Term
|
Definition
| Has 2 parts- abdominal & pelvic cavities, which are not separated by a muscular or membrane wall |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The study of the structure of body parts and how they relate to each other. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In the skull, encases the brain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The study of cells in the body. (Ex: Pap smear) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk. (ex: the knee is distal to the thigh) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A division of Developmental Anatomy, it concerns the developmental changes that occur before birth. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Vertical plane that divides the body into anterior & posterior. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The study of tissue in the body. (Ex: Nerve or muscle tissue) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The ability to maintain a stable internal environment in the face of constant changes inside & outside the body. All body systems contribute, but endocrine & nervous systems are the most important. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of (ex: the arms are lateral to the chest) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| portion of the back between the thorax & pelvis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Toward or at the midline of the body; on the outer side of (ex: the heart is medial to the arm) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| contains the pericardial cavity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Most of the homeostatic control mechanisms. The output shuts off the original effect of the stimulus or reduces its intensity. All negative feedback mechanisms have the same goal: preventing sudden severe changes within the body. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lies in the bony pelvis and contains the urinary bladder, some reproductive organs and the rectum. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inside the mediastinum, encloses the heart & remaining thoracic organs, i.e., esophogus, trachea, etc. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The study of how body parts function. Looks at how different organ systems of the body work and looks at such processes at the cellular and molecular level. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| divided into lateral cavities (left & right), each enveloping a lung |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In P.F., the result or response enhances the original stimulus so that the response is accelerated. It's positive because the change that results proceeds in the same direction as the initial change, causing an increased deviation from the original value or range. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Closer to the origin of the body part or the point of a limb to the body trunk (ex: the elbow is proximal to the wrist) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Vertical; divides the body into left & right; when divided down the middle--> midsagittal; all other divisions--> parasagittal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| runs within the bony vertebral column, encloses the spinal cord; continuous with the cranial cavity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Surrounded by the ribs & muscles of the chest; subdivided into the pleural cavities & the mediastinum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Horizontal; divides the body into superior & inferior (top & bottom); also called a cross section |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pertaining to an internal organ of the body or the inner part of a structure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A substance that releases hydrogen ions when in solution (compare with Base); a proton donor. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Organic compound containing nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen and oxygen; building block of protein |
|
|
Term
| ATP (adenosine triphosphate) |
|
Definition
| Organic molecule that stores and releases chemical energy for use in body cells. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A substance capable of binding with hydrogen ions; a proton acceptor. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Chemical substance or system that minimizes changes in pH by releasing or binding hydrogen ions. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Organic compound composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen; includes starches, sugars, cellulose. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Chemical bond created by electron sharing between atoms. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Literally, double sugar; e.g., sucrose, lactose |
|
|
Term
| DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) |
|
Definition
| A nucleic acid found in all living cells; it carries the organism's hereditary information. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Chemical substances, such as salts, acids and bases, that ionize and dissociate in water and are capable of conducting an electrical current. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A protein that acts as a biological catalyst to speed up a chemical reaction. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Linear chain of carbon and hydrogen atoms (hydrocarbon chains) with organic acid group at one end. A constituent of fat. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A modified simple sugar (sugar alcohol); a building block of fats. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Main carbohydrate stored in animal cells; a polysaccharide. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A component of all organic molecules. As an ion (proton) it influences the pH of body fluids. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Process in which water is used to split a substance into smaller particles. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Refers to molecules, or portions of molecules, that interact only with nonpolar molecules. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Refers to molecules, or portions of molecules, that interact with water and charged particles. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Atom with a negative or positive electric charge. Electrons can be transferred from one atom to another, and when this happens, the precise balance of + and - charges is lost so that charged particles called IONS are formed. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Chemical bond formed by electron transfer between atoms. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Variations in elements. They have the same atomic numbers (#of protons & electrons), but differ in the number of neutrons they have. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Organic compound formed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen; examples are fats and cholesterol. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Literally, one sugar; building block of carbohydrates; e.g., glucose. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Class of organic molecules that includes DNA & RNA. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Bond joining the amine group of one amino acid to the acid carboxyl group of a second amino acid with the loss of a water molecule. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Modified lipid, contains phosphorous. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Literally, many sugars, a polymer of linked monosaccharides; e.g., starch, glycogen. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Complex substance containing carbon, oxygen, hydrogen and nitrogen; composes 10-30% of cell mass. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Isotopes which are unstable and tend to break down more spontaneously into more stable forms. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Nucleic acid that contains ibose and the bases A, G, C and U. Carries out DNA's instructions for protein synthesis. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Process by which a large molecule is synthesized by removing water and covalently bonding smaller molecules together. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Studying all of the body parts in a given region. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The study of structures large enough to be seen by the naked eye. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The study of individual systems of the body (digestive or respiratory, for example) |
