Which of the following situations would produce respiratory acidosis?

The epiglottis prevents entry of food into the

Epinephrine causes ____ of bronchioles via _____ adrenergic receptors.

Type II alveolar epithelial cells

The major contributor to increased intrathoracic volume for inhalation is contraction of

VC =

The typical PO2 in pulmonary arteries (in mmHg) is

Blood that passes through the lungs without becoming fully oxygenated is said to have been

Which of the following will cause bronchiolodilation?

Because of the Bohr effect

Central chemoreceptors are sensitive to

A person at high altitude and a person with emphysema are similar because arterial

"The bends" is caused by

The inner lining of the inner tube of the body is derived from

The connective tissue between the intestinal epithelium and the muscularis mucosae is called the

Peristalsis

Chyme is slowly released through the pyloric sphincter into the

In the defecation reflex, parasympathetically mediated signals cause relaxation of the

What are the two types of salivary acini?

In the enterogastric reflex

Secretin stimulates the secretion of

Persons who have had their gall bladders removed will need to moderate their intake of

Hepatocytes release plasma proteins into

Conjugation by the liver targets a molecule for

Leptin is sent from adipose tissue to the ____ to inhibit feeding.

What is the main source of amylase?

What is the substrate for amylase?

The "bristles" of the brush border are

These brush border enzymes are converting di-, tri-, and tetrasaccharides into

If the lactase enzyme disappears, the person will become lactose intolerant, and will

The SGLT1 glucose carrier is mediating

In contrast, the GLUT 5 fructose carrier is mediating

D. secondary active transport

1-muscarinic cholinergic antagonist

2-anti-histamine

2-proton pump inhibitors

ACETYLCHOLINE causes _____ of bronchioles via _____ receptors.

   A.           Dilation; Beta 2

   B.            Dilation; Muscarinic cholinergic

   C.            Constriction; Beta 2

   D.           Constriction; Muscarinic cholinergic

Which structure is shared by the respiratory and digestive systems?

   A.           Trachea

   B.            Pharynx

   C.            Larynx

   D.           Nasal cavity

The air conduction pathways

   A.           Warm and humidify air

   B.            Increase air pressure

   C.            Decrease air pressure

   D.           Participate in gas exchange

Gas exchange between air and blood occurs in

   A.           Alveoli

   B.            Body tissues

   C.            Bronchi

   D.           Trachea

Albuterol, an asthma medication, dilates bronchioles by mimicking the effects of epinephrine on _____ receptors in smooth muscle.

   A.           Nicotinic cholinergic

   B.            Muscarinic cholinergic

   C.            alpha1 adrenergic

   D.           beta2 adrenergic

When the diaphragm contracts, the intrapulmonary pressure decreases relative to atmospheric pressure, resulting in _____.

   A.           Inspiration

   B.            Expiration

   C.            Forced Expiration

In quiet breathing (at rest), Inspiration is mediated by _____.  Expiration is mediated by _____.

   A.           Recoil; Muscle contraction

   B.            Muscle relaxation; Muscle contraction

   C.           Muscle contraction; Recoil

   D.           Recoil; Muscle relaxation

When inflated, alveoli have relatively______, which aids in expiration.

   A.           High surface tension

   B.            Low surface tension

   C.            High pressure

   D.           Low elasticity

At rest (quiet breathing), The tidal volume minus the anatomical dead space is

   A.           150 mL

  B.            350 mL

   C.            500 mL

   D.           6000 mL

A ventilation/perfusion ratio of 0.8 means that

   A.           Airflow and blood flow at the alveoli occur at the same rate

   B.            Airflow and blood flow at the alveoli are balanced

   C.            Airflow at the alveoli is deficient compared to blood flow at the alveoli

   D.           Airflow at the alveoli is excessive compared to blood flow at the alveoli

In pulmonary edema, the build-up of fluid in the interstitium of the lungs inhibits gas diffusion because

   A.           The distance is increased

   B.            The distance is decreased

   C.            The alveoli break down

   D.           The lungs explode

Gas exchange between blood and tissues occurs by what process?

   A.           Simple diffusion

   B.            Facilitated diffusion

   C.            Active transport

   D.           Endocytosis

What happens to the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve as blood passes through tissues with a very low metabolic rate?

