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A&P Chapter 4
Tissues, Glands & Membranes
196
Biology
Not Applicable
07/27/2013

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Term
Define histology
Definition
Study of tissues
Term
Where would you find simple squamous cells?
Definition
Capillary walls, alveoli (tiny air sacs in lungs) of the lungs, glomerular capsule in kidney, serous membranes
Term
Describe simple squamous tissue
Definition
Flat, irregular cells with flat nuclei
Term
Where would you find simple cuboidal cells?
Definition
Tubules (small tubes) & ducts, as in kidney, liver, glands
Term
Describe simple cuboidal tissue
Definition
Square cells with central round nuclei
Term
Where would you find simple columnar cells?
Definition
Lining of stomach, intestine, oviducts
Term
Describe simple columnar tissue
Definition
Long narrow cells with ovoid basal nuclei
Term
Where would you find pseudo-stratified cells?
Definition
Lining of respiratory passages
Term
Describe pseudo-stratified tissues
Definition
Columnar cells that appear stratified, but are not
Term
Define simple epithelium
Definition
Single cell layers allows materials to pass from 1 system to another
Term
Define stratified epithelium
Definition
Multiple cell layers provide protection in areas subjects to wear & tear
Term
Describe stratified squamous
Definition
Flat, irregular cells in layers
Term
Describe stratifiedcuboidal
Definition
Square cells in layers
Term
Describe stratified columnar
Definition
Long narrow cells in layers
Term
Where would you find stratified squamous cells?
Definition
Outer layer of skin, lining of mouth, throat, anus, vagina
Term
Where would you find stratified cuboidal cells?
Definition
Not common-in some glands
Term
Where would you find stratified columnar cells?
Definition
Not common-larynx, some ducts
Term
Describe transitional cells
Definition
Square cells that flatten as they are stretched, then return to original shape
Term
Where would you find transitional cells?
Definition
Lining of urinary bladder
Term
What does the epithelial tissue form?
Definition
A protective covering for the body (outer layer of skin)
Forms membrane & ducts
Term
What does the epithelial tissue do?
Definition
Lines body cavities along with hollow organs
Forms membranes & ducts
Term
What can epithelial tissue act as?
Definition
Covering, lining, membrane, ducts
Term
Describe squamous
Definition
Flat epithelial cells
Term
Describe cuboidal cells
Definition
Cube shaped epithelial cells
Term
Describe columnar cells
Definition
Column shapes epithelial cells
Term
What are the different types of layers epithelial tissues can be?
Definition
Simple: Single layer
Stratified: Many layers
Pseudo-stratified: Looks like there are multiple layers when there is only 1 layer
Term
What happens when goblet cells secrete mucus?
Definition
1) Trap foreign particles in respiratory tract
2) Protect lining digestive organs
Term
What do goblet cells secrete?
Definition
Mucus
Term
What is the bodies only unicellular gland?
Definition
Goblet cells
Term
Can epithelial cells repair & replace themselves equally?
Definition
Yes
Term
What occurs with epithelial cells that have cilia?
Definition
Sweep particles trapped in mucus away from lungs
Term
What do glands do?
Definition
Produce substances that are sent to other parts of the body
Term
What do exocrine glands use?
Definition
Use ducts to deliver products to other regions
Example:
Sweat & salivary glands
Term
What do endocrine glands use?
Definition
Use blood vessel to deliver hormones to another region
Example:
Adrenal gland & thyroid
Term
What gland can be classified as a exocrine & endocrine gland?
Definition
Pancreas
Term
What is a matrix?
Definition
Non-living material between cells
Term
What does connective tissue contain?
Definition
Large amounts of matrix between cells
Term
What is a major component in protein fiber collagen?
Definition
Connective tissue
Term
What is the supporting fabric of the body?
Definition
Connective tissue
Term
Explain circulating connective tissue
Definition
1) Fluid connects tissue that travels in vessels
2) Carries nutrients, gases, wastes, & other materials throughout body
Term
What are some types of circulating fluids?
