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8th Grade Need-to-Know Words
All of the words for 2011-2012 Summer Course Work.
51
Language - English
8th Grade
06/16/2011

Additional Language - English Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Allegory
Definition

1-A representation of an abstract or spiritual meaning through concrete or material forms; figurative treatment of one subject under the guise of another.

2-A symbolical narrative; the allegory of Piers Plowman

3- Emblem

 

The blindfolded man carrying a set of scales is an allegory of justice.

Term
Alliteration
Definition

1-The commencement of two or more stressed syllables of a word group either with the same constant sound or sound group (consonantal alliteration), as in from stem to stern, or with a vowel sound that may differ from syllable to syllable (vocalic alliteration), as in each to all.

2-The commencement of two or more words of a word group with the same letter, as in apt alliteration's artful aid.

 

Hopkins employed alliteration in many of his poems.

Term
Analyze
Definition

1-To separate (a material or abstract entity) into constituent parts or elements; determine the elements or essential features of (opposed to synthesize); to analyze an argument.

2-To examine critically, so as to bring out the essential elements or give the essence of: to analyze a poem.

3-To examine carefully and in detail so as to find causes, key factors, possible results, etc.

 

When you analyze something, you must make sure to pay attention.

Term
Anecdote
Definition

1-A short account of a particular incident or event, especially of an interesting or amusing nature.

2-A short, obscure historical or biographical account.

 

Sally told a hilarious anecdote of her family reunion.

Term
Anticipate
Definition

1-To realize beforehand; foretaste or foresee; to anticipate pleasure.

2-To expect; look forward to; be sure of; to anticipate a favorable decision.

3-To perform (an action) before another has had time to act.

 

Kelly could anticipate the outcome of the competition.

Term
Assonance
Definition

1-Resemblance of sounds.

2-Also called vowel rhyme. Prosody. Rhyme in which the same vowel sounds are used with different consonants in the stressed syllables of the rhyming words, as in penitent and reticence.

3-Partial agreement or correspondence.

 

The poet got many comments for his use of assonance in poems.

Term
Beneficial
Definition

1-Conferring benefit; advantageous; helpful: the beneficial effect of sunshine.

2-a.Helpful in the meeting of needs; a beneficial   association.

   b.Involving the personal enjoyment of proceeds; a beneficial owner.

 

It is beneficial for the company to conserve energy.

Term
Chronological
Definition

1-Arranged in the order of time; a chronological list of events.

2-Pertaining to or in accordance with chronology; a chronological process.

 

Mike told a chronological story about Abraham Lincoln's life.

Term
Compare
Definition

1-To examine (two or more objects, ideas, people, etc.) in order to note similarities and differences: to compare two pieces of cloth, to compare the governments of two nations.

2-To consider or describe as a similar; liken: Shall I compare thee to a Summer's day?

3-To form or display the agrees of comparison of (and adjective or adverb).

 

I can compare the two baseball bats to find the one I like.

Term
Connotation
Definition
Term
Consonance
Definition

1-Accord or agreement.

2-Correspondence of sounds; harmony of sounds.

3-A simultaneous combination of tones conventionally accepted as being in a state of repose.

 

John appreciated the consonance that is present in many pieces of classical music.

Term
Context
Definition

1-The parts of a written or spoken statement that precede or follow a specific word or passage, usually influencing its meaning or effect.

2-The set of circumstances or facts that surround a particular event, situation, etc.

3-The fleshy fibrous body of the pileus in mushrooms.

 

Many people take other people's comments out of context.

Term
Contrast
Definition

1-To compare in order to show unlikeness or differences; note the opposite natures, purposes, etc., of: Contrast the political rights of the Romans and Greeks.

2-To exhibit unlikeness on comparison with something else; form a contrast.

3-To differ in a way that can serve to distinguish meanings.

4-The act of contrasting; the state of being contrasted.

5-A striking exhibition of unlikeness.

6-A person or thing that is strikingly unlike in comparison.

 

Black on yellow provides one of the most visible color contrasts.

Term
Debate
Definition

1-A discussion, as of a public question in an assembly, involving opposing viewpoints: a debate in the Senate onfarm price supports.

2-A formal contest in which the affirmative and negative sidesof a proposition are advocated by opposing speakers.

3-Deliberation; consideration.


The Great Debate comes out in theaters on July 19th.

