Term
| Define: Psychological Disorder |
|
Definition
| Psychological dysfunction in individual associated with distress or impairment in functioning and a response that is not typical or culturally expected |
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Term
| Judy: The girl who fainted at the sight of blood |
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Definition
-16 years old
-"blood-injury-injection phobia"
-fainted at thought or sight of blood. started wit dissection video
-progressed to 5-10 times per week |
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Term
|
Definition
| psychological disorder characterized by marked and persistent fear of an object or situation |
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Term
| Define: Psychological Dysfunction |
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Definition
A breakdown in cognitive, emotional, or behavioral functioning
Dysfunction for Judy: Fainted at sight of blood |
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Term
| Define: Personal Distress |
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Definition
| State of being extremely upset |
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Term
| 3 components of a psychological disorder: |
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Definition
1. Psychological Dysfunction
2. Distress/impairment
3. Atypical Response |
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Term
|
Definition
"typical" profile of a disorder
when most or all symptoms of a disorder are present |
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Term
|
Definition
| scientific study of psychological disorders |
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Term
| Define: Scientist-practitioners |
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Definition
Mental Health practitioners that:
1. keep up with latest scientific developments in their field
2. Use most current diagnostic and statistic procedures
3. Evaluate own assessments and procedures to see what works
4. do research |
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Term
| 3 Criterion to be a Mental Health Professional/Scientist-practitioner |
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Definition
1. Consumer of science
2. evaluator of science
3. creator of science |
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Term
| Define: Presenting problem |
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Definition
| Why a person came to the clinic |
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Term
| 3 criteria for being a psychological disorder... |
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Definition
1. Deviance
2. Distress
3. Disability |
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Term
| What makes labeling things "abnormal" difficult? |
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Definition
-no discrete boundary between normal and abnormal
-no descriptive features
-abnormality doesn't always indicate mental illness |
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Term
| What are some of the myths/stigma related to mental illness? |
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Definition
-lazy, crazy, dumb
-mental illness is a helpless situation |
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Term
| What is Barlow's definition of psychological disorder? |
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Definition
| Significant distress, impairment, and unusual (atypical) behavior |
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Term
| List: 3 types of psychological dysfunction |
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Definition
1. cognitive distortion
2. emotional
3. behavior |
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Term
| Define: Cognitive Distortion |
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Definition
-produce emotional responses that are inappropriate in the situation
ex: mom didn't make me dinner; therefore, she hates me |
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Term
| Define: Emotional psychological dysfunction |
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Definition
-unwarranted fears that interfere with choices and responses
-emotional dysregulation |
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Term
| Define: behavior-Psychological dysfunction |
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Definition
| -checking reinforces the unrealistic belief by reducing the fear; impulse control |
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Term
|
Definition
-social norms and standards for deviance vary among cultures
-political dissidents: not culturally expected by current government |
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Term
| What is the politically correct label to give somebody with a mental illness? |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| -scientific study of psychological disorders |
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Term
| What is the difference between a scientist/practitioner and practitioner/scientist? |
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Definition
scientist/practitioner: (PsyD)Primarily researcher who also practices
practitioner/scientist: primarily practitioner who does research |
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Term
| 3 criteria for being a scientist-practitioner |
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Definition
1. Consumer of science
2. Evaluator of science/practice
3. Creator of science |
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Term
| What is a clinical description? |
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Definition
| how describe person's problem |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| how many new cases within a given year? |
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Term
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Definition
explain to client the diagnoses
tell them if it will get better or not |
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Term
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Definition
how it gets better faster
what can client do to get better? |
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Term
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Definition
-origins of a disorder