Definition
Blood & lymph
Term
Describe blood & where it is located
Definition
Cells in fluid matrix circulating through heart & in blood vessels
Term
Describe the lymph & where it is located?
Definition
Fluid delivered from blood plasma circulating in lymphatic vessels
Term
What are some types of verbalized connective tissue?
Definition
Loose & dens
Term
What is loose connective tissue?
Definition
Soft matrix that provides support & protection
Term
What are some forms of loose connective tissue?
Definition
Areolar which is part of the superficial fascia that acts as "packing material"
& adipose
Term
Describe areolar loose connective tissue?
Definition
Loose mixture of cells & fibers on a semi-liquid matrix; abundant through body
Term
Where would areolar loose connective tissue be found?
Definition
Around organs & vessels, in membranes, under skin
Term
Where would loose adipose connective tissue be found?
Definition
Padding around organs & joints under skin
Term
What is adipose loose connective tissue?
Definition
Composed of cells modified to store fat; insulates body & is stored in tissues as energy supply
Term
What do fibroblast do?
Definition
Make collagen fibers
Term
What are the characteristics of dens connective tissues?
Definition
Firm matrix with large numbers of collagen & elastic fibers
Term
What does the dens connective tissue provide?
Definition
Protection, support, flexibility, attachment
Term
What are some types of dens connective tissues?
Definition
Irregular, regular & elastic
Term
What is the appearance of dens irregular connective tissue?
Definition
Mostly collagen fibers in random arrangements
Term
What is the appearance of dens regular connective tissue?
Definition
Mostly collagen fibers in parallel alignment
Term
What is the appearance of dens elastic connective tissue?
Definition
Mostly elastic fibers; can stretch & return to original size
Term
Where would you locate dens irregular connective tissue?
Definition
Fibrous membrane, capsules
Term
Where would you locate dens regular connective tissue?
Definition
Ligaments & tendons
Term
Where would you locate dens elastic connective tissue?
Definition
Blood vessels walls, respiratory passages
Term
What is the strongest conmective tissue?
Definition
Structural connective tissue
Term
What is the structural connective tissue associate with?
Definition
Skeleton
Term
What are 2 types of structural connective tissue?
Definition
Cartilage & bone
Term
Cartilage cell
Definition
Chondrocytes
Term
Bone cells
Definition
Osteocytes
Term
What are the characteristics of cartilage?
Definition
Strong & flexible with a solid matrix
Term
What does cartilage provide?
Definition
Protection, structure, shock absorption & elasticity
Term
What are some types of cartilage?
Definition
Hyaline, fibrocartilage, elastic
Term
What is the appearance of hyaline cartilage?
Definition
Tough & translucent
Term
What is the appearance of fibrocartilage?
Definition
Firm, rigid
Term
What is the characteristics of elastic cartilage?
Definition
High in elastic fibers; can stretch & return to original size
Term
What are the locations of Hyaline cartilage?
Definition
Covers ends of bone, makes up tip of nose, connects ribs to sternum, reinforces larynx & trachea
Term
What makes up tip of nose?
Definition
Hyaline cartilage
Term
What connects robs to sternum?
Definition
Hyaline cartilage
Term
What reinforces larynx & trachea?
Definition
Hyaline cartilage
Term
What are the locations of fibrocartilage?
Definition
Between vertebrae, in anterior Pubic joint, knee joint
Term
What are the locations of elastic cartilage?
Definition
Larynx, epiglottis, outer ear
Term
Osteous tissue
Definition
Bone tissue
Term
What does the bone tissue in the body provide?
Definition
Structure, support & protection of the body
Term
What do none work with during movement?
Definition
Muscles
Term
What is the bone composed of?
Definition
Solid matrix hardened with mineral salts
Term
What are the characteristics of muscle tissue?
Definition
Contractile - shorten
Extension - elongate
Elastic - can recoil length
Excitable/irritable - responds to nervous system
Term
What muscles move voluntary?