 

 

 

 

 

Term
Denotation
Definition

1-The explicit or direct meaning or set of meanings of a word or expression, as distinguished from the ideas or meanings associated with it or suggested by it; the association or set of associations that a word usually elicits for most speakers of a language, as distinguished from those elicited for any individual speaker because of personal experience.

2-A word that names or signifies something specific: “Wind” is the denotation for air in natural motion. “Poodle” is the denotation for a certain breed of dog.

3-The act or fact of denoting; identification.

 

 

 

 

 

Denotation is important in most complex words.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Term
Describe
Definition

1-To tell or depict in written or spoken words; give an account of: He described the accident very carefully.

2-To pronounce, as by a designating term, phrase, or the like; label: There are few people who may be described as geniuses.

3-To indicate; be a sign of; denote: Conceit, in many cases, describes of serious emotional insecurity.


The police officer asked the witness to describe what happened.

Term
Elaborate
Definition

1-Worked out with great care and nicety of detail; executed with great minuteness: elaborate preparations, elaborate care.

2-Marked by intricate and often excessive detail; complicated.

 

The wood carving had very elaborate pictures on the sides.

Term
Epitome
Definition

1-A person or thing that is typical of or possesses to a high degree the features of a whole class: He is the epitome of goodness.

2-A condensed account, especially of a literary work; abstract.

 

Michael was the epitome of hard work. 

Term
Evaluate
Definition

1-To determine or set the value or amount of; appraise: to evaluate property.

2-To judge or determine the significance, worth, or quality of; assess: to evaluate the results of an experiment.

3-To ascertain the numerical value of (a function, relation, etc.).

 

The Real Estate Agent needed to evaluate the house before he gave an estimate.

Term
Explain
Definition

1-To make plain or clear; render understandable or intelligible: to explain an obscure point.

2-To make known in detail: to explain how to do something.

3-To assign a meaning to; interpret: How can you explain such a silly remark?


Shelly had to explain the homework over and over to help Chris.

Term
Fact
Definition

1-Something that actually exists; reality; truth: Your fears have no basis in fact.

2-Something known to exist or have happened: Space travel is now a fact.

3-A truth known by actual experience or observation; something known to be true: Scientists gather facts about plant growth.

4-Something said to be true or supposed to have happened: The facts given by the witness are highly questionable.

5-An actual or alleged event or circumstance, as distinguished from it's legal effect or consequence.

6-After the fact, LAW. After the commission of a crime: an accessory after the fact.

7-Before the fact, LAW. prior to the commission of a crime: an accessory before the fact.

8-In fact, actually; really, indeed: In fact, it was a wonder that anybody survived.


Scientists work is usually based off a fact.

Term
Formulate
Definition

1-To express in precise form; state definitely or systematically: He finds it extremely difficult to formulate his new theory.

2-To devise or develop, as a method, system, etc.

3-To reduce o express in a formula.

 

Kim needed to formulate her new hypothesis, and fast.

Term
Hazardous
Definition

1-Full of risk; perilous; risky: It was a hazardous journey.

2-Dependent on chance.

 

Jill was hiking on a hazardous trail when she got hurt.

Term
Idiom
Definition

1-An expression whose meaning is not predictable from the usual meanings of its constituent elements, as kick the bucket  or hang one's head,  or from the general grammatical rules of a language, as the table round  for the round table,  and that is not a constituent of a larger expression of like characteristics.

2-A language, dialect, or way of speaking peculiar to a people.

3-A construction or expression of one language whose parts correspond to elements in another language but whose total structure or meaning is not matched in the same way in the second language.

4-The peculiar character or genius of a language.

5-A distinct style in music, art, etc: the distinct idiom of Bach.


The idiom of African ancestors is quite interesting.

 

 

Term
Illustrious
Definition

1-Highly distinguished; renowned; famous: an illustrious leader.

2-Glorious, as deeds or works: illustrious achievements.

3-OBSOLETE. Luminous, bright.

 

The restaurant was illustrious for their soups.

Term
Infer
Definition

1-To derive by reasoning; conclude or judje from premises or evidence: They inferred his displeasure from his cool tone of voice.

2-(Of facts, circumstances, statements, etc.) to indicate or involve as a conclusion; lead to.

3-To guess; speculate; surmise.

4-To hint; imply; suggest.

5-To draw a conclusion, as by reasoning.

 

To infer, is to guess or pronounce an idea of a behavior or mood.