genetics, trauma, disease, etc... |
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Term
| List: 3 types of COURSES for psychological disorders |
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Definition
1. chronic course
2. time-limited course
3. episodic course |
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Term
|
Definition
| disorder has lasted a long time |
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Term
| Define: TIME-LIMITED course of a psychological disorder |
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Definition
| the disorder will improve without treatment in a relatively short period |
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Term
| Define: EPISODIC course of psychological disorders |
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Definition
| likely to recover from disorder in a few months, but reoccurrence is likely |
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Term
| List: different types of ONSET (2) |
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Definition
1. Acute onset
2. Insiduous onset |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| develops gradually over an extended period |
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Term
|
Definition
anticipated course of the disorder
ex: "the prognosis is good" = individual will get better
"the prognosis is guarded" = the outcome looks bad |
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Term
| What pieces of information should be included in the CLINICAL DESCRIPTION? |
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Definition
1. presenting problem/clinical description
2. prevalence
3. incidence
4. course
5. prognosis |
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Term
| we call the study of changes in behavior over time ________ |
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Definition
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Term
| We refer to the study of changes in abnormal behavior as ____ |
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Definition
| developmental psychopathology |
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Term
| Study across the entire age span is referred to as _______ |
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Definition
| life-span developmental psychopathology |
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Term
| What is the SUPERNATURAL MODEL of behavior? |
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Definition
| supernatural beings influence our behavior, thinking, and emotions |
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Term
| List 3 models of behavior |
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Definition
1. supernatural
2. biological
3. psychological |
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Term
|
Definition
-people become defined by their disorders
-judgment
-dehumanizing |
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Term
| Define: Mind-Body Connection |
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Definition
Biological processes influence behavior
behavior influences biological processes |
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Term
|
Definition
-affect our understanding of what is going on with a person
ex: ethnic background -> assumptions |
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Term
|
Definition
-Confidentiality
-professional boundaries
-Hippocratic oath
-APA generated code |
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Term
|
Definition
| knowledge systems generated by dominant thinkers |
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Term
| Define: Dominated Thinkers |
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Definition
well-educated, able to integrate existing knowledge system
limited class of people, privileged by class/gender (enables to be top tier) |
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Term
|
Definition
| -were beliefs are challenged, marginalized people have more opportunities to be heard |
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Term
| Psychological Disorders in the 14th Century (Supernatural) |
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Definition
| -Catholic Church warned about the dangers of evil, witches, demons |
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Term
| What treatments were popular in the 14th century? |
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Definition
| EXORCISM: religious ceremony to get rid of evil spirits |
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Term
| Psychological Disorders in 15th century |
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Definition
finally recognize depression and anxiety as an illness
CHURCH is still a strong influence |
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Term
|
Definition
Seven Deadly Sins: Sloth
In 15th century, lethargy and despair were considered a sin instead of mental illness |
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Term
| 14th and 15th century: treatments |
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Definition
-rest, happy and healthy environment, potions
-village took care of people. took turns |
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Term
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Definition
-became stressed after the division of the Catholic church
-turned on his own army when he heard a loud noise, because he thought that he was under attack
-later on started roaming the castle howling like a wolf, pretending he was made of glass, and destroying his own coat of arms
-people thought it was because of God's anger because the kind failed to take up arms and end the schism in the Catholic Church; or SORCERY |
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Term
|
Definition
-became stressed after the division of the Catholic church
-turned on his own army when he heard a loud noise, because he thought that he was under attack
-later on started roaming the castle howling like a wolf, pretending he was made of glass, and destroying his own coat of arms
-people thought it was because of God's anger because the kind failed to take up arms and end the schism in the Catholic Church; or SORCERY |
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Term
|
Definition
-people raved in the street in large groups
-mass hysteria?