Definition
Skeletal muscles
Term
What is the shape of skeletal muscles?
Definition
Long, cylindrical cells
Term
What muscles are striated?
Definition
Cardiac & Skeletal muscles
Term
What muscle cells could have Multi nuclei?
Definition
Skeletal muscles
Term
What muscles are found in the heart?
Definition
Cardiac muscles
Term
What do the cardiac muscles look like?
Definition
Branching cylindrical cells
Term
What muscles are involuntary?
Definition
Cardiac & smooth muscles
Term
What muscles have intercalated disks?
Definition
Cardiac muscles
Term
What muscles attach to bone?
Definition
Skeletal muscles
Term
What muscles are the walls of hallow organs?
Definition
Smooth (visceral) muscles
Term
What muscle cells are tapered?
Definition
Smooth (visceral) muscles
Term
What muscles are involuntary?
Definition
Smooth (visceral) muscles
Term
What muscles are not striated?
Definition
Smooth (visceral) muscles
Term
What muscles are visceral?
Definition
Smooth muscles
Term
What makes up the bodies communication system?
Definition
Nervous system
Term
What are the components of nervous system?
Definition
Brain, spinal cord, nerves
Term
What are some nervous cells?
Definition
Neurons & neuroglia
Term
What is a neuron?
Definition
Basic unit of nervous tissue;
Nerve fiber/nerve cell
Term
What is neuroglia?
Definition
Nerve glue
Term
Neuroglia AKA
Definition
Neuroglia cells or glia cells
Term
What do neurons do?
Definition
Transmit nerve impulses
Term
Define Afferent
Definition
Coming back toward some central thing
Term
Define efferent
Definition
Going away from some central thing
Term
Where do Afferent signals go when deal with nerve cells?
Definition
Through dendrites towards cell body
Term
Where do efferent signals go when dealing with nerve cells?
Definition
Efferent signals move away from cell body towards synapses
Term
What forms the myelin sheath?
Definition
Neuroglia
Term
What protects the brain from harmful substances?
Definition
Neuroglia
Term
In the nervous system, what gets rid of foreign organisms & cellular debris?
Definition
Neuroglia
Term
What role does neuroglia play when dealing with the nervous system?
Definition
1) Support & protect nervous tissue
(Protect the brain from harmful substances)
[Get rid of foreign organism & cellular debris]
2) Forms myelin sheath around axons
Term
What is the function of mucous membrane?
Definition
1) Trap & remove foreign particles
2) Protect deeper tissue
3) Absorb food materials
Term
Do neuroglia transmit nerve impulse like neurons?
Definition
Neuroglia do NOT transmit nerve impulses
Term
What is a nerve?
Definition
Bundle of nerve fibers (neurons) held together by connective tissue
Term
What is gray matter?
Definition
Un-myelinated nerve fibers (neurons)
Term
What is what matter?
Definition
Myelinated nerve fiber (neuron)
Term
What are Un-myelinated neurons called?
Definition
Gray matter
Term
What are myelinated nerve fibers called?
Definition
White matter
Term
What is the function of membranes?
Definition
1) Cover surfaces
2) Serve as dividers
3) Anchor organs
4) Line hollow organs or body cavities
5) Secretes lubricants to ease the movement of organs
Term
What are the types of membranous?
Definition
Epithelial & connective membranous
Term
Describe epithelial membranes
Definition
Outer surface is made of epithelium (usually overlaying some form of connective tissue)
Term
Where would serious membranes be found?
Definition
Line body cavities & cover internal organs
Term
Where would mucous membranes be found?
Definition
Line tubes, ducts & cavities that open to outside of the body
Term
What is cutaneous membrane
Definition
Commonly known as skin
Term
Does the serous membrane connect to the outside of the body?
Definition
No
Term
What does the serous membrane secrete?