Term
Judicious
Definition

1-Using or showing judgment as to action or practical expediency; discreet, prudentor politic: judicious use of one's money.

2-Having, exercising, or characterized by good or discriminating judgment; wise, sensible, or well-advised: a judicious selection of documents.

 

 


Will made a judicious choice of how he would spend his time.

 

 

Term
Literal
Definition

1-In accordance with, involving, or being the primary or strict meaning of the word or words; not figurative or metaphorical:the literal meaning of a word.

2-Following the words of the original very closely and exactly: literal translation of Goethe.

3-True to fact; not exaggerated; actual or factual: a literal description of conditions.

4-Being actually such, without exaggeration or inaccuracy: the literal extermination of a city.

5-(Of persons) tending to construe words in the strict sense orin an unimaginative way; matter-of-fact; prosaic.

6-Of or pertaining to the letters of the alphabet.

7-Of the nature of letters.

8-Expressed by letters.

9-Affecting a letter or letters: a literal error.

10-A typographical error, especially involving a single letter.

 

"What is the literal meaning of great", Sarah asked.

Term
Manipulate
Definition

1-To manage or influence skillfully, especially in an unfair manner: to manipulate people's feelings.

2-To handle, manage, or use, especially with skill, in some process of treatment or performance: to manipulate a large tractor.

3-To adapt or change (accounts, figures, etc.) to suit one's purpose or advantage.

4-To examine or treat by skillful use of the hands, as in palpation, reduction of dislocations, or changing the position of a fetus.

 

Samantha had to manipulate the plow carefully.

Term
Metaphor
Definition

1-A figure of speech in which a term or phrase is applied to something to which it is not literally applicable in order to suggest a resemblance, as in: “A mighty fortress is our god.”

2-Something used, or regarded as being used, to represent something else; emblem; symbol.

 

The metaphor, "God is our rock", is one of hundreds.

Term
Monotonous
Definition

1-Lacking in variety; tediously unvarying: the monotonous flat scenery.

2-Characterizing a sound continuing on one note.

3-Having very little inflection; limited to a narrow pitch range.

 

The scenery in Laos was very monotonous.

Term
Omniscient
Definition

1-Having complete or unlimited knowledge, awareness, or understanding; perceiving all things.

2-An omniscient being.

3-The Omniscient, God.

 

God is the only omniscient being.

Term
Onomatopoeia
Definition

1-The formation of a word, as cuckoo  or boom,  by imitation of a sound made by or associated with its referent.

2-A word so formed.

3-The use of imitative and naturally suggestive words for rhetorical effect.

 

The onomatopoeia effect is used in a lot of fictional stories.

Term
Opinion
Definition

1-A belief or judgment that rests on grounds insufficient to produce complete certainty.

2-A personal view, attitude, or appraisal.

3-The formal expression of a professional judgment: to ask for second Medical opinion.

4-The formal statement by a judge or court of the reasoning and the principles of law used in reaching decision of a case.

5-A judgment or estimate of a person or thing with respect to character, merit, etc.: to forfeit someone's good opinion.

6-A favorable estimate; esteem: I haven't much of an opinion of him.

 

John's opinion made the final verdict.

Term
Optimist
Definition

1-An optimistic person.

2-A person who holds the belief or the doctrine of optimism.

 

There are a lot of optimists in the world.

Term
Paradox
Definition

1-A statement or proposition that seems self-contradictory or absurd but in reality expresses a possible truth.

2-A self-contradictory and false proposition.

3-Any person, thing, or situation exhibiting an apparently contradictory nature.

4-An opinion or statement contrary to commonly accepted opinion.

 

A low-fat dessert buffet would appear to me as paradox.

Term
Paraphrase
Definition

1-A restatement of a text or passage giving the meaning in another form, as for clearness; rewording.

2-The act or process of restating or rewording.

3-To render the meaning of in a paraphrase: to paraphrase technical paper for lay readers.

4-To make a paraphrase or paraphrases.

 

Instead of copying, try to paraphrase.

Term
Plot
Definition

1-A secret plan or scheme to accomplish some purpose, especially a hostile, unlawful, or evil purpose: a plot to overthrow the government.

2-Also called storyline. the plan, scheme, or main story of literary or dramatic work, as a play, novel, or short story.

3-A small piece or area of ground: a garden plot; burial plot.

4-A measured piece or parcel of land: a house on a two-acre plot.

5-A plan, mapdiagram, or other graphic representation, as of land, a building, etc.

