Term
| In which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replicate? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| S phase occurs in which phase of the cell cycle? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| There are 4 phases in mitosis: what are they? |
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Definition
| prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase |
|
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Term
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Definition
| Chromatin condenses, forming chromosomes |
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Term
| What occurs in metaphase? |
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Definition
| The two centrosomes are at opposite poles of the cell |
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Term
| The slowest phase of mitosis is what? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What occurs in telophase? |
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Definition
| a new nuclear envelope is formed |
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Term
| The dividing of a cell into two daughter cells is called what? |
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Definition
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Term
| The most superficial layer of the epidermis is what? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of a keratinocyte? |
|
Definition
| to produce keratin, which gives skin its defensive properties |
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|
Term
| What is the function of a melanocyte? |
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Definition
| to give skin its pigment and prevent damage from UV exposure |
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Term
| Where are most melanocytes found? |
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Definition
| in the stratum basale (deepest layer of the epidermis) |
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|
Term
| What are Langerhans cells? |
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Definition
| cells that ingest foreign substances; play a key role in our immune system |
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Term
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Definition
| cells that play a role in the sense of touch; located at epidermis/dermis junction |
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Term
| What are the pedicles and what do they do? |
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Definition
| short, bony pillars that project posteriorly from the vertebral body. they form the sides of the vertebral arch |
|
|
Term
| What is a vertebral arch? |
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Definition
| a structure made up of two pedicles and two laminae that enclose the vertebral foramen |
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Term
| What is a vertebral foramen? |
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Definition
| essentially, a 'hole' that helps form the vertebral canal, through which the spinal cord passes |
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Term
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Definition
| the laminae are flat plates of bone that fuse in the medial plane, helping to complete the vertebral arch posteriorly |
|
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Term
| What are transverse processes? |
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Definition
| bone pieces that extend laterally from each side of the vertebral arch |
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Term
| The axial skeleton includes what bones? |
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Definition
| bones of the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage |
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Term
| The appendicular skeleton includes what bones? |
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Definition
| upper and lower limbs (arms and legs, etc) and the girdles (shoulder and hip bones) |
|
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Term
| What is the rule of nines? |
|
Definition
| a method that divides the body into regions and is used to determine the extent and severity of burns. remember that anterior and posterior aspects of the body are included, so while figure 5.9 for example only shows the head&neck as being 4 1/2%, it is really 9% when considering it as a whole |
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|
Term
| What % does the head/neck account for in the rule of 9's? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What % do the arms (upper limbs) account for in the rule of 9's? |
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Definition
| 9% each (4 1/2 for each side), 18% total (for both arms) |
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Term
| What % does the anterior trunk (chest, stomach, etc) account for in the rule of 9's? |
|
Definition
| 18% anteriorly, 18% posteriorly (36% total) |
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Term
| What % does the perineum (pubic area) account for in the rule of 9's? |
|
Definition
| 1%, anterior only (1% total) |
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|
Term
| What % do the lower limbs (legs) account for in the rule of 9's? |
|
Definition
| 9% anteriorly, 9% posteriorly (18% total per leg), 36% for both legs |
|
|
Term
| What does the octet rule say? |
|
Definition
| that atoms tend to interact in such a way that they have 8 electrons in their valence shell |
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|
Term
| Which shell of an electron does not follow the octet rule? |
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Definition
| shell 1, which is full when it has 2 electrons |
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|
Term
| An ionic bond is formed how? |
|
Definition
| by the transferring of electrons from one atom to the other |
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Term
| The atom that gives its electron to another atom is called the ____, and its net charge becomes ____. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| The atom that receives an electron is called the ____, and its net charge becomes ____. |
|