-Posession? |
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Term
| Mass hysteria/emotional contagion |
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Definition
| experience of an emotion spreads to people around each other |
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Term
|
Definition
Moon & Stars
-no scientific evidence to support idea that moon/heavens have an effect on behavior
-astrology |
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Term
| Who is the father of modern Western medicine? |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
-written by Hippocrates
-noted that psychological disorders could be treated like any other disease |
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Term
|
Definition
-noted that psychopathology must be located in brain because brain is seat of wisdom and knowledge
-noted that environment might play a part in psycho-disorder |
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Term
| Hippocrates-Galen: humoral theory of psychological disorders |
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Definition
-psychological dysfunction is related to bodily fluids
-Blood, black bile, yellow bile, phlegm |
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Term
| Humoral Theory: List fluids + where they come from (4) |
|
Definition
blood (heart)
black bile (spleen)
yellow bile (liver)
phlegm (brain) |
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Term
| ____ theory was the first example of associating psychological disorder with chemical imbalance |
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Definition
| Humoral Theory (Hippocrates-Galen) |
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Term
| Greeks: List 4 basic qualities |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
STD caused by bacterial microorganisms entering the brain
-delusion of grandeur or persecution |
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|
Term
| most influential american psychiatrist of all time ______________ |
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Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
-editor of american journal of insanity
-thought that causes of psychopathology were ALWAYS physical
-should treat mental illness AS an illness
-treatments: rest, diet, proper room temperature
-created better hospital conditions |
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Term
|
Definition
Vietnamese physician began using increasingly higher dosages until patents convulsed and went into comatose
-some patients recovered after the comatose
INSULIN SHOCK THERAPY |
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Term
| Who invented INSULIN SHOCK THERAPY? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-accidentally discovered that a mild shock to the head produced a brief convulsion and memory loss
---wondered if it would treat depression |
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Term
|
Definition
*incorrectly* found out that those with epilepsy did not have schizophrenia
-thought that induced brain seizures would get rid of schizophrenia |
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Term
|
Definition
-1938
-treated depression patient by sending 6 small shocks to his brain, producing convulsions |
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Term
| When were the first effective drugs for severe psychological disorders created? |
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Definition
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Term
| Before the 50s, what were some popular medicinal drugs used to treat severe psychological disorders? |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
one of the founding fathers of modern psychiatry
-described schizophrenia |
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Term
| When did a scientific approach to psychological disorders begin? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what did Plato think the cause of psychopathology was? |
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Definition
-social and cultural influences
-learning |
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Term
| How did PLATO think that we should fix maladaptive behavior? |
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Definition
| -reeductate individual through rational discussion so that the power of reason would dominate |
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Term
| Who started the PSYCHOSOCIAL movement? |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| focus on psychological, social, and cultural factors |
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Term
| Aristotle: Psychosocial approach |
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Definition
-emphasized the influence of social environment
-early learning = important
-importance of fantasies, dreams, and cognitions
-advocated human treatment |
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Term
|
Definition
-treat patients as normal as possible in an environment that encouraged normal social interaction
-individual attention emphasized
-positive consequences for appropriate behavior |
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Term
| Who started MORAL THERAPY? |
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Definition
| French psychiatrist, PINEL |
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Term
| Horace Mann: Moral Therapy |
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Definition
| treated aggressive patients with moral therapy + the majority of them were no longer aggressive within a year after being released |
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Term
| 3 reasons for decline of behavior therapy |
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Definition
1. moral therapy works best when there are 200 or less patients (more individualized attention). immigrants came in after civil war and made mental hospitals have 2,000+ patients. immigrants were not thought of as being "equal" so they were treated badly