Definition
Serous fluid that acts as a lubricant
Term
Parietal
Definition
Wall of cavity
"Lines things"
Term
Visceral
Definition
Superficial layer that surrounds organs
(& sometimes parietal layer)
"Covers things"
Term
What does the parietal pleurae layer line?
Definition
Parietal layers line thoracic cavity
Term
What does the visceral pleurae layer cover?
Definition
Visceral layer covers lungs
Term
What lines the thoracic cavity?
Definition
Pleurae parietal layer
Term
What layer covers the lungs?
Definition
Pleurae visceral
Term
What layer lines pericardial sac?
Definition
Parietal Serous pericardium
Term
What layer covers the heart?
Definition
Visceral serous pericardium
Term
What does the parietal serous pericardium layer line?
Definition
Pericardial sac
Term
What does the visceral serous pericardium layer cover?
Definition
Heart
Term
What layers line the abdominal cavity?
Definition
Parietal peritoneum
Term
What layer covers the abdominal organs?
Definition
Visceral peritoneum
Term
What does the parietal peritoneum layer line?
Definition
Abdominal cavity
Term
What does the visceral peritoneum layer cover?
Definition
Abdominal organs
Term
What produces mucus?
Definition
Mucous membranes
Term
Is connective tissue made up of epithelium?
Definition
No
Term
What do synovial membranes line?
Definition
1) Line joint cavities & serous synovial fluid, which lubricates joints
2) line small cushioning sac near joints called bursae
Term
What do meninges cover?
Definition
Brain & spinal cord
Term
Where is superficial fascia?
Definition
Underneath skin & insulates body
Term
Where is deep fascia found?
Definition
Covers, separates & protects skeletal muscles
Term
What membranes surround organs?
Definition
1) Periosteum surrounds bone
2) Perichondrium surrounds cartilage
3) Fibrous pericardium surrounds the heart
Term
What surrounds the heart?
Definition
Fibrous pericardium
Term
What surrounds the bone?
Definition
Periosteum
Term
What surrounds cartilage
Definition
Perichondrium
Term
What insulates the body?
Definition
Superficial fascia
Term
What covers, separates & protects skeletal muscle?
Definition
Deep fascia
Term
What causes the body to activate inflammation & immune response?
Definition
When tissue to injury occurs
Term
Define inflammation
Definition
Generalized, non-specific response intended to prevent further injury
Term
What are signs of inflammation?
Definition
P.R.I.S.H
Pain, Redness, Immobility, Swelling & Heat
Term
What produces that heat from inflammation?
Definition
Increased blood flow to the region, because blood is hotter than the human body (101 degrees F)
Term
What process repairs damaged tissue?
Definition
Regeneration & fibrosis
Term
Define regeneration
Definition
Damaged tissue replaced by same kind of cell
Term
Define fibrosis
Definition
Damaged tissue replaced by dense, fibrous connective tissue (CT)
Scar tissue
Term
What will determine of the tissue will regenerate or heal with scar tissue?
Definition
What kind of tissue is it & the severity of the injury
Term
What type of healing is involved with injury?
Definition
Combination or regeneration & fibrosis (scar tissue)
Term
What occurs when capillaries become very permeable?
Definition
Allows fluid contain clotting proteins & other substances that reach the injured area from the blood steam
Term
What occurs when clogging proteins construct a clot?
Definition
Prevent loss of blood, hold the edges of the wound together & wall off the injured area to prevent spread of infection
Term
What occurs when clot is exposed to air?
Definition
It dries & hardens to form a scab
Term
What occurs when granulation tissue forms?
Definition
Forms immature scar tissue; fragile, pink, made up of new capillaries
Term
What does granulation tissue contain?
Definition
Phagocytes that will eventually clean up clot by eating debris
&
Fibroblasts which generate collagen fibers that will permanently close gap in the tissue; basis of scar
Term
What happens when scab detaches from body?
Definition
It uncovers a regenerated surface over an underlying area of fibrosis (the scar)
Term
How visible is a scar?