Definition
| electron acceptor, negative |
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|
Term
| The strongest chemical bond, responsible for forming salts and crystals, is what? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| by an atom sharing its electron with another atom, as opposed to completely giving it away |
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|
Term
| How is a hydrogen bond formed? |
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Definition
| a hydrogen molecule, sharing a covalent bond with another atom, attracts an "electron-hungry" atom, acting as a bridge between the 'hungry' atom and the atom the hydrogen atom was already paired with |
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|
Term
| DNA/proteins are held together by what kind of bonds? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the weakest kinds of bonds? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the coronal suture? |
|
Definition
| where the parietal bone meets the frontal bone anteriorly |
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|
Term
| What is the sagittal suture? |
|
Definition
| where the parietal bones meet superiorly at the cranial midline |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| where the parietal bones meet the occipital bone posteriorly |
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|
Term
| What is a squamous suture? |
|
Definition
| where a parietal and temporal bone meet on the lateral aspect of the skull |
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|
Term
| The cerebral cortex houses our conscious mind, which includes what? |
|
Definition
| the senses (taste, hearing, smell, touch etc), decision making, problem solving, planning, memory, language, and emotion |
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|
Term
| The cerebellum does what? |
|
Definition
| provides precise timing and appropriate patterns of muscle contraction to perform smooth and coordinated movements involved in complex activites such as dancing, driving a car, typing, etc. It occurs subconsciously; we have no control or awareness of it. |
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|
Term
| There cerebellum accounts for _% of brain mass, whereas the cerebral cortex accountss for _% of brain mass. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What causes the electric current in our body? |
|
Definition
| the movement of charged particles |
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|
Term
| The temporal bones form the _____ aspect of the skull, as well as ____ |
|
Definition
| inferiolateral, cranial base |
|
|
Term
| White matter refers to what? |
|
Definition
| regions of the brain and spinal cord containing dense collections of myelinated fibers |
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|
Term
| Grey matter refers to what? |
|
Definition
| regions of the brain and spinal cord containing mostly nerve cell bodies and non-myelinated fibers |
|
|
Term
| What is the conus medullaris? |
|
Definition
| a cone-shaped structure in which the spinal cord terminates inferiorly |
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|
Term
| What is the filum terminale? |
|
Definition
| a fibrous extension of the conus, covered by 'pia mater', which extends inferiolry from the conus to the coccyx, where it anchors the spinal cord so it is not jostled by body movements |
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|
Term
| What is the cauda equina? |
|
Definition
| the collection of nerve roots at the inferior end of the vertebral canal ("horse's tail") |
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|
Term
| What are denticulate ligaments? |
|
Definition
| 'saw-toothed' shelves of pia mater that secure the spinal cord to the tough dura mater menix throughout its length |
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|
Term
| Sutures are held together by what? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| How many cranial bones are there? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the foramen magnum? |
|
Definition
| a "hole" in the occipital bone through which the spinal cord connects to the inferior part of the brain |
|
|
Term
| What gives us our sense of smell? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does the gustatory cortex relate to the olfactory cortex? |
|
Definition
| they are both located in the temporal lobe |
|
|
Term
| What is the sclera and what is it continuous with? |
|
Definition
| "white of the eye", protects the eyeball and achors the eye muscles. posteriorly continuous with the dura mater of the brain |
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|
Term
| What is the choroid and where is it located? |
|
Definition
| a dark brown membrane rich in blood vessels, located at the posterior end of the eye. helps to prevent light from scattering and reflecting in the eye, which would cause visual confusino. forms 5/6 of the vascular layer of the eye |
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|
Term
| What is the ciliary body and where is it located? |
|
Definition
| the ciliary body is actually the anterior portion of the choroid. it's a membrane that encircles the eye and helps to hold the eye in its upright position |
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|
Term
| What is the iris and where is it loccated? |
|
Definition
| gives us our eye color, allows light to enter the eye. located at most anterior end of the vascular layer of the eye. |
|
|
Term
| What is the lens and where is it located? |
|
Definition
| a biconvex, transparent flexible structure located just posterior (behind) the iris. helps to fine focus light on the retina |
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|
Term
| What is the optic disc and where is it located? |
|
Definition
| also known as the "blind spot", it lacks photoreceptors so light focused on it cannot be seen. located where the optic nerve exits the eye, it is not reinforced by the sclera. |
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|
Term
| Are humans generally affected by the 'blind spots' caused by the optic disc? |
|
Definition
| No, because the brain uses a process known as 'filling in' to deal with the absence of visual input |
|
|
Term
| What do rods in the eye do? |
|
Definition
