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| closer to the point of attachment of the limbs |
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| farther away from the point of attachment of the limbs |
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| closer to the outside of the body |
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| farther away from the outside of the body |
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divides superior inferior
top half bottom half |
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| divides posterior and anterior |
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| divide right down the middle of the body |
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| still down the middle, but not directly on the midline, either to the left of right of midline |
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| lie in the midline, head, neck, trunk |
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| upper and lower extremities |
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| eye including eye ball and muscles |
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| anterior elbow (where blood is often drawn) |
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4 quadrants, but 9 regions
Lower Left quadrant
Lower Right quadrant
Upper Left quadrant
Upper Right quadrant |
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| How is the thorax region divided from the abdominal/pelvic region? |
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| just to look and observe-notice a bloody nose |
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| to feel for abnormalities-feeling swollen lymphnodes |
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| listening for different sounds, check for densities, borders of organs |
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| to listen, stethoscope- lung, heart, and bowl sounds |
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| to check for spinal/nerve damage, deep tendon reflexes |
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• Radiography (X-rays)
• Computed Tomography (CT)
• Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
• PET Scan |
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• Everything works together to make this constant work environment
• Constant waste removal, intake of oxygen, etc
• Able to withstand effects from the outside
• Homeostasis is a balance
• Somatic cells=cells of the body minus reproductive
• Disease state=a chronic homeostasis imbalance
• Cells thrive in a balanced environment or homeostasis |
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| all the bones of the digits Same for fingers and toes |
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| just one bone of the digets |
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| everything but the spinal cord and skull |
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Mediastinum
Pleural cavity (lungs)
Pericardial Cavity(heart) |
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o Abdominal Cavity
o Pelvic Cavity |
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| Cutaneous Membrane (skin) |
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| Mucous Membrane-mucous secretions with passages/ openings to the environment to prevent drying out |
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| ventral body cavity (stops organs from rubbing up on eachother) |
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o layer of serious membrane that is adherent to the visceral membrane
o the rest is the parietal layer
• pericardium(around the heart),
• pleura (around the lungs),
• peritoneum(around everything else) |
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| membrane in dorsal body cavity |
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| development of a more specialized form and function |
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The instruction manual to build a human being is contained in the DNA
Only a part of the instruction manual is read by each cell
A gene is the part of the instruction manual that is read |
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just before the cell divides the DNA condenses
the condensed DNA is called chromsomes |
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the rough ER surrounds the nucleus
studded by ribosomes
located near perifere of nucleus |
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the rungs are called base pairs
A-T
G-C
base pairs known as human genome |
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Start with DNA template
Have to match up the pairs
ACTGACTTC
UGACUGAAG mRNA
basically make the DNA into mRNA to go through translation |
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| power houses, generate ATP |
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| how neighboring cells interact |
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| wont let through a whole lot |
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| cytoskeleton(frame work of the cell-move provide support) |
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| a pore from one cell to the other |
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1. divide and grow-the fate most cells accept
2. not to divide
3. die-necrosis-trama injury, lack of O2, nutrients, disrupt homeostasis
a. inflammation-how the body responds to injury and death
i. painful, red, warm, swelling-4 cardinal signs of inflammation
ii. a healing response brining more blood in
iii. very debilitating
b. other type of cell death-has a “death gene”
i. called apoptosis
ii. occurs because it is supposed to die
iii. no inflammation
iv. embryos have webbing, apoptosis occurs it the webbing cells and fingers are made
v. we are given way to many nerve cells so many are programmed to die |
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| which stage does a cell spend most of it's time? |
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| cell spends most of its life in interphase (between phases) |
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either builds stuff up (anabolism), tear things down (catabolism)
needs a constant homeostasis, intake of nutrients, and waste removal |
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| some cell never get the start signal but go to a G-0 phase-they wont divide-resting stage |
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| after the nuclear contents or DNA have divided, now you have to divvy up the cytoplasmic contents. |
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| S phase of Interphase when we duplicated the DNA |
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| so now we have a nucleus filled up with 2x as much DNA as before, still in the chromatin stage that’s where we are when we get our start signal |
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| Chromatin condenses-DNA becomes visable chromosomes |
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| Chromosomes lie along midline of cell |
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| the "star structure" in the drawings |
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| the centrosome area and in that area are the pair of centrioles are only interesting in the business in division when divison does occur, one pair goes to one pole of the cell and the other goes to the other pole. The “spindles” of the star are going to grab on to the chromosomes. |
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| Cleavage furrow is the land mark we look for at telephase-the two resulting cells where they are still combined, but are basically two separate cells |
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| Normal vs abnormal cell biopsy |
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Normal biopsy many cells in interphase
Abnormal many cells in mitotic phases |
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| Hypertrophy cell adaptation |
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increase in size
You’re muscles get bigger-but the cells do not divide since they’re in g0…the cells themselves get bigger, not divide |
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change shapes
Loose normal morphology |
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| DNA goes to mRNA through.... |
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| mRNA to protein through translation |
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| tissue that lines the inside of organs, blood vessels, or covers, aka outer layer of skin; glandular (epithelium cells specialized in producing a product and secreting that product) |
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| special function of contraction |
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| the whole inbetween cell in gap junctions |
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multiple layers of cells
mmmmm
mmmmm
mmmmm
mmmmm |
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| by which layer of cells do you decide if it is simple or stratified? |
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| by the top layer of cells |
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| cell shape where the cells look flattened, little hight long length |
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| cell shape where the cells look like sugar cubes |
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| cell shape, large hight little width, like a normal column |
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make something secrete something
o Uniceullar
o multicellular
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o exocrine-duct
o endocrine-blood |
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| Connective tissue cells suspended in a Matrix |
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Matrix
ground substance and fibers
• elastic
• reticular
• collagen
• you can end up with a fluid matrix, solid matrix, semisolid matrix |
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responsible for making the matrix
o scar of nonfunctional tissue is laid down by fibroblasts |
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| o produce histamine and heparin |
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| o cells that produce antibodies |
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o pacman cells that go and chew up all the debris
o break chemical bonds |
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