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changes the meaning of another element in the structure on which it is dependent
ex: this is a RED ball |
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| get function word from content word |
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lazy verb
ex: have, had, do, does, did, is, was,were |
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| can, could, will, would, shall, should |
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used for objects that cannot be counted
always take a singular verb |
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| subject auxiliary shift in english |
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stylistically neutral yes-no question formation
ex: you run- do you run? |
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| have subject and also tense |
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| have neither subject nor tense |
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ing form
ex: flying planes (operating planes) |
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ing form that derives from older end form
ex: flying planes (planes that are flying) |
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a noun form
ex: flying (is my hobby) |
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| present tense + progressive aspect-made by verb -ing |
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| present perfect progressive |
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has to have direct object
-are obligatory transitive |
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| does not have a direct object |
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object becomes subject
-ex: the plane was flown |
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a main verb with a subjective complement
ex: is,was,were,are,am,smell,look,taste,remain,feel,appear,sound,seem,become,grow,stand,turn |
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| refers to 2 distinct things in morphology |
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whether a verb has a subject,object,two objects
-no meaning on their own-function structure |
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| what semantic roles can be expressed by a verbs subject (or object): agent, instrument, patient |
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special subtype of intransitive verb where only a pleonastic subject appears with the verb
ex:it is raining |
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| subject obligatory language |
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| need a pleonastic subject |
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| cannot have an object compliment |
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a verb that has two distinct syntactic valences; an intransitive verb that acquires an active, transitive second meaning
ex: the lettuce wilted |
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| primary intransitive meaning |
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| the cook wilted the lettuce |
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| has an objective complement |
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object can't undergo ellipsis
ex: I make a good cook (can't substitute I make him) |
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the logical idea remains the same but the object can be dropped
-ex: I wrote a letter-I wrote |
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| a general term for categorizing what syntactic material a given main verb requires in the phrase it heads |
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the meaning category that the arguments of a verb express -needed to describe the semantic valence of a verb
ex: the hunter(agent) killed the wolf(patient) with a spear(instrument) |
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| a grammatical category of verb forms that involves both syntactic and semantic valency |
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| transitive verb with actor subject and undergoer object |
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| intransitive verb form composed of Aux+past participle |
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get passive-used to focus attention on the thing that is an undergoer
ex:the grass gets cut |
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not talking about an action, but about what state it is in
ex: the window's open |
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be(be passive)
ex: the grass is cut |
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allowing a pronoun subject (or object) to be elided
-English, Russian, German do NOT do this
-Spanish is a pro-drop language-most languages are pro-drop |
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