Term
How many milli-equivalents of chloride are in a solution of 10 mM CaCl2 and
180 mM KCl?
A. 190 mEq/L
B. 200 mEq/L
C. 220 mEq/L
D. 360 mEq/L
E. 390 mEq/l
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the osmolarity of a solution containing 19 mM NaCl and 1 mM glucose?
A. 19 mosmol/L
B. 20 mosmol/L
C. 38 mosmol/L
D. 39 mosmol/L
E. 40 mosmol/L |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Left-sided heart failure results in congestion of pulmonary veins. As a result, pulmonary venous pressure is elevated, which increases pulmonary capillary pressure, which increases pulmonary capillary filtration, which produces:
A. Thrombosis
B. Edema
C. Embolism
D. Collapse |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Most movement across capillaries occurs by
A. Active transport
B. Bulk flow
C. Pinocytosis
D. Diffusion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Plasma proteins that are secreted by liver cells pass easily into plasma, because the capillaries of the liver are
A. Discontinuous
B. Continuous
C. Fenestrated
D. Compensated |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Colloidal osmotic pressure from plasma proteins is the major factor promoting
A. Ultrafiltration
B. Secretion
C. Reabsorption
D. Diffusion
E. Pinocytosis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Lymphedema can be treated by
A. Diuretics
B. Compression therapy
C. Decongestants, like sudafed
D. Blood pressure medications |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Lymphedema may occur as the consequence of
A. Infection
B. Tissue injury
C. Surgery
D. Defects in lymphatic vessel development
E. All of the above |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Fluid that is not reabsorbed by capillaries drains from the tissues as
A. Plasma
B. Edema
C. Serum
D. Lymph
E. Water |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Lymph drains into
A. Femoral veins
B. Cardiac veins
C. Jugular veins
D. Subclavian veins
E. Carotid veins |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which is the proper sequence of urine flow?
A. Collecting duct, Renal cortex, ureter, bladder, urethra
B. Renal Pyramid, Bowman's capsule, collecting duct, urethra
C. Bowman's capsule, PCT, ureter, bladder, urethra
D. Renal pelvis, glomerulus, collecting duct, bladder, ureter |
|
Definition
| C. Bowman's capsule, PCT, ureter, bladder, urethra |
|
|
Term
Which type of receptors are most important in the contraction of the detrusor muscle?
A. Nicotinic cholinergic
B. Muscarinic cholinergic
C. alpha1-adrenergic
D. Beta2-adrenergic |
|
Definition
| B. Muscarinic cholinergic |
|
|
Term
Based on what we know about nervous system control of micturition......it is not surprising that difficulty in urination is a common
A. Anti-cholinergic side effect
B. Anti-adrenergic side effect
C. Cholinergic side effect
D. Adrenergic side effect |
|
Definition
| A. Anti-cholinergic side effect |
|
|
Term
Infants and toddlers lack voluntary control over urination before developing
A. Parasympathetic innervation of the bladder
B. Sympathetic innervation of the bladder
C. Higher brain control of micturition |
|
Definition
| C. Higher brain control of micturition |
|
|
Term
Type of cells that secrete renin
A. Macula densa cells
B. Adipocytes
C. Pituitary gland
D. Juxtaglomerular cells
E. Podocytes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
After leaving Bowman's capsule, the efferent arteriole branches into ________, which reabsorb substances
from the filtrate in a nephron.
A. Peritubular capillaries
B. Afferent arterioles
C. Renal Veins
D. Renal arteries |
|
Definition
| A. Peritubular capillaries |
|
|
Term
Which of the following would you expect to find in glomerular filtrate?