2. Dorthea Dix: made sure that everyone who needed mental therapy received it. increased numbers in hospitals.
3. middle of 19th century: Mental illness caused by brain pathology and incurable |
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Term
|
Definition
FREUD
-structure of mind and role of unconscious |
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Term
|
Definition
WATSON, PAVLOV, SKINNER
-learning and adaptation effects development of psychopathology |
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Term
| Leaders of behaviorism (3) |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
-Animal Magnetism: hypnotist
magnetism = fluid that can become unbalanced |
|
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Term
| who was the leader of the mental hygiene movement? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Bejamin Franklin: Animal Magnetism |
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Definition
-put animal magnetism to the test by performing a double-blind experiment
-people either drank regular water or magnetized water
-found that both groups got better: animal magnetism is SUGGESTION (placebo) |
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Term
|
Definition
-demonstrated that some techniques of mesmerism were effective with a number of psychological disorders
-tried to legitimize hypnosis |
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Term
|
Definition
HYPNOSIS
-while patients were under hypnosis, asked them to describe their problems, conflicts, and fears in as much detail as possible |
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Term
| What did Breur notice about his patients that he hypnotized? (2) |
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Definition
1. they were extremely emotional when they talked and felt relieved and improved afterwards
2. when conscious, they were not able to tap into their emotions as well....discovered UNCONSCIOUS! |
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Term
|
Definition
| release of (unconscious) emotional material under hypnosis |
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Term
|
Definition
Freud and Breur
-current understanding of relationship between current emotions and previous events |
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Term
|
Definition
Breur and Freud
-HYSTERIA
-father became ill + she had to take care of him. started losing her eyesight and feeling in her limbs
-Freud talked her through her issues with hypnosis + her hysterical ailments started to disappear |
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Term
| 3 major facets of psychoanalytic theory |
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Definition
1. structure of mind and the functions of personality that sometimes clash with each other
2. defense mechanisms that the mind defends itself from CONFLICTS
3. stages of early psychosexual development that provide gain from inner conflicts |
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Term
| Psychoanalytic theory: 3 parts of mind |
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Definition
ID: driven by pleasure, illogical, emotional
EGO: driven by reality, logical, rationale
SUPEREGO: moral principles, conscience |
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Term
|
Definition
-psychoanalytic approach
-struggles among id, ego, superego |
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Term
|
Definition
| unconscious protective processes that keep primitive emotions associated with conflicts in check so that the ego can continue its coordinating function |
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Term
|
Definition
-transfer feeling (usually negative) to a less=threatening person or object
ex: yelling at brother because your professor pissed you off today |
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Term
|
Definition
-direct potentially maladaptive feelings or impulses into socially adaptive behavior
ex: work, school, gardening |
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Term
| What are the 7 defense mechanisms? |
|
Definition
1. Denial
2. Displacement
3. Projection
4. Rationalization
5. Reaction Formation
6. Repression
7. Sublimation |
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Term
| Psychosexual Stages of Development |
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Definition
ORAL: need for food. sucking behavior
ANAL:
PHALLIC: genital self-stimulation
LATENCY
GENITAL |
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Term
|
Definition
self-psychology
ego is unable to regulate functions such as delaying and controlling impulses, or in marshaling appropriate defenses to strong internal conflicts
ANNA FREUD |
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Term
|
Definition
OBJECT RELATION
-study of how children incorporate images , memories, and values of person who is important to them |
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Term
|
Definition
-students of freud who came to reject his ideas
-Jung: Religious/spiritual drives are just as important as sexual
-COLLECTIVE UNCONSCIOUS
-Personality traits (extroversion vs introversion) |
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Term
|
Definition
-innate capacity for positive growth
- self-actualization
-treatment emphasized the importance of the therapeutic relationship |
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Term
|
Definition
unconditional positive regard
person-centered
HUMANIST |
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Term
|
Definition
| sxcitatory transmitter that "turns on" many different neurons |
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Term
|
Definition
| inhibiting neurotransmitter; inhibits transmission of info and action potentials |
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Term
|
Definition
| exposure and response prevention |
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Term
| 4 interacting factors in WESTERN view |
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Definition
behavioral
emotional
social
developmental |
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Term
| Dominant vs recessive genes |
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Definition
| -genetic defect can be on one gene |
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Term
|
Definition
| many genes involved in shaping behavior |
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Term
| you have __% of getting a psychological disorder, even with genes |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| ____ of personality traits are cognitive |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| heritability of cognitive ability is ___% |
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Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
determined by genetics
genetics and environmental effects are not hardwired; can change genetic structure with diet and learning |
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Term
| can change genetic structure with ___ and __ |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
genetic predisposition along with events that turn on genes
diathesis: vulnerability (ex: genetic makeup)
stress: activates genetic tendency |
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Term
| The smaller the vulnerability, the ___ the stress needed to activate is |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| CASPI: alleles and depression |
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Definition
people with LONG alleles are less suseptible to depression.
