Term
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Definition
| point of contact between two or more bones, cartilage and bones, or teeth and bones |
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| Two classification systems for joints |
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Definition
| Structural and Functional |
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Definition
based on presence/absence of joint cavity
type of connective tissue present |
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Term
| Functional Method for Classifying Joints |
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Definition
| Based on degree of movement. |
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Term
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Definition
| Fibrous, Cartilaginous, Synovial |
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Term
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Definition
| Suture, Syndesmosis, Gomphosis |
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Definition
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Definition
No synovial cavity
Held together by fibrous connective tissue
Little or no movement |
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Definition
No synovial cavity
Fibrocartilage or hyaline cartilage
Little or no movement |
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Term
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Definition
| Has a cavity, is freely moveable. |
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Term
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Definition
| Synarthritic, Amphiarthritic, Diarthritic |
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Term
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Definition
| Suture, Synchondrosis, Gomphosis |
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Term
| Amphiarthritic (hierarchy) |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| In synovial joints (Shoulder/Knee) fluid filled sacs that cushion moving parts over each other. |
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Term
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Definition
| Tubelike bursae for tendons. |
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Term
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Definition
| Planar, hinge, pivot, condyloid, saddle, ball and socket. |
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Term
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Definition
Gliding
clavicle/sternum/scapula, rib/vertebra, between bones of wrists and ankles |
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Term
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Definition
One Axis
knee, elbow, fingers |
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Term
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Definition
One Axis.
atlas/axis, radius/ulna |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Triaxial
joints between carpals and metacarpals (where thumb attaches to hand) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Glenohumeral or humeroscapular |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| A bursa under the acromion in the shoulder |
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Definition
| Normal wearing out of articular cartilage with age. |
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Term
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Definition
| Autoimmune disorder attacking articular cartilage and joint lining |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Each fiber contains . . . |
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Definition
| several hundred to several thousand myofibrils |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| subcutaneous layer: fat, loose areolar tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| deep: holds similar function muscles together, allows free muscle movement |
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Term
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Definition
| Connective tissue that encircles whole muscle |
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Term
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Definition
| encircles 10-100 muscle fibers (each bundle = fascicle |
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Term
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Definition
| separates individual fibers within the fascicle |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Striated, voluntary, moves stuff, |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| network of membrane enclosed tubules that form a sleeve around each myofibril (like ER) |
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Term
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Definition
| contractile organelles of a muscle cell |
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Term
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Definition
run transverse through the muscle fiber
internal extensions of the sarcolemma
involved (along with SR) in the transmission of the nerve impulse to the muscle fiber |
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Term
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Definition
| contains myosin filaments (thick) and overlapping actin filaments; extends entire length of thick filament |
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Term
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Definition
| Contains Actin filament (Thin) |
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Term
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Definition
| in the middle of I band; separate one sarcomere (unit of contraction) from another |
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Term
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Definition
| central portion of myosin not overlapping actin; middle of thick filament |
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Term
| Sequence of events (Neuronal) |
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Definition
| Neuromuscular junction, Fiber events, Power stroke, Relaxation |
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Term
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Definition
| Synapse firing releases ACh which results in Na+ going into cells and K+ coming out. |
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Term
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Definition
Action potential opens Ca2+ channels in sarcoplasmic reticulum and T tubules
Ca2+ dumps into sarcoplasm
Ca2+ bathes actin
Troponin changes shape due to influx of calcium ions, moves tropomyosin (both are regulatory proteins)
Exposes binding sites on actin for myosin crossbridges to form |
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Term
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Definition
Myosin binds to actin (at binding sites)
Myosin swivels, releases ADP
Swivel motion of crossbridge moves actin filament past myosin filament
Repeats until ATP and Ca2+ are used up or AChE (acetylcholinesterase) acts at synapse |
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Term
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Definition
AChE digests ACh
Ca2+ removed from sarcoplasm
ATP used to separate myosin crossbridges from actin |
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Term
| Three Ways of energy processing |
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Definition
Creatine Phosphate, Anaerobic cellular respiration,
Aerobic cellular respiration |
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Term
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Definition
| motor neuron and the muscle fibers it stimulates |
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Term
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Definition
Stimulation of muscle at 20-30 times per second
Most smooth, sustained voluntary movements are in this category |
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Term
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Definition
5-10X strength of single contraction
Stimulation of muscle at 80-100 times per second |
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Term
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Definition
| Contraction force remains constant while muscle changes its length |
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Term
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Definition