A. Platelets
B. Red blood cells
C. Na+
D. Albumin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The endothelium of the glomerular capillaries facilitates ultrafiltration because it has many
A. Pedicels
B. Fenestrations
C. Microvilli
D. Filtration slits
E. Permutations |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
During glomerular filtration, fluid moves from
A. Capillary lumen to interstitium
B. Interstitium to capillary lumen
C. Capillary lumen to capsular space
D. Afferent arteriole to glomerulus
E. Capillary lumen to proximal tubular lumen |
|
Definition
| C. Capillary lumen to capsular space |
|
|
Term
When the GFR increases, the increased rate of salt and water travel through the nephron is detected by
_______ cells.
A. Juxtaglomerular cells
B. Macula densa
C. Collecting duct cells
D. Renal adipose cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
When GFR is elevated, the type of cells in the proceeding question secrete a paracrine that stimulate _________ cells to constrict the afferent arteriole (resulting in a decrease in GFR).
A. Macula densa
B. Renal adipose cells
C. Juxtaglomerular cells
D. Collecting duct |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The urinary clearance of the ACE inhibitor, captopril, is 320 ml/min. Therefore, this drug is
A. Filtered only
B. Secreted only
C. Reabsorbed only
D. Filtered and secreted
E. Filtered and reabsorbed |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The reference number for GFR is
A. 125 mg/ml
B. 125 mg/min
C. 125 ml/min
D. 125 min/mg |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
GFR is mainly controlled by
A. Autoregulation in the kidney
B. The sympathetic nervous system
C. The parasympathetic nervous system
D. The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system |
|
Definition
| A. Autoregulation in the kidney |
|
|
Term
Dilation of the afferent arteriole of a nephron will
A. Increase GFR
B. Decrease GFR
C. Have no net effect on GFR |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In the proximal convoluted tubule, once the tubule transport maximum for glucose has been reached
A. Any filtered glucose will be reabsorbed
B. Any filtered glucose will be secreted
C. Any additional filtered glucose will be excreted
D. Any additional filtered glucose will be secreted |
|
Definition
| C. Any additional filtered glucose will be excreted |
|
|
Term
29. The major force responsible for reabsorption by the kidneys is the
A. Proton pump
B. Na+/K+ pump
C. Water channels
D. Filtration slits |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In response to a drop in blood pressure, __________ is secreted by the kidney.
A. Antidiuretic hormone
B. Renin
C. Angiotensin I
D. Angiotensinogen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Calculate the clearance of K+.
P(K+) = 4 mmol/L. U(K+) = 28 mmol/L
V = 1 ml/min
A. 4 mmol/L
B. 7 ml/min
C. 7 mmol/L
D. 112 ml/min
E. 112 mmol/L |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In the previous question, is the clearance of K+ the same as the GFR? ______
The clearance value indicates that K+ is _________.
A. Yes; neither reabsorbed nor secreted
B. Yes; secreted
C. No; reabsorbed
D. No; secreted |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
To form the medullary osmotic gradient, which two solutes are required?
A. NaCl and KCl
B. Glucose and urea
C. NaCl and urea
D. NaCl and glucose |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What stimulates ADH secretion?
A. Detection of increased plasma osmolarity by hypothalamic osmoreceptors
B. Activation of the anterior pituitary gland by hypothalamic hormones
C. Drinking large volumes of water
D. Norepinephrine |
|
Definition
| A. Detection of increased plasma osmolarity by hypothalamic osmoreceptors |
|
|
Term
Therapeutically, diuretics can be used in the treatment of
A. Congestive heart failure
B. Hypertension
C. Pulmonary edema
D. Systemic edema
E. All of the above |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
A hypokalemic patient has
A. Lower than normal blood calcium levels
B. Higher than normal blood calcium levels
C. Lower than normal blood potassium levels
D. Higher than normal blood potassium levels
E. Lower than normal blood sodium levels |
|
Definition
| C. Lower than normal blood potassium levels |
|
|
Term
Which of the following is a "potassium-sparing" diuretic
A. Thiazides
B. Loop diuretics
C. ADH antagonists
D. Aldosterone antagonists |
|
Definition
| D. Aldosterone antagonists |
|
|
Term
Thiazide diuretics block
A. Na+/Cl- transporters
B. Na+/K+/2Cl- transporters
C. Na+ channels
D. Water channels |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The main purpose of H+ secretion in the proximal convoluted tubule is to promote
A. Cl- secretion
B. HCO3- reabsorption
C. Na+ secretion
D. K+ reabsorption
E. Glucose transport |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor (like acetazolamide) will inhibit the reabsorption of bicarbonate, and thereby
A. Acidify the urine
B. Alkalinize the urine
C. Neutralize the urine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
An H+ deficiency is associated with ________. An excess of H+ (and thus H2CO3) is associated with