6-A list, timetable, or scheme dealing with any of the various arrangements for the production of a play, motion picture,etc.: According to the property plot, there should be a lamp stage left.

7-A chart showing the course of a craft, as a ship or airplane.

8-A point or points located on a map or chart: target plot.

9-To plan secretly, especially something hostile or evil: to plot mutiny.

10-To mark on a plan, map, or chart, as the course of a ship or aircraft.

11-To draw a plan or map of, as a tract of land or a building.

12-To divide (land) into plots.

13-To determine and mark (points), as on plotting paper, by means of measurements or coordinates.

14-To draw (a curve) by means of points so marked.

15-To represent by means of such a curve.

16-To devise or construct the plot of (a play, novel, etc.).

17-To prepare a list, timetable, or scheme of (production arrangements), as for a play or motion picture: The stage manager hadn't plotted the set changes until one day before the dress rehearsal.

18-To make (a calculation) by graph.

19-To plan or scheme secretly; form a plot; conspire.

20-To devise or develop a literary or dramatic plot.

21-To be marked or located by 

Term
Predict
Definition

1-To declare or tell in advance; prophesy; foretell: to predict the weather; to predict the fall of a civilization.

2-To fortell the future; make a prediction.

 

Kent had to predict which way the ball would roll.

Term
Rigorous
Definition

1-Characterized by rigor; rigidly severe or harsh, as people, rules, or discipline: rigorous laws.

2-Severely exact or accurate; precise: rigorous research.

3-(Of weather or climate) uncomfortably severe or harsh; extremely inclement.

4-Logically valid.

 

The town agreed that the goverment should remove some of the rigorous laws.

Term
Simile
Definition

1-A figure of speech in which two unlike things are explicitly compared, as in “she is like a rose.”

2-An instance of such a figure of speech or a use of words exemplifying it.

 

The use of a simile is most likely to be found in fiction stories.

 

Term
Summarize
Definition

1-To make a summary of; state or express in a concise form.

2-To constitute a summary of.

 

Bob's homework was to summarize the book they read in class.

Term
Support
Definition
1-To bear or hold up (a load, mass, structure, part, etc.); serve as a foundation for.
2-To sustain or withstand (weight, pressure, strain, etc.) without giving way; serve as a prop for.
3-To undergo or endure, especially with patience or submission; tolerate.  
4-To sustain (a person, the mind, spirits, courage, etc.) under trial or affliction: They supported him throughout his ordeal.
5-To maintain (a person, family, establishment, institution, etc.) by supplying with things necessary to existence; provide for: to support a family.
6-To uphold (a person, cause, policy, etc.) by aid, countenance, one's vote, etc.; back; second.
7-To maintain or advocate (a theory, principle, etc.).
8-To corroborate (a statement, opinion, etc.): Leading doctors supported his testimony.
9-To act with or second (a lead performer); assist in performance: The star was supported by a talented newcomer.
10-The act or an instance of supporting.
11-The state of being supported.
12-Something that serves as a foundation, prop, brace, or stay.
13-Maintenance, as of a person or family, with necessaries, means, or funds: to pay for support of an orphan.
14-A person or thing that supports, as financially: The pension was his only support.
15-person or thing that gives aid or assistance.
16-An actor, actress, or group performing with a lead performer.
17-The material, as canvas or wood, on which a picture is painted.
18-Stock Exchange support level.
19-(Of hosiery) made with elasticized fibers so as to fit snugly on the legs, thereby aiding circulation, relieving fatigue, etc.
 
Fred needed support throughout the divorce process.
Term
Synopsis
Definition

1-A brief or condensed statement giving a general view of some subject.

2-A compendium of heads or short paragraphs giving a view of the whole.

3-brief summary of the plot of a novel, motion picture, play, etc.

 

Thomas gave a brief synopsis of the far part of the galaxy.

Term
Synthesize
Definition

1-To form (a material or abstract entity) by combining parts or elements ( opposed to analyze): to synthesize a statement.

2-To combine (constituent elements) into a single or unified entity.

3-To treat synthetically.

4-To make or form a snthesis.

 

Being able to synthesize a statement, may help later on in life.

Term
Theme
Definition

1-A subject of discourse, discussion, meditation, or composition; topic: The need for world peace was the theme of the meeting.

2-A unifying or dominant idea, motif, etc., as in a work of art.

3-A short, informal essay, especially a school composition.