| receptors of dim-light and peripheral vision |
|
|
Term
| What do cones in the eye do? |
|
Definition
| receptors of bright light; provide high resolution color vision |
|
|
Term
| Which is responsible for color vision: cones, or rods? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which are more numerous in the eyes: rods or cones? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the macula lutea? |
|
Definition
| a region containing the fovea centralis. in this region, retinal structures are displaced to the side, allowing light to pass almost directly to the photoreceptors, rather than through several retinal layers |
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|
Term
| The fovea and macula contain mostly ____. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What is accomodation of the eyes and what purpose does it serve? |
|
Definition
| increasing the refractory period of the lens. the ciliary body is pulled anteriorly toward the pupil, releasing tension in the ciliary zonule. it helps to focus on images that are up front and close (such as a child with their face directly in a book) |
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|
Term
| What is convergence and what purpose does it serve? |
|
Definition
| medial rotation of the eyeballs by the medial rectus muscles so that each eye is directed towards the object being viewed. *think of going 'cross eyed' as a result of extreme convergence. it helps to view objects at a close distance |
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|
Term
| What is the external ear and what is its function? |
|
Definition
| the external ear consists of the auricle (aka pinna) which is what most people refer to as the 'ear'. its primary function is to funnel sound waves into the audiatory canal (external acoustic meatus) |
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|
Term
| What is the tube in the middle ear called? |
|
Definition
| eustachian (yoo-stay-shee-un), aka paryngotympanic (auditory) |
|
|
Term
| The middle ear is also known as the _____. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the tympanic membrane? |
|
Definition
| the 'eardrum', located in the acoustic meatus in the external ear, helps to transfer vibrations of sound waves into the ear. |
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|
Term
| What is the internal ear's properties? |
|
Definition
| also known as the 'labryinth' due to its complex structure, it is divided into two parts: the bony labryinth and the membranous labyirnth. The bony labyrinth contains perilymph, which is like cerebrospinal fluid of the ear, and the membranous labyrinth, suspending in this perilymph, contains endolymph in its interior. These fluids work together to conduct sound vibrations used in hearing |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Consciousness; perception of sensations, voluntary initiation and control of movement, and capabilities of higher mental processing (logic, reasoning, etc) |
|
|
Term
| What is the form of glucose storage in humans? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the form of glucose storage in plants? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sensory receptors that respond to damaging stimuli that would result in pain, such as searing heat, excessive pressure, etc |
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Term
|
Definition
| sensory receptors that respond to outside stimulus; generally located near the body's surface. detect touch, pressure, pain, most senses (smelling etc), and more. |
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Term
|
Definition
| also called 'visceroceptors', respond to internal stimuli, such as chemical changes, tissue stretching, and temperature. |
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Term
|
Definition
| these are similar to interceptors in that they respond to internal stimuli, but their locations are much more limited. they occur only in skeletal muscles, tendons, joints, ligaments and in the connective tissue coverings of bones and muscles. they advise the brain of our body movements by monitoring how much the organs containing these receptors are stretched. |
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|
Term
| What are the 12 cranial nerves? (mneomic included!) |
|
Definition
Oh, Oh, Oh To Touch And Feel A Girl's Vagina, Ahhhh, Heaven
1. Oh - Olfactory (smelling)
2. Oh - Optic (vision)
3. Oh - Oculomotor (moves the eyeballs)
4. To - Trochlear (acts as a 'pulley'. moves the eyeballs - superior oblique eye muscle)
5. Touch - Trigeminal (3 branched nerve; aids in chewing, adds sensitivity to our face)
6. And - Abducens (moves the eye laterally; it ABDUCTS the eye)
7. Feel - Facial (mainly for facial expressions)
8. A - Auditory (also called 'vestibulochlear, helps us hear and keep our balance)
9. Girl's - Glossopharyngeal ("tongue and pharynx" <- helps move these structures)
10. Vagina - Vagus (known as the 'wanderer' or 'vagabond' nerve, it 'wanders' throughout the entire body, innervating the organs of the neck, chest, and abdomen. Involved in breathing, swalloing, speech, and more. Particularly innervates the larynx and lungs
Ahhh - Accessory (an accessory of the Vagus nerve, helps to move the head and neck primarily)
12. Heaven - Hypoglossal (underneath the tongue, helps to move the tongue) |
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|
Term
| What does the principle of complentarity of structure and function say? |
|
Definition
| That anatomy & physiology go hand in hand, and that what a structure can do is reflected by its specific form. Key to remember is "structure reflects function". |
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|
Term
| Guanine pairs with which other nitrogenous base? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Thymine pairs with which other nitrogenous base? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which nitrogenous base is only found in RNA? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which nitrogenous base is replaced in RNA by uracil? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the nitrogenous base pairings of DNA? |
|
Definition
| CG (or GC) and TA (or AT) |
|
|
Term
| Is DNA single stranded, or double stranded? |
|
Definition
| double stranded (double helix) |
|
|
Term
| RNA relates to DNA in that it does what? |