________.
A. Alkalosis; acidosis
B. Acidosis; Alkalosis
C. Alkalosis; alkalosis
D. Alkalosis; edema |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The bicarbonate buffer system
A. Is a solution of carbonic acid and bicarbonate ions
B. Consists of a reversible chemical reaction
C. Can stabilize pH by either releasing or binding H+
D. Is used by the kidneys and lungs to regulate bloood and tissue pH
E. All of the above |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The blood-brain barrier requires what type of capillary?
A. discontinuous
B. continuous
C. sinusoidal
D. stratified
E. fenestrated |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The most important mechanism for the exchange of materials between blood and
interstitial fluid is
A. ultrafiltration
B. primary active transport
C. pinocytosis
D. diffusion
E. absorption |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The colloidal osmotic pressure of capillaries is due to
A. the build-up of edema fluid
B. blood pressure
C. KCl
D. cytosolic proteins
E. plasma proteins |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
One of the mechanisms by which antihistamines reduce localized edema is by
A. increasing capillary colloidal osmotic pressure
B. decreasing lymphatic drainage
C. increasing interstitial colloidal osmotic pressure
D. increasing blood pressure
E. decreasing capillary permeability |
|
Definition
| A. increasing capillary colloidal osmotic pressure |
|
|
Term
Glomerular (Bowman's) capsules are located in the renal
A. cortex
B. medulla
C. pyramids
D. columns
E. pelvis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What stimulates contraction of the detrusor muscle?
A. increased sympathetic tone
B. decreased sympathetic tone
C. increased parasympathetic tone
D. decreased parasympathetic tone
E. increased discharge from somatic motor neurons |
|
Definition
| C. increased parasympathetic tone |
|
|
Term
The external urethral sphincter consists of
A. exocrine glands
B. smooth muscle
C. skeletal muscle
D. cardiac muscle
E. endocrine glands |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Tubular fluid drains directly from the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle
(nephron loop) into the
A. proximal convoluted tubule
B. distal convoluted tubule
C. collecting duct
D. thin ascending limb of the loop of Henle
E. thin descending limb of the loop of Henle |
|
Definition
| B. distal convoluted tubule |
|
|
Term
The "holes" in the endothelium of the glomerulus are called
A. endocytic vesicles
B. lysosomes
C. sinuses
D. fenestrations
E. capsular spaces |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What does it mean to say that for a young adult male GFR = 125 mL/min?
A. Blood flows through the kidneys at a rate of 125 mL/min.
B. Fluid passes from the glomerular lumen into the capsular space at a rate
of 125 mL/min.
C. In the absence of ADH the rate of urinary excretion is 125 mL/min.
D. Solutes and accompanying water are secreted into the renal tubules at a
rate of 125 mL/min.
E. The load of glucose reabsorbed by the renal tubules is normally 125
mL/min. |
|
Definition
B. Fluid passes from the glomerular lumen into the capsular space at a rate
of 125 mL/min. |
|
|
Term
When estimating the creatinine clearance of a person in the emergency room, the
most important value to use is
A. the concentration of creatinine in the plasma
B. the concentration of creatinine in the urine
C. the patient's body mass index
D. the patient's height
E. the volume of urine produced in the preceding 24 hours |
|
Definition
| A. the concentration of creatinine in the plasma |
|
|
Term
Where is the Na+/glucose symporter located?
A. apical membrane of distal tubular cells
B. basolateral membrane of distal tubular cells
C. basolateral membrane collecting duct cells
D. basolateral membrane of proximal tubular cells
E. apical membrane of proximal tubular cells |
|
Definition
| E. apical membrane of proximal tubular cells |
|
|
Term
For the "typical person" all tubular glucose in excess of 375 mg/min will be ___, and
the excess glucose will produce ___ diuresis.