| when a muscle contracts and its ends are pulled closer together (effort greater than the resistance) |
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Term
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Definition
| muscle lengthens (resistance greater than the effort) |
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Term
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Definition
| Muscle remains the same length (Posture) |
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Term
| Skeletal slow oxidative (SO) |
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Definition
Concentrated in postural muscles and marathon runners
Color: red
Fibers: smallest diameter (weakest)
Myoglobin content: high
Mitochondria: many
Capillaries: many
Contractions
slow twitch
resists fatigue
generate ATP mainly by aerobic cellular respiration |
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Term
| Skeletal fast oxidative-glycolytic (FOG) |
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Definition
Walking and sprinting muscles
Color: red to pink
Fibers: intermediate diameter
Myoglobin content: high
Mitochondria: many
Capillaries: many
Contractions
3-5 X faster than SO
moderately fatigue resistant, also moderate anaerobic |
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Term
| Skeletal fast glycolytic
(FG) |
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Definition
Upper arm muscles
Color: white
Fibers: largest diameter; strongest, can increase diameter 50% with training
Myoglobin content: low, but high glycogen content
Mitochondria: few
Capillaries: few
Contractions
anaerobic ATP production
rapid fatigue
fast twitch |
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Term
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Definition
striated
branched
single cells
central single nucleus
highly vascular
intercalated discs
sarcomeres and T tubules
2 actin: 1 myosin
Myoglobin content: high
Mitochondria: many
Capillaries: many |
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Term
| Visceral Smooth Muscle (Digestive tract) |
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Definition
walls of hollow organs
form large networks
gap junctions allow them to act as one unit |
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Term
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Definition
large artery walls, bronchioles, iris muscles
few gap junctions
cells act independently |
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Term
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Definition
involuntary
hormones (gastrin)
wall stretching
Fibers: slow
Myoglobin: small amount?
Mitochondria: few, use little ATP
Contractions
slow
not easily fatigued
corkscrew
nerves (autonomic)
changes in pH, blood gases, temperature, ion concentrations
slow contractions
unconscious contractions of organs, raise hairs |
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Term
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Definition
Histology
nonstriated
spindle shaped
single central nucleus
no sarcomeres or T tubules
gap junctions in visceral, absent in multiunit
10-15 actin: 1 myosin
intermediate filaments: hold dense bodies together
dense bodies: similar to z line |
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Term
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Definition
weakness in specific muscles/groups
not general systemic weakness
after 10-20 years, those muscles atrophy |
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Term
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Definition
| sudden, involuntary contraction of a muscle or group of muscles |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| spasmodic twitching of muscles normally under voluntary control |
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Term
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Definition
| rhythmic, involuntary, purposeless contraction causing quivering or shaking |
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Term
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Definition
| involuntary brief twitch of an entire motor unit visible under skin |
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Term
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Definition
| spontaneous contraction of a single muscle fiber that is not visible under the skin but can be recorded by electromyography |
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Term
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Definition
| torn muscle; result of impact; involves bleeding; ice, wrap, and elevate |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| softening of muscle; loss of tone |
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Term
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Definition
| disease or disorder of skeletal muscle tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| inflammation of muscle fibers |
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Term
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Definition
| increased excitability and contractility of muscle; decreased power; tonic spasm |
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Term
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Definition
| least moveable end; attachment of muscle’s tendon to the stationary bone |
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Term
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Definition
| most moveable end; attachment of muscle’s tendon to the moveable bone |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| EFL, scissors, Lifting a bowed head. |
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Term
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Definition
| FLE, wheelbarrow. Tip toes. |
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Term
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Definition
| FEL, forceps, flexing bicep. |
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Term
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Definition
Fascicles are nearly parallel to long axis of muscle
Taper toward flat tendons |
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Term
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Definition
| Fascicles surround opening. |
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Term
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Definition
| Fascicles spread over broad area; converge at thick central tendon |
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Term
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Definition
Short fascicles compared to overall muscle length
Tendon extends nearly entire length of muscle |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Reduce unwanted movement, stabilize intermediate joints close to primary mover |
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Term
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Definition
| Stabilize origin of prime mover. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Overstretched muscle; minor. |
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Term
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Definition
| Separation of muscle from tendons; serious. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Lower leg flexors; minor. |
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Term
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Definition
| ligament or cartilage damage; most common serious injury |
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Term
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Definition
| tendonitis of foot dorsiflexors; minor |
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Term
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Definition
| inflammation of the plantar fascia; the most common cause of heel pain; can take many months to resolve; treat with heel cushions, cortisone injections, surgery at 12 months |
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Term
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Definition
| Repetitive jarring stress. |
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Term
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Definition
| Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation |
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Term
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Definition
| Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatories. |
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