|
Definition
| carries out the instructions of DNA |
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|
Term
| What are the 4 basic tissue types? |
|
Definition
| nerve, connective, muscle, epithelial |
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|
Term
| Which organelle is the main site for DNA synthesis in a cell? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the main location of lipid synthesis in a cell? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Smooth ER differs from rough ER in that it lacks what? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| DNA serves as code for what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What general purpose does epithelial tissue serve? |
|
Definition
| to 'cover' structures, such as the skin, open cavities of the digestive and respiratory systems, and walls and organs of the ventral body cavity |
|
|
Term
| What are the main functions of connective tissue? |
|
Definition
| binding and supporting structures, protecting, insulating, storing reserve fuel, and transporting substances within the body (blood) |
|
|
Term
| What are the main functions of skeletal tissues? |
|
Definition
| Skeletal tissues include our smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and skeletal muscle. It helps to move our bones. |
|
|
Term
| What is the main function(s) of nervous tissue? |
|
Definition
| it regulates our body functions with neurons and supporting cells. makes up the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. |
|
|
Term
| Redox reactions serve as the basis for all reactions in which foods are broken down for what to be produced? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In redox reactions, electrons are exchanged between atoms. The atom losing its electron is said to be ____ whereas the atom gaining the electron is said to be ____. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| When glucose loses its hydrogen atoms, it is said to be oxidized to what? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Oxygen is reduced to water by ____ (gaining or losing?) hydrogen atoms. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| According to the levels of specialization, an atom is the most basic unit of life. It becomes a ____, which becomes an _____, which becomes a ____, which becomes a ____, which becomes an _____, which becomes an ____ ____, and finally becomes an _____. |
|
Definition
| molecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism |
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|
Term
| What is an osteocyte and what is its purpose? |
|
Definition
| a mature bone cell; to maintain and monitor the bone matrix |
|
|
Term
| What is an osteoclast and what is its purpose? |
|
Definition
| multinucleate cells that break down (reabsorb) bone |
|
|
Term
| What is an osteoblast and what is its purpose? |
|
Definition
| a matrix-producing cell that is responsible for bone growth |
|
|
Term
| What is a Haversian canal? |
|
Definition
| also called the 'central' canal, it runs parallel to the bone shaft |
|
|
Term
| What is the Volkmann's canal? |
|
Definition
| also called the 'perforating' canal, it runs at a right angle to the bone shaft |
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|
Term
| Body movement occurs when the _____ of a bone moves towards its ____. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| The _____ of a bone is where the muscle attaches to it. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The _____ of a bone is its fixed (unmovable) point of attachment. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Muscles can transform ____ into directed mechanical energy. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is saltatory conduction? |
|
Definition
| Transmission of an action potential along a myelinated fiber in which the nerve impulse appears to leap from gap to gap. |
|
|
Term
| What is a node of Ranvier? |
|
Definition
| A gap in a myelin sheath where adject Schwann cells do not touch each other. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cells that surround all nerve fibers in the Periphereal Nervous System. They form myelin sheaths and are vital to regeneration of damaged peripheral nerve fibers. |
|
|
Term
| How do nodes of Ranvier affect conduction? |
|
Definition
| They speed it up. The nodes (or gaps) allow nerve impulses to travel along the myelin sheath quicker by 'jumping' from node to node rather than travelling directly from fiber to fiber. An example: If you touch your hand to a hot stove, you will instantly jump back without thinking about it. This is because nerve impulses can quickly travel throughout your peripheral nervous system, which tells your brain to jerk your hand back. |
|
|
Term
| What is the medial malleolus? |
|
Definition
| Forms the medial bulge of the ankle (big toe side; this is the bigger bulge compared to the lateral malleolus) |
|
|
Term
| What is the lateral malleolus? |
|
Definition
| Forms the lateral bulge of the ankle (pinky toe side; this is the smaller bulge) |
|
|
Term
| What is the tibial tuberosity? |
|
Definition
| the rough part of the tibia, just below the patella, to which the patellar ligaments attach. |
|
|
Term
| Hyaline cartilage is also known as what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which cartilage type is most abundant in the body? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is articular cartilage? |
|
Definition
| type of hyaline cartilage that covers ends of most bones at movable joints; absorbs shock |
|
|
Term
| All bones except the ____, bones of the ____ and bones of the ____ are long bones. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A transparent mucous membrane lining the entire eye. Its purpose is to lubricate the eyes so they do not dry out. |
|
|
Term
| What is the nasolacrimal duct? |
|
Definition
| The duct which tears 'drain' into when produced in excess. The duct empties into the nasal cavity, which is why we have 'sniffles' (runny nose) when we have allergies or are crying. |
|
|
Term
| What are the Meibomian glands (aka tarsal glands)? |
|
Definition
| Modified sebaceous glands that produces an oily secretion which lubricates the eyelid and the eye to prevent the eyelids from sticking together. |
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