A. secreted / water
B. reabsorbed / no
C. excreted / osmotic
D. filtered / tasteless |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The function of the vasa recta is
A. secondary active transport
B. primary active transport
C. ultrafiltration
D. counter current multiplication
E. counter current exchange |
|
Definition
| E. counter current exchange |
|
|
Term
The Na+/Cl- symporter located in the ____ is blocked by ____ diuretics.
A. early distal tubule / thiazide
B. late distal tubule and collecting duct / thiazide
C. thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle / loop
D. late distal tubule and collecting duct / potassium-sparing
E. thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle / potassium-sparing |
|
Definition
| A. early distal tubule / thiazide |
|
|
Term
ADH increases the permeability of the collecting duct both to water and
A. creatinine
B. inulin
C. amino acids
D. glucose
E. urea |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The major mechanism by which ADH increases water reabsorption at the collecting
ducts is by
A. decreasing water secretion by principal cells
B. increasing sodium pump activity in the intercalated cells
C. inhibiting counter current multiplication by the nephron
D. adding water channels to the membranes of principal cells
E. increasing water pumping activity by intercalated cells |
|
Definition
| D. adding water channels to the membranes of principal cells |
|
|
Term
Maximum human urine osmolarity is ____ that of plasma
A. the same as
B. 1/2
C. 2 times
D. 3 times
E. 4 times |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following proteins is essential for proton section and bicarbonate
reabsorption in the proximal convoluted tubule?
A. Na+/H+ antiporter
B. H+ pump
C. CO2/O2 antiporter
D. HCO3- pump
E. Na+/HCO3- symporter |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Thanks to the proton pump, how acidic can human urine become?
A. pH = 2.5
B. pH = 4.5
C. pH = 6.5
D. pH = 8.5
E. pH = 10.5 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
MG is a 36-vear-old female who had been experiencing muscle weakness, excessive
urination, frequent headaches, and excessive thirst. She made an appointment with her
primary care physician. Upon examination, it was observed that MG was moderately
hypertensive (148/92 mmHg). Blood tests revealed the presence of metabolic alkalosis,
hypokalemia, and elevated serum aldosterone. A CT scan confirmed the presence of an
adenoma in her left adrenal cortex and the patient was diagnosed with primary
hyperaldosteronism. MG was scheduled for surgery to remove the affected adrenal
gland. In the meantime, she was placed on a salt-restricted diet and her condition was
managed pharmacologically with the potassium-sparing diuretic spironolactone.
Which part of the renal tubule is sensitive to aldosterone?
A. thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle
B. descending limb of the loop of Henle
C. late distal tubule and early collecting duct
D. early distal tubule
E. proximal convoluted tubule
|
|
Definition
| C. late distal tubule and early collecting duct |
|
|
Term
MG is a 36-vear-old female who had been experiencing muscle weakness, excessive
urination, frequent headaches, and excessive thirst. She made an appointment with her
primary care physician. Upon examination, it was observed that MG was moderately
hypertensive (148/92 mmHg). Blood tests revealed the presence of metabolic alkalosis,
hypokalemia, and elevated serum aldosterone. A CT scan confirmed the presence of an
adenoma in her left adrenal cortex and the patient was diagnosed with primary
hyperaldosteronism. MG was scheduled for surgery to remove the affected adrenal
gland. In the meantime, she was placed on a salt-restricted diet and her condition was
managed pharmacologically with the potassium-sparing diuretic spironolactone.
What is the overall effect of aldosterone?