   A.           Shift to the right - increased affinity for oxygen

   B.            Shift to the right - decreased affinity for oxygen

   C.           Shift to the left - increased affinity for oxygen

   D.           Shift to the left - decreased affinity for oxygen

Of the following, what is the most likely Arterial blood oxygen concentration of someone with emphysema?

  A.           60 mm Hg

   B.            100 mm Hg

   C.            160 mm Hg

   D.           760 mm Hg

The "Fight or Flight mode" is associated with

   A.           Decreased intestinal motility

   B.            Increased intestinal motility

   C.            Increased secretion of pancreatic enzymes

   D.           Elevated levels of stomach acid production

Peripheral chemoreceptors

   A.           Are responsive to both O2 and CO2

   B.            Are located in the aortic and carotid arch

   C.            Provide sensory input to the medulla to activate/inhibit the sympathetic nervous system

   D.           All of the above

   D.           All of the above

The dorsal respiratory group (DRG) located in the _____ functions to _____.

   A.           Pons; Generate the respiratory rhythm

   B.            Medulla; Terminate the respiratory rhythm

   C.            Pons; Terminate the respiratory rhythm

   D.           Medulla; Generate the respiratory rhythm

Respiratory alkalosis may be caused by

   A.           Hyperventilation

   B.            Chronic vomiting

   C.            Emphysema

   D.           Diet

The muscularis externa is essential for

   A.           Secretion

   B.            Digestion

   C.            Mastication

   D.           Peristalsis

An intrapertitoneal (IP) injection pierces through which structure(s)?

   A.           Visceral peritoneum only

  B.            Parietal peritoneum only

   C.            Visceral and parietal peritoneum

   D.           Diaphragm, and visceral and parietal peritoneum

In the enteric nervous system, short (myenteric) reflexes are integrated in the _______.

   A.           Brain

   B.            Spinal cord

   C.           Gut wall

   D.           Hypothalamus

   C.           Gut wall

Stretch of food in the gut activates short reflexes and long _____ reflexes.

   A.           Vasovagal/Parasympathetic

   B.            Submucosal

   C.            Myenteric

   D.           Sympathetic

Omeprazole (Prilosec) decreases acid secretion from parietal cells by

  A.           Blocking the proton pump

   B.            Blocking gastrin secretion

   C.            Stimulating bicarbonate release to neutralize acid

   D.           Blocking parasympathetic innervation

The parasympathetic nervous system _____ digestion by _____ motility and secretion.

   A.           Inhibits; Increasing

   B.            Inhibits; Decreasing

   C.           Stimulates; Increasing

   D.           Stimulates; Decreasing

Secretin is a hormone that stimulates

   A.           Peristalsis

   B.            Secretion of HCl in the stomach

   C.           Secretion of bicarbonate into the duodenum

   D.           Contraction of the gall bladder and release of bile into the duodenum

The myenteric and submucosal plexuses are part of the

   A.           Central nervous system

   B.            Enteric nervous system

   C.            Somatic motor system

   D.           Autonomic nervous system

Which of the following is a side effect of anti-cholinergic drugs?

   A.           Drooling

   B.            Incontinence

   C.            Diarrhea

   D.           Difficulty in defecation

The main function of the large intestine is to

   A.           Absorb sodium and water from the feces

   B.            Secrete normal saline into the GI lumen

   C.            Complete the digestion of fats

   D.           Complete the digestion of proteins and carbohydrates

Protein digestion begins in the _____ and is completed in the _____.

   A.           Mouth; Stomach

   B.            Mouth; Small intestine

   C.           Stomach; Small intestine

   D.           Small intestine; Large intestine

The primary site of absorption in the digestion system is the

   A.           Stomach

  B.            Small intestine

   C.            Large intestine

   D.           Colon

Cholescystokinin aids in lipid digestion by

   A.           Causing contracting the gall bladder to release bile

   B.            Producing bile and emulsion droplets

   C.            Synthesizing pancreatic lipase

   D.           Stimulating triglyceride synthesis

The single most important protein for the absorption/reabsorption of water, salts and nutrients from the intestinal lumen into the body is

   A.           The proton pump

   B.            The Ca++/Mg++ ATPase

   C.           The Na+/K+ ATPase

   D.           The Na+/glucose symporter

The feeding and satiety centers are located in the

   A.           Small intestine

   B.            Stomach

   C.           Hypothalamus

   D.           Medulla oblongata

Carbohydrate digestion begins in the _____ and is completed in the _____.