|
|
Term
| Principle of Complementarity of Structure and Function |
|
Definition
| We cannot separate anatomy and physiology because the function of a given organ reflects its structure. In other words, a given structure is "designed" to do a specific thing. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Chemical--> Cellular--> Tissue--> Organ--> Systems--> Organismal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| contains the stomach, liver, intestines, spleen & other organs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the double layered membrane lining the ventral body cavity. The parietal serosa lines the cavity walls and is separated by a thin layer of fluid from the visceral serosa, which covers the body organs. |
|
|
Term
| Abdominopelvic Regions/Quadrants |
|
Definition
Epigastric Region- above the umbilical region
Hypogastric region- beneath the umbilical region
Right & Left iliac or inguinal region- on each side of the hypogastic region
right & left lumbar region- on each side of the umbilical region
Hypochondriac region- on each side of the epigastric region |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| includes the mouth and the cavaties within the digestive organs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| part of the respiratory system pathway |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| contains the malleus, incus and stapes which transmit sound across the middle ear |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| enclosed within fibrous capsules and surround some of the joints of the body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| anything that has mass and occupies space |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the amount of matter an object contains |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| refers to the energy stored in chemical bonds such as in our food. When the chemical bonds in food are broke, the energy released is used for bodily processes like movement. Much of this energy is captured in the high energy bonds of adenosine triphosphate which provides energy for all of our body processes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Refers to the movement of charged particles. The nervous system uses this energy in the form of nerve impulses to send messages from one part of the body to another. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Is involved in moving matter. The heart uses mechanical energy to pump blood throughout the body. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| travels in waves and includes forms of visible light, x-rays and redio waves. Light rays strike the retina in our eyes and set up nerve impulses resulting in vision. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Equal to the number of protons in the nucleus. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The sum of the masses of protons and neutrons in the atom. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The weighted average of all mass numbers of all isotopes of an element. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When atoms combine with other atoms, they are held together by chemical bonds. It's an energy relationship between the electrons of the reacting atoms, and is made or broken in less than a trillionth of a second. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Chemical- in the form of ATP is the most useful form of energy in living systems because it is used to run almost all functional processes.
Electrical- results from the movement of charged particles. Nervous system uses elctrical currents (nerve impulses) to transmit messages from one part of the body to another.
Mechanical- directly involved in moving matter. (heart pumping blood)
Radient/Electomagnetic- energy that travels in waves. Include visible light, infrared waves, radio waves, ultraviolet rays and x-rays. Used in vision. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
occurs whenever chemical bonds are formed, rearranged or broken.
Chemical reactions exhibit one of 3 recognizable patterns: synthesis, decomposition or exchange. |
|
|
Term
| Synthesis (Combination) Reaction |
|
Definition
When atoms or molecules combine to form a larger, more complex molecule. Always involves bond formation.
A + B -->AB
Synthesis is the basis of constructive, or ANABOLIC, activities in body cells, such as joining small molecules called amino acids into large protein molecules. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Occurs when a molecule is broken down into smaller molecules or its constituent atoms:
AB--> A + B
Reverse synthesis reactions: Bonds are broken.
Decomposition reactions underlie all degradative, or CATABOLIC, processes in body cells.
Ex: Bonds of glycogen broken down to release simpler molecules of glucose sugar. |
|
|
Term
| Exchange (Displacement) Reaction |
|
Definition
involve both synthesis and decomposition. Bonds are both made and broken. Parts of the reactant molecules change partners to produce different product molecules:
AB + C--> AC + B and AB + CD--> AD + CB
Occurs when ATP reacts with glucose and trans its end phosphate group to glucose, forming glucose-phosphate. At the same time, the ATP becomes ADP. This reaction occurs whenever glucose enters the body cell, trapping the glucose fuel molecule inside the cell. |
|
|
Term
Oxidation-reduction Reaction
(Redox Reactions) |
|
Definition
| decomposition reactions in that they are the basis of all reactions in which food fuels are broken down for energy, but also a special type of exchange reaction because electrons are exchanged between reactants. The reactant losing the electrons is referred to as the electron donor adn is said to be OXIDIZED. The reactant taking up the transferred electons is called the electron acceptor and is said to become REDUCED. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| All chemical reactions are REVERSIBLE, that is, they can go from reactant to products or from products to reactants. |
|
|
Term
| Factors Influencing the Rate of Chemical Reactions |
|
Definition
1. Temperature- Increase in temp increases the kinetic energy & therefore the force & speed of collision. Reaction is faster.
2. Particle Size- small atoms or molecules move faster than larger ones and therefore collide more. More collisions= Faster reaction.
3. Concentration- if the # of reactants is high, more collisions will occur= faster reaction
4. Catalysts- substances that speed up a reaction by lowering the activation energy. ex: enzymes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Inorganic molecules are small & include H20, salts, acids & bases.
Organic molecules always have hydrogen and carbon & are important to living cells. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The study of chemical composition and reactions of living matter. |
|
|
Term
| Important Inorganic Compounds |
|
Definition
1. Water
2. Salts
3. Acids & Bases |
|
|
Term
| Important Organic Compounds |
|
Definition
1. Carbohydrates
2. Lipids
3. Proteins
4. Nucleic Acid (DNA)
5. Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)
6. Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) |
|
|
