Term
| Where does the pituitary gland sit? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what cells' cytoplasm has been stained deeply red or pink? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What two hormones are acidophils responsible for secreting? |
|
Definition
| prolactin and growth hormone |
|
|
Term
| what cells secrete prolactin and growth hormone? where are these cells located? |
|
Definition
acidophils/alpha cells
pituitary gland |
|
|
Term
| Which cells in the pituitary gland will be stained violet-blue? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are basophils responsible for? |
|
Definition
| secreting anterior pituitary hormones |
|
|
Term
| what cells are responsible for secreting anterior pituitary hormones? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what color are chromophobe cells stained on a slide? |
|
Definition
| pale cells with a purple nucleus |
|
|
Term
| what's the function of chromophobe cells? |
|
Definition
| their function is an enigma |
|
|
Term
| what color is the posterior pituitary gland? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What two hormones are received by the posterior pituitary gland? |
|
Definition
| antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin |
|
|
Term
| where are ADH and Oxytocin received from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are ADH and oxytocin produced by? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are neurosecretory cells? |
|
Definition
| cell bodies of modified neurons |
|
|
Term
| where are neurosecretory cells found? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the posterior pituitary gland made up of? |
|
Definition
| cottony material that consists of the axons of numerous neurosecretory cells |
|
|
Term
| What are the principal hormones secreted by the thyroid gland? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what gland secretes thyroxine and calcitonin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stimulates the metabolic activity of nearly all the body's cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| influences several kinds of cells, with the net effect of reducing the concentration of calcium and phosphate in the blood. |
|
|
Term
| What are the many round structures that makes up the tissue of the thyroid gland called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the many round structures that make up the thyroid gland |
|
|
Term
| what is the wall of each follicle composed of? |
|
Definition
| a layer of simple cuboidal cells, known as follicle cells |
|
|
Term
| What is the large cavity surrounded by follicle cells filled with? |
|
Definition
| a pink stained fluid known as colloid. |
|
|
Term
| what cells secret calcitonin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the cells of the adrenal medulla gland known as? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what hormones does the adrenal medulla secrete? |
|
Definition
| epinephrine and norepinephrine |
|
|
Term
| when epinephrine and norepinephrine are produced by conventional nerve cells what do they act as? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the cells of the adrenal gland responsible for? |
|
Definition
| secreting hormones, including aldosterone, cortisol, and some sex hormones |
|
|
Term
| what does aldosterone do? |
|
Definition
| it helps to regulate the concentration of inorganic ions such as sodium and potassium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| it helps to regulate the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins |
|
|
Term
| what is produced in the exocrine tissue of the peancreas? |
|
Definition
| digestive enzymes and bicarbonate ions that are delivered to the small instestine via the pancreatic duct. |
|
|
Term
| what do the enzymes and bicarbonate ions that are produced in the pancreas pass through in order to reach the small intestine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the pancreas is made up of what two kinds of tissue? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where is the endocrine tissue found in the pancreas? |
|
Definition
| little patches called Islets of Langerhans, which are scattered throughout the exocrine tissue. |
|
|
Term
| What are the Islets of Langerhans? |
|
Definition
| little patches of endocrine tissue scattered throughout the exocrine tissue of the pancreas |
|
|
Term
| what are the Islets of Langerhans responsible for? |
|
Definition
| secreting at least four hormones: insuline, glucogon, somatostatin, and pancreatic polypeptide. |
|
|
Term
| what are the four hormones secreted by the Islets of Langerhans? |
|
Definition
| insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, and pancreatic polypeptide |
|
|
Term
| what's the most important functions of insulin and glucagon? |
|
Definition
| to regulate the storage and utilization of nutrients (especially glucose) by the body |
|
|
Term
| what is the main function of somatostatin? |
|
Definition
| to suppress the release of insulin and glucagon. |
|
|
Term
| what is pancreatic polypeptide known to regulate? |
|
Definition
| the production of some pancreatic digestive enzymes and to inhibit gallbladder contractions |
|
|
Term
| what are the glands in the pyloric region of the stomach called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do pyloric glands secrete? |
|
Definition
| mucus into the lumen of the stomach |
|
|
Term
| what do the endocrine cells in the pyloric glands secrete? |
|
Definition
| several hormones into capillaries within the stomach wall |
|
|
Term
| what is the best known hormone secreted by the endocrine cells of the pyloric glands? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This hormone stimulates the secretion of HCl and digestive enzymes by the gastric glands of the stomach. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does gastrin stimulate? |
|
Definition
the secretion of HCl and digestive enzymes by the gastric glands of the stomach.