these genes produce neurons that help transmission of serotonin |
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Term
| Long alleles + depression |
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Definition
| less likely to have a major depressive episode after stressful events |
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Term
| short alleles and depression |
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Definition
decrease amygdala activity
depression |
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Term
| Hariri: antisocial behavior and genes |
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Definition
| found antisocial behavior was more likely with a certain genetic makeup in combination with maltreatment in childhood |
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Term
| reciprocal gene-environment model |
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Definition
genetic predisposition may increase the liklihood of experiencing stressful events
genetically determined tendency to create the very environmental risk factors that trigger genetic vulnerabilities |
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Term
| genes work ______ not _____ |
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Definition
| probalistically not determinally |
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Term
|
Definition
DEVIANCE
DISTRESS
DISABILITY |
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| response is generalized to similar stimuli |
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Term
|
Definition
| learn that a certain stimulus may not mean a reward; stop behavior |
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Term
|
Definition
| client reports on inner feelings an experience with certain stimulus |
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Term
|
Definition
suggested an empirical/scientific approach to psychology
LITTLE ALBERT EXPERIMENT
fluffy white rabbit -> loud noise |
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Term
| systematic desensitization |
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Definition
| training people to not be anxious or scare of certain stimuli |
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Term
| What topics are included in the behavioral model? |
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Definition
stimulus generalization
social learning
extinction
introspection |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| science of human behavior must be based on observable events and relationship between events |
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Term
| Classical Conditioning: WHO? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| define: classical conditioning |
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Definition
| -PAIRING natural unlearning response to neutral stimuli and unconditioned stimulus elicits conditioned response |
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Term
|
Definition
CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
-treatment: exposure and response prevention |
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Term
| Operant conditioning: WHO? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Define: Operant Conditioning |
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Definition
-voluntary behavior is controlled by consequences
behavior changes as a function of what follows that behavior |
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Term
| Environmental contingency |
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Definition
controlling behavior by manipulating consequences
ex: dog rolls over to get a treat
ex: token economies |
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Term
|
Definition
-survivor of depression
-worked with WATSON
-behavior controlled by outside forces and can be controlled with science |
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Term
|
Definition
successive reinforcement of behavior that approximates a final behavior
ex: reinforce stages/steps that lead to desired beavior |
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Term
| _______ = basis of behavioral therapy |
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Definition
| classical and operant conditioning |
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Term
|
Definition
1 cause for disorder
problem with one-dimensional model: other info often ignored; diverts attention from other factors an delays progress |
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Term
| What are the problems related to the ONE DIMENSIONAL MODEL? |
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Definition
| other info often ignored; diverts attention from other factors an delays progress |
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Term
|
Definition
-interdisciplinary
"system" of influences that cause/maintain suffering |
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Term
|
Definition
-may not remember events but learning has occurre
automatic
ex: learning how to swim |
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Term
|
Definition
| memory for particular events |
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Term
|
Definition
meaning of word interferes with processing color of print;
delay when words are associate wit emotions or problem
ex: delay when shown word like "knife" |
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Term
| What topics go under "COGNITIVE SCIENCE + UNCONSCIOUS" ? |
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Definition
Implicit learning
explicit learning
stroop paradigm |
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Term
| What is the difference between AFFECT and MOO? |
|
Definition
Affect: facial expression, body language
Mood: how you feel inside |
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Term
| Significance of mood and affect in psychopathology |
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Definition
Is there an INCONGRUENCY between their affect and mood?