Definition
May be invisible or appear as a thin, light-colored line
Term
Embryonic cell layers
Definition
Early in embryonic development, 3 primary germ layers develop
(All the tissues of the body have their source in ectoderm, mesoderm & endoderm cell layers)
Term
Define ectoderm
Definition
Source of EPIDERMIS OF SKIN, hair, nails, skin glands; tooth enamel; lens of eye; ALL NERVOUS TISSUE; sense organ receptor cells; adrenal medulla; mucosae
Term
Define mesoderm
Definition
SOURCE OF DERMIS OF SKIN; ALL MUSCLE TISSUE; ALL CONNECTIVE TISSUE; epithelium of serous membranes, joint cavities & blood vessels; kidneys ureters; adrenal cortex; epithelium of gonads & reproductive tracts
Term
Define endoderm
Definition
Epithelium of digestive tract; epithelium of liver, pancreas, bladder, urethra, respiratory tract; thyroid, parathyroid & thymus glands
Term
Atrophy
Definition
Decease in size of an organ or area of the body that looses normal stimulation
(muscles that are not used or have lost nerve supply)
Term
Hypertrophy
Definition
Increased in the size of a tissue or organ unrelated to general growth of the body
(Due to increase in size of individual growth)
Not necessary pathological: Muscle growth from working out
Term
Anaplasia
Definition
Cell revert to a more primitive or undifferentiated form; characteristic of cancer
Term
Dysplasia
Definition
Abnormal development of cells; change in size, shape or organization
Term
Hyperplasia
Definition
Abnormal increase in number of cells; abnormal frequency of division
(examples: psoriasis)
Term
Metaplasia
Definition
Transformation of 1 tissue into another; abnormal replacement of 1 type of cell by another
Term
Carcinogen
Definition
Factors that cause mutations in genes that lead to cancer; include radiation, chemicals such as tobacco tars & saccharine (sweetener), & a certain viral infection (HPV)
Term
Neoplasm
Definition
"New Growth"
A cell mass that develops when control of cell division malfunctions (tumor)
Term
What kind of gland has ducts?
Definition
Exocrine gland
Term
Benign
Definition
"Good/not harmful"
Tumors that do NOT spread & are NOT typically dangerous (often enclosed by capillaries)
Term
Malignant
Definition
Cancerous
Un-encapsulated growths that invade their surrounds; an aplastic cells; tend to break away from their parent mass & spread to distant parts of the body
Term
Metastasis
Definition
The ability of militant growths to travel through he body, usually via the blood stream & establish themselves in new locations
Term
Necrosis
Definition
Death of cells or groups of cells
Term
What tissues do NOT regenerate?
Definition
Muscle & nervous tissue in brain & spinal cord
Term
If tissues can't regenerate, what must be done to repair the tissue?
Definition
Fibrosis
Term
True or false
Connective tissue that replaces damaged tissue in fibrosis does NOT have the same properties as the tissue that is gone
Definition
True
This can have implications for how well the tissue will function
Term
What occurs after tissue is damaged?
Definition
Inflammatory process begins, capillary permeability increases
Term
What occurs before the area of injury is walled off by clotting proteins?
Definition
Inflammatory process begins, capillary permeability increases
Term
What occurs after the area of injury is walled off by clotting proteins?
Definition
Fibroblasts migrate to area; produce granulation tissue
Term
What occurs after the Inflammatory process begins & capillary permeability increases?
Definition
Area of injury walled off by clotting proteins
Term
What occurs before Fibroblasts migrate to area; produce granulation tissue?
Definition
Area of injury walled off by clotting proteins
Term
What occurs after Fibroblasts migrate to area; produce granulation tissue?
Definition
Fibroblasts form collagen fibers that hold wound edges together; basis of scar
Term
What occurs after Fibroblasts form collagen fibers that hold wound edges together; basis of scar?
Definition
Surface epithelium regenerates
Term
What occurs before the epithelium surface regenerates?
Definition
Fibroblasts form collagen fibers that hold wound edges together; basis of scar
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