4- a. principal melodic subject in a musical composition.

    b. A short melodic subject from which variations are developed.

5-The element common to all or most of the forms of an inflectional paradigm, often consisting of a root with certain formative elements or modifications.

6-Topic.

7-Also, thema. an administrative division of the Byzantine Empire.

8-Having a unifying theme: a theme restaurant decorated like a spaceship.

9-To provide with a theme.

 

The theme of the resturant made it feel like you were in the 70's.

Term
Trace
Definition

1-A surviving mark, sign, or evidence of the former existence, influence, or action of some agent or event; vestige: traces of an advanced civilization among the ruins.

2-A barely discernible indication or evidence of some quantity, quality, characteristic, expression, etc.: a trace of anger in his tone.

3-An extremely small amount of some chemical component: a trace of copper in its composition.

4-Traces, the series of footprints left by an animal.

5-The track left by the passage of a person, animal, or object: the trace of her skates on the ice.

6-Meteorology Precipitation of less than 0.005 inches (0.127 mm).

7-A trail or path, especially through wild or open territory, made by the passage of people, animals, or vehicles.

8-Engram.

9-A tracing, drawing, or sketch of something.

10-A lightly drawn line, as the record drawn by a self-registering instrument.

11-Mathematics

A:The intersection of two planes, or of a plane and a surface.

B:The sum of the elements along the principal diagonal of a square matrix.

C:The geometric locus of an equation.

12-The visible line or lines produced on the screen of a cathode-ray tube by the deflection of the electron beam.

13-Linguistics (In generative grammar) a construct that is phonologically empty but serves to mark the place in the surface structure of a sentence from which a noun phrase has been moved by a transformational operation.

14-ObsoleteA footprint.

15-To follow the footprints, track, or traces of.

16-To follow, make out, or determine the course or line of, especially by going backward from the latest evidence, nearest existence, etc.: to trace one's ancestry to the Pilgrims.

17-To follow (footprints, evidence, the history or course of something, etc.)

18-To follow the course, development, or history of: to trace a political movement.

19-To ascertain by investigation; find out; discover: The police were unable to trace his whereabouts.

20-To draw (a line, outline, figure, etc.).

21-To make a plan, diagram, or map of.

22-To copy (a drawing, plan, etc.) by following the lines of the original on a superimposed transparent sheet.

23-To mark or ornament with lines, figures, etc.

24-To make an impression or imprinting of (a design, pattern, etc.).

25-(Of a self-registering instrument) to print in a curved, broken, or wavy-lined manner.

26-To put down in writing.

27-To go back in history, ancestry, or origin; date back in time: Her family traces back to Paul Revere.

28-To follow a course, trail, etc.; make one's way.

29-(Of a self-registering instrument) to print a record in a curved, broken, or wavy-lined manner.

 

The police didn't find a single trace of evidence.

 

Term
Utopia
Definition

1-An imaginary island described in Sir Thomas More's Utopia  (1516) as enjoying perfection in law, politics, etc.

2-(Usually lowercase[image]) An ideal place or state.

3-(Usually lowercase[image]) Any visionary system of political or social perfection.

 

Utopia is described as heaven, in some cases.

Term
Veracity
Definition

1-Habitual observance of truth in speech or statement; truthfulness: He was not noted for his veracity.

2-Conformity to truth or fact; accuracy: to question the veracity of his account.

3-Correctness or accuracy, as of the senses or of a scientific instrument.

4-Something veracious; a truth.

 

The jury questioned the veracity of the witness' statement.

Term
Verbatim
Definition

1-In exactly the same words; word for word: to repeat something verbatim.

2-Corresponding word for word to the original source or text: a verbatim record of the proceedings.

3-Skilled at recording or noting down speeches, proceedings, etc., with word-for-word accuracy: a verbatim stenographer.

 

Johnny repeated the directions verbatim.

Term
Vital
Definition

1-Of or pertaining to life: vital processes.

2-Having remarkable energy, liveliness, or force of personality: a vital leader.

3-Being the seat or source of life: the vital organs.

4-Necessary to life: vital fluids.

5-Necessary to the existence, continuance, or well-being of something; indispensable; essential: vital for a healthy society.

6-Affecting the existence, well-being, truth, etc., of something: a vital error.

7-Of critical importance: vital decisions.

8-Destructive to life; deadly: a vital wound.

 

After the injury, the nurse checked out his vital organs.

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