   A.           Liver; Stomach

   B.            Mouth; Stomach

   C.           Mouth; Small intestine

   D.           Stomach; Small intestine

   C.           Mouth; Small intestine

Monosaccharides and amino acids are absorbed into intestinal capillaries and transported to directly to

   A.           The brain

   B.            Systemic circulation

  C.           The liver

   D.           The heart

The structures that contain blood vessels (capillary network) and a lymphatic vessel in the small intestine are called

   A.           Microvilli

   B.            Cilium

   C.            Segment of the colon

   D.           Villi

   D.           Villi

What is the name of the process by which hepatocytes add glycine or glucuronic acid to a substance in order to mark it for secretion into the bile?

   A.           Conjugation

   B.            Integration

   C.            Fusion

   D.           Polymerization

Mr. Migraine takes an oral dose of painkillers containing 1000 mg of ibuprophen.  However, only 600 mg of ibuprophen enters systemic circulation.  This is an example of

   A.           Poor digestion

   B.           First-pass effect

   C.            Bad circulation

   D.           Drug toxicity

Leptin _____.  Ghrelin _____.

   A.           Promotes satiety; Promotes satiety

   B.            Promotes hunger; Promotes hunger

   C.           Promotes satiety; Promotes hunger

   D.           Promotes hunger; Promotes satiety

Muscarinic cholinergic agonists _______ ventilation by _____ the bronchioles.

           A.    Decrease; Dilating

 B.    Increase; Dilating

           C.   Decrease; Constricting

 D.   Increase; Constricting

.  A chronic arterial blood O₂ of 100 mmHg and pCO₂ of 40 mmHg is indicative of

            A.        COPD

            B.        Normal respiratory function

C.        Respiratory failure or hypoventilation

D.        Hyperventilation

At a high altitude, where air pressure < 760 mmHg

           A.    Inspiration is more difficult because there is less air

          B.    Inspiration is relatively easy because there is less air pressure        

           C.   Inspiration is more difficult because intrapulmonary pressure must drop lower than normal to get air in

          D.   Inspiration is more difficult because intrapulmonary pressure must increase higher than normal to get air in

Of an average tidal volume at rest, what % of the volume is involved in gas exchange?

   A.           100%

   B.           70%

   C.           30%

   D.           0%

Voluntary control of respiration is provided by the _____.  Involuntary control of respiration is provided by the _____.

   A.           Brainstem; Brainstem

   B.           Brainstem; Frontal lobe

   C.           Pons; Medulla oblongata

   D.           Frontal lobe; Brainstem

At rest, Alveolar Ventilation rate (V_A) = ____________ = 4L/min

   A.           Tidal volume (L) x Breaths/min

   B.           Tidal Volume (L) / Breaths/min

   C.           (Tidal Volume-Dead space volume) x Breaths/min

   D.           (Tidal Volume-Dead space volume) / Breaths/min

To inspire air, the thoracic cavity _____ so that the pressure in the chest _____ atmospheric pressure.

   A.           Expands; Rises above

   B.           Compresses; Rises above

   C.           Expands; Falls below

         D.           Compresses; Falls below

Hypoventilation _____ blood pH by _____.

A.           increases; increasing blood pCO₂

B.           decreases; increasing blood pCO₂

C.           increases; decreasing blood pCO₂

D.           decreases; decreasing blood pCO₂

B.           decreases; increasing blood pCO₂

 Chose the 2 statements below that answer the following question:

A left shift of an oxygen dissociation curves indicates

A.   Higher affinity of oxygen for hemoglobin

B.   Less oxygen is liberated for exchange with the tissues

C.   Decreased affinity of oxygen for hemoglobin

D.   More oxygen is liberated for exchange with the tissues

A.   Higher affinity of oxygen for hemoglobin

B.   Less oxygen is liberated for exchange with the tissues

 Which statement concerning Surfactant is false?

            A.        Surfactant makes the surface tension of alveoli determined by the radius

            B.        Surfactant is diluted in inflated lungs, resulting in increased surface tension

            C.        Surfactant is concentrated in deflated lungs, resulting in decreased surface tension

            D.        Surfactant makes surface tension of alveoli determined by atmospheric pressure