A. increased Na+ reabsorption, increased K+ secretion
B. increased Na+ reabsorption, decreased K+ secretion
C. decreased Na+ reabsorption, increased K+ secretion
D. decreased Na+ reabsorption, decreased K+ secretion |
|
Definition
| A. increased Na+ reabsorption, increased K+ secretion |
|
|
Term
MG is a 36-vear-old female who had been experiencing muscle weakness, excessive
urination, frequent headaches, and excessive thirst. She made an appointment with her
primary care physician. Upon examination, it was observed that MG was moderately
hypertensive (148/92 mmHg). Blood tests revealed the presence of metabolic alkalosis,
hypokalemia, and elevated serum aldosterone. A CT scan confirmed the presence of an
adenoma in her left adrenal cortex and the patient was diagnosed with primary
hyperaldosteronism. MG was scheduled for surgery to remove the affected adrenal
gland. In the meantime, she was placed on a salt-restricted diet and her condition was
managed pharmacologically with the potassium-sparing diuretic spironolactone.
How is this effect produced?
A. addition of K+ channels to the apical membrane
B. addition of Na+ pumps to the apical membrane
C. addition of NaCl symporters to the apical membrane
D. addition of Na+ channels to the apical membrane
E. addition of water channels to the apical membrane |
|
Definition
| D. addition of Na+ channels to the apical membrane |
|
|
Term
MG is a 36-vear-old female who had been experiencing muscle weakness, excessive
urination, frequent headaches, and excessive thirst. She made an appointment with her
primary care physician. Upon examination, it was observed that MG was moderately
hypertensive (148/92 mmHg). Blood tests revealed the presence of metabolic alkalosis,
hypokalemia, and elevated serum aldosterone. A CT scan confirmed the presence of an
adenoma in her left adrenal cortex and the patient was diagnosed with primary
hyperaldosteronism. MG was scheduled for surgery to remove the affected adrenal
gland. In the meantime, she was placed on a salt-restricted diet and her condition was
managed pharmacologically with the potassium-sparing diuretic spironolactone.
The volume loading by the kidneys that follows will produce
A. excessive thirst
B. hypertension
C. adenoma
D. muscle weakness
E. excessive renin secretion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
MG is a 36-vear-old female who had been experiencing muscle weakness, excessive
urination, frequent headaches, and excessive thirst. She made an appointment with her
primary care physician. Upon examination, it was observed that MG was moderately
hypertensive (148/92 mmHg). Blood tests revealed the presence of metabolic alkalosis,
hypokalemia, and elevated serum aldosterone. A CT scan confirmed the presence of an
adenoma in her left adrenal cortex and the patient was diagnosed with primary
hyperaldosteronism. MG was scheduled for surgery to remove the affected adrenal
gland. In the meantime, she was placed on a salt-restricted diet and her condition was
managed pharmacologically with the potassium-sparing diuretic spironolactone.
Unexpectedly, primary aldosteronism also causes excessive urination. This occurs
because the volume loading causes the right atrium to stretch, which causes the atrium
to secrete ____, which will increase urine excretion.
A. cGMP
B. cAMP
C. ATP
D. ADH
E. ANP |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
MG is a 36-vear-old female who had been experiencing muscle weakness, excessive
urination, frequent headaches, and excessive thirst. She made an appointment with her
primary care physician. Upon examination, it was observed that MG was moderately
hypertensive (148/92 mmHg). Blood tests revealed the presence of metabolic alkalosis,
hypokalemia, and elevated serum aldosterone. A CT scan confirmed the presence of an
adenoma in her left adrenal cortex and the patient was diagnosed with primary
hyperaldosteronism. MG was scheduled for surgery to remove the affected adrenal
gland. In the meantime, she was placed on a salt-restricted diet and her condition was
managed pharmacologically with the potassium-sparing diuretic spironolactone.
Metabolic alkalosis is produced when long term K+ depletion creates a situation
where there will be increased
A. carbonic acid reabsorption
B. HCO3-secretion
C. H+ secretion
D. carbonic anhydrase reabsorption |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
MG is a 36-vear-old female who had been experiencing muscle weakness, excessive
urination, frequent headaches, and excessive thirst. She made an appointment with her
primary care physician. Upon examination, it was observed that MG was moderately
hypertensive (148/92 mmHg). Blood tests revealed the presence of metabolic alkalosis,
hypokalemia, and elevated serum aldosterone. A CT scan confirmed the presence of an
adenoma in her left adrenal cortex and the patient was diagnosed with primary
hyperaldosteronism. MG was scheduled for surgery to remove the affected adrenal
gland. In the meantime, she was placed on a salt-restricted diet and her condition was
managed pharmacologically with the potassium-sparing diuretic spironolactone.