contractions of the muscular layer of the stomach wall to increase mixing of the stomach contents |
|
|
Term
| What does a bronchiole look like under a microscope? |
|
Definition
| it has a pink or purple wall with a distinct purple inner layer |
|
|
Term
| what are the dark purple dots on a bronchiole under a microscope? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are part of the bronchial tree that delivers air to the alveoli? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What involves gradual destruction of the walls of alveoli, resulting in the merging of groups of alveoli into larger chamber, with a corresponding decrease in total resp. sufrace area? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The changes in the alveoli in a person with emphysema cause what to happen? |
|
Definition
reduces the efficiency of gas exchange in the lung
loss of elasticity makes exhalation more difficult
small airways leading to the alveoli are damaged, and may collapse during forced exhalation |
|
|
Term
| What do macrophages do in the alveoli? |
|
Definition
| they engulf dust and dirt particles |
|
|
Term
| what is it called when the macrohpages migrate out of the alveoli into the adjacent connective tissue and dump the dust and dirt particles there, and the particals gradually accumulate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what causes anthracosis to become severe? |
|
Definition
inhalation of a large amount of particles or toxic particles
ex: smokers, miners, sandblasters etc. |
|
|
Term
| What do the most common pulmonary tests involve? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does a spirometer measure? |
|
Definition
| the volume of air moved and the rate at which it moves |
|
|
Term
| What do obstructive pulmonary diseases cause? |
|
Definition
| a narrowing of respiratory airways |
|
|
Term
| what can cause obstructive pulmonary diseases? |
|
Definition
| increased mucus secretion, inflammation, or spasmodic contraction of the muscular layer of the bronchi |
|
|
Term
| what are 3 common obstructive pulmonary diseases? |
|
Definition
| asthma, bronchitis, emphysema |
|
|
Term
| What do respiratory pulmonary diseases cause? |
|
Definition
| a decrease in the total volume of air that the lungs are able to hold |
|
|
Term
| what are restrictive pulmonary diseases the result of? |
|
Definition
reduced elasticity in lung tissue
damage to the chest wall
impairment of the muscles that expand the thoracic cavity |
|
|
Term
| what are some examples of restrictive pulmonary diseases? |
|
Definition
-occupational lung disease (such as coal miner's disease)
-lung cancer and pneumonia also damage lung tissue
-diseases like polio and muscular dystrophy act by weakening respiratory muscles |
|
|
Term
| what is the equation to calculate FEV1%? |
|
Definition
| FEV1/Forced Vital Capacity * 100 |
|
|
Term
| what is the normal range for FEV1%? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do low values of FEV1% suggest? |
|
Definition
| an obstructive pulmonary disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the five major kinds of white blood cells? |
|
Definition
Neutrophils
lymphocytes
monocytes
eosinophils
basophils |
|
|
Term
| what are the most common kind of WBCs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
nucleus is usually divided into 3 to 5 distint lobes
pink or violet cytoplasm
most common WBC's |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-usually small cell, although some are larger
-large, round nucleus usually fills most of the cell
-pale blue cytoplasm-thin rim around nucleus
-second most common WBC's |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-large cells
-kidney or horseshoe shaped nucleus
-pale blue cytoplasm
-uncommon
-turn into macrophages |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
abundant course red granules in cytoplasm
nucleus usually 2-lobed or figure 8 shaped
rare |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
coarse purple granules in cytoplasm
nucleus is irregular, pale purple, obscured by granules
most rare WBC's |
|
|
Term
| What is a large protein composed of four amino acid chains joined together? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is composed of complicated rings of carbon and nitrogen atoms, surrounding an iron atom? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a genetic disease that occurs when a child inherits an abnormal version of a gene for hemoglobin from both parents? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens to the hemoglobin when it deoxygenates in a person who has sickle-cell anemia? |
|
Definition
| they stick together forming a stiff rod, which distorts the RBC's, stretching them into ovel, crescent, or irregular shapes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a sustained reduction in oxygen-carrying capacity |
|
|
Term
| what is cancer of the lymphocyte-forming cells in the bone marrow? |
|
Definition
| Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (ALL) |
|
|
Term
| what is the result of ALL |
|
Definition
| uncontrolled production of huge numbers of abnormal and immature lymphocytes and a reduction in the production of other cells. |
|
|
Term
| what is the purpose of the differential white blood cell count? |
|
Definition
| to determine the relative abundance of each type of WBC |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| packed red blood cell volume |
|
|
Term
| how do you calculate the % blood volume occupied by RBC's? |
|
Definition
| height of RBC's/total height of blood * 100 |
|
|
Term
| What is the inner layer and the one that comes in contact with the blood in the blood vessel called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the inner surface of a blood vessel composed of? |
|
Definition
| a smooth sheet of squamous epithelial cells called endothelium |
|
|
Term
| outside the endothelium of the blood vessel, the rest of the intima consists of connective tissue. What is the name of this membrane? |
|
Definition
| the internal elastic membrane |
|
|
Term
| what does the internal elastic membrane consist of? |
|
Definition
| loose connective tissue and often a distinct band of elastic fibers |
|
|
Term
| What is the middle layer of the blood vessel containing a mixture of smooth muscle cells and elastic connective tissue called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the turnica externa composed of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the purpose of the turnica externa? |
|
Definition
| serves to attach the vessel to surrounding tissues. |
|
|
Term
| what is a thickened area of the tunica intima along an artery called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the disorder of the arteries that refers to the gradual thickening of the tunica intima? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why is Atheroclerosis considered a silent disorder? |
|
Definition
| it develops slowly and progressively over a lifetime and usually causes no symptoms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is atherosclerosis called when in the coronary arteries of the heart? |
|
Definition
|
|
