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Term
| what does thyroid peroxidase do? |
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Definition
| forms mono- & diiodotyrosine & organification |
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Term
| renal failure & toe gangrene or livedo reticularis/retinal deposits/skin infarcts following an invasive vascular procedure (e.g. stenting) |
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Definition
| atheroembolic renal disease |
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Term
| name steps involved in triggering lactose fermentation when glucose is removed from a glucose & lactose containing medium culturing E.coli? |
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Definition
glucose removed --> cAMP increases --> activates "catabolite activator protein" (CAP), a positive regulator of the lac operon
concurrently:
Lactose binds lactose repressor gene (coded in lac operon) --> removes it from operator (region in front of promoter) |
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Term
| intermittent tinnitis, vertigo, & sensoneural hearing loss |
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Definition
| mentrier's disease: caused by increased pressure of endolymph in the vestibular apparatus |
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