How would a salt restricted diet help the patient?
A. It would help bring the blood pressure up toward normal.
B. It would help bring the blood pressure down toward normal.
C. It would help bring the blood pH up toward normal.
D. It would help bring the blood pH down toward normal. |
|
Definition
| B. It would help bring the blood pressure down toward normal. |
|
|
Term
MG is a 36-vear-old female who had been experiencing muscle weakness, excessive
urination, frequent headaches, and excessive thirst. She made an appointment with her
primary care physician. Upon examination, it was observed that MG was moderately
hypertensive (148/92 mmHg). Blood tests revealed the presence of metabolic alkalosis,
hypokalemia, and elevated serum aldosterone. A CT scan confirmed the presence of an
adenoma in her left adrenal cortex and the patient was diagnosed with primary
hyperaldosteronism. MG was scheduled for surgery to remove the affected adrenal
gland. In the meantime, she was placed on a salt-restricted diet and her condition was
managed pharmacologically with the potassium-sparing diuretic spironolactone.
Spironolactone treatment helps the patient by blocking
A. thiazide effects
B. ADH effects
C. loop diuretic effects
D. aldosterone effects |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
MG is a 36-vear-old female who had been experiencing muscle weakness, excessive
urination, frequent headaches, and excessive thirst. She made an appointment with her
primary care physician. Upon examination, it was observed that MG was moderately
hypertensive (148/92 mmHg). Blood tests revealed the presence of metabolic alkalosis,
hypokalemia, and elevated serum aldosterone. A CT scan confirmed the presence of an
adenoma in her left adrenal cortex and the patient was diagnosed with primary
hyperaldosteronism. MG was scheduled for surgery to remove the affected adrenal
gland. In the meantime, she was placed on a salt-restricted diet and her condition was
managed pharmacologically with the potassium-sparing diuretic spironolactone.
Which condition is most helped by spironolactone treatment?
A. hypernatremia
B. hyponatremia
C. hypokalemia
D. thirst
E. elevated serum aldosterone |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
MG is a 36-vear-old female who had been experiencing muscle weakness, excessive
urination, frequent headaches, and excessive thirst. She made an appointment with her
primary care physician. Upon examination, it was observed that MG was moderately
hypertensive (148/92 mmHg). Blood tests revealed the presence of metabolic alkalosis,
hypokalemia, and elevated serum aldosterone. A CT scan confirmed the presence of an
adenoma in her left adrenal cortex and the patient was diagnosed with primary
hyperaldosteronism. MG was scheduled for surgery to remove the affected adrenal
gland. In the meantime, she was placed on a salt-restricted diet and her condition was
managed pharmacologically with the potassium-sparing diuretic spironolactone.
Removing the adenoma helps this patient by removing
A. the source of excess Ca++
B. the source of excess K+
C. the source of excess renin
D. the source of excess aldosterone |
|
Definition
| D. the source of excess aldosterone |
|
|
Term
Calculate the creatinine clearance for this patient:
24 hour urine output = 864 mL
[creatinine]plasma = 3.5 mg/dL
[creatinine]urine = 3.2 mg/mL |
|
Definition
C=UV/P
U=3.2 mg/ml
P=3.5 mg/dL
V=864mL/1440 minutes (24 hours)=0.6 mL/min
C=(3.2/0.035)x0.6=55mL/min |
|
|
Term
In the space below, write the letters in the proper sequence to show the pathway
of glomerular filtration.
a. basement membranes
b. capsular space
c. filtration slits
d. blood plasma
e. slit membranes
f. fenestrations |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name the structure that connects the kidney to the urinary bladder. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of diuretics block the Na+/K+/2Cl- transporter? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does most renal reabsorption occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