ex: smiling while telling a sad story |
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Term
|
Definition
behavioral
psychological
cognition |
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|
Term
| describe flight or fight response |
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Definition
| Behavior -> physiological effect (amygdala sends signal) -> emotion (fear) -> flight or fight |
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Term
| harmful side to emotional dysregulation |
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Definition
-anger, hostility, emotional suppression, etc
-med students that are chronically angry are 7 times more likely to die of a heart attack before age 50 |
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Term
|
Definition
humans are feeling machines that think
emotion = complex collection of chemical and neural responses that form a pattern
changes state of body and brain structures! |
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Term
| What does HPAC axis stand for |
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Definition
| Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal cortical axis |
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Term
| HPAC axis: describe steps in fight or flight |
|
Definition
Anxiety an panic; fight or flight response
activation of sympathetic nervous system in response to fear
Amygdala sends message to hypothalamus
hypothalamus sends message to pituitary
pituitary sends message to adrenal gland
Adrenal gland produces epinephrine and norepinephrine + CORTISOL (stress hormone)
increase in heart rate and hydrolysis of glycogen to glucose |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| reciprocal gene-environment model: blood-injury-injection phobia |
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Definition
| people with B-I-I phobia may have a personality trait like impulsiveness that makes them more likely to be involved with accidents |
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Term
| 7 steps of transmission of info from neurons |
|
Definition
1. synthesis of nt an formation of vessicles
2. transport of nt down axon
3. release of nt
4. interaction of nt with receptor
5. separation of nt molecules from receptor
6. reuptake
7. vesicles without nt transport back to cell body |
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Term
| Baxter (1992) ocd patients |
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Definition
noticed normalized brain circuit in OCD patients, because meds and psychotherapy change brain structure and function
placebos and antidepressants change different parts of the brain |
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Term
| Psychosocial factors: Rhesus monkey study |
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Definition
2 groups of rhesus monkeys; decreased GABA
one with less control over environment: showed anxiety
one with more control: aggression |
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Term
|
Definition
through evolution; highly prepared for learning about certain kinds of objects/situations
spiders, toxic foods, snakes, etc |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| defensive reactions of ego determine behavior |
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|
Term
| object relations: KERBERG |
|
Definition
| study of how children incorporate images, memories, values of people who are important to them |
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Term
|
Definition
| importance of personality traits |
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Term
|
Definition
focused on feelings of inferiority; self actualization
basic quality of human nature = positive |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| crises/conflicts of 8 different developmental stages |
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Term
|
Definition
free association
intending to reveal repressed thoughts
dream analysis |
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Term
|
Definition
| patients come to relate to their therapist as they did to important figures in their childhood |
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Term
|
Definition
| therapists project some of their own personal issues and feelings onto patient |
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Term
|
Definition
in psychoanalysis:
patient does not resolve underlining conflicts, so more symptoms emerge after 1 has been eliminated |
|
|
Term
| what method do most psychotherapists employ? |
|
Definition
| psychodynamic psychotherapy |
|
|
Term
| 7 tactics of psychodynamic psychotherapy |
|
Definition
1. focus on affect and expression of patients emotions
2. exploration of patient's attempts to avoid topics or engage in activities that hinder progress of therapy
3. identification of patterns of patients actions, thoughts, feelings, experience, and relationships
4. emphasis on past experiences
5. focus on patient's interpersonal experience
6. emphasis on therapeutic relationship
7. exploration of patient's wishes and dreams |
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Term
| 2 features that characterize psychodynamic psychotherapy |
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Definition
1. significantly briefer than psychoanalysis
2. psychoynamic therapists de-emphasize the goal of personality reconstruction, focusing instead on relieving the suffering associated with disorder |
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Term
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Definition
| relationship of therapist and patient |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
client-centered therapy
therapist takes a passive role an tries to make as few interpretations as possible |
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Term
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Definition
| neurotransmitter is released, but it is quickly drawn back into the synaptic cleft into the same neuron |
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Term
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Definition
| increases activity of neurotransmitters by mimicking its effects |
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Term
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Definition
| decrease activity of neurotransmitters, block them |
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Term
| difference between antagonist and agonist |
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Definition
antagonist: blocks neurotransmitters
agonist: mimics effects of neurotransmitters |
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Term
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Definition
| produce effects opposite to those produced by neurotransmitter |
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Term
| study wit genetically reactive an emotional monkeys |
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Definition
-raised by calm mothers
-learned to be calm
-shows early parenting has profound effect on how behavior manifests
altered endocrine response to stress by affecting gene expression |
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Term
| 2 branches of nervous system |
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Definition
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Term
| ____ billion nerve cells in brain |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| autonomic nervous sysystem: 2 branches |
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Definition
| parasympathetic and sympathetic |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| denrites _____ messages and axons ___ messages |
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Definition
dendrites receive
axons send |
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Term
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Definition
| terminal buds at end of axon from which chemical messages are sent through synaptic cleft |
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