Term
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Definition
| The organization of sounds in time |
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Term
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Definition
| Pitch; dynamics; tone color; duration |
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Term
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Definition
relative lowness or highness of a sound.
Determined by frequency of its vibrations
fast = high
slow = low |
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Term
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Definition
| a sound that has a definite pitch |
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Term
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Definition
| the distance in pitch between two tones |
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Definition
| two pitches whose vibrational frequencies are multiples of each other |
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Definition
| distance between the lowest and highest pitches an instrument can produce |
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Term
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Definition
degrees of loudness or softness
determined by the amplitude of the vibrations: wide=loud; narrow=soft |
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Term
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Definition
| one tone played more loudly or longer or higher than the tones around it |
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Term
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Definition
the quality that distinguishes one instrument's sound from that of another
descriptive terms: bright, brilliant, dark, rich |
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Term
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Definition
| 7 tones (whole + half steps) |
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Term
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Definition
| 11 tones (all half steps) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| part of the tonal range of an instrument or voice. Tone color may vary from one to another |
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Definition
| any mechanism that produces musical sounds |
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Term
| 6 families of Western music |
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Definition
strings
woodwinds
brass
percussion
keyboard
electronic |
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Term
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Definition
| ordered flow of music through time; the pattern of durations of notes and silences in music |
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Term
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Definition
| Regular, recurrent pulsation that divides music into equal units of time; "what you tap your feet to" |
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Term
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Definition
| organization of beats into regular groups |
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Term
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Definition
| Group containing a fixed number of beats |
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Term
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Definition
in 2
examples:
Yankee Doodle
Oh! Suzannah
Dixie |
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Term
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Definition
in 3;
examples:
waltz
America
Star-Spangled Banner
Happy Birthday
Amazing Grace |
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Term
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Definition
in 4
examples: America the Beautiful
Battle Hymn of the Republic
Auld Lang Syne |
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Term
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Definition
in 6
examples:
Home on the Range
Greensleeves
Silent Night |
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Term
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Definition
| Rhythm in which the accented beat occurs where you would not expect it |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| Moderately slow; walking pace |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| indicates number of beats per minute |
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Term
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Definition
| a series of single notes that add up to a recognizable whole. It begins, moves, and ends; it has direction, shape, and continuity |
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Term
| How classical music is similar to a good novel |
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Definition
| introduction-->conflict-->climax-->resolution |
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Term
| How notes in a melody may move |
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Definition
| steps, leaps, or stay the same |
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Term
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Definition
| melody that moves mostly by steps |
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Term
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Definition
| melody that moves mostly by leaps |
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Term
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Definition
| span of notes. May be wide or narrow |
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| short part of a melody; they often come in balanced pairs |
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Term
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Definition
| repetition of a melodic pattern at a different pitch; often used in the Baroque period |
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Term
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Definition
resting place at the end of a phrase. May be partial or final.
Typically a progression from the dominant to the tonic chord |
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Term
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Definition
| the way chords are constructed and how they follow each other. Adds support, depth, and richness to music |
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Term
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Definition
| combination of 3 or more tones sounded at once (may be block or arpeggio) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| chord built on the first note of the scale |
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Term
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Definition
| chord built on the fifth note of the scale |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| refers to the presence of a central note, chord, and scale within a piece in relationship with all other tones in the competition (=tonality) |
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Term
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Definition
| basic pitches of a piece of music arranged in order from low to high or high to low. Major and minor are the two basic ones in Western music. |
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Term
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Definition
| sharp and flat signs following the clef; indicate which key the piece is in |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| central key; usually the beginning and the end |
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Term
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Definition
| how many different layers of sound are heard at once; whether they are melody or harmony; how they are related to one another. can be described as transparent, dense, thick, thin, heavy, or light |
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Term
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Definition
| single unaccompanied melody line |
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Term
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Definition
| simultaneous performance of 2 or more melodic lines of relatively equal interest |
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Term
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Definition
| technique of combining several different melodic lines into a meaningful whole |
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Term
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Definition
| one main melody accompanied by chords |
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Term
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Definition
| the organization of musical elements in time |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| creates forward motion, conflict, and change of mood |
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Term
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Definition
| some features are changed while others remain the same |
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Term
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Definition
A type of musical form (ternary)
example: Dance of the Reed Pipes from the Nutcracker Suite |
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Term
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Definition
| another term for polyphonic texture |
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Term
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Definition
when a melodic idea is presented by one voice or instrument then restated immediately by another
example: a round |
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Term
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Definition
| a characteristic way of treating the various musical elements: melody, rhythm, tone color, dynamics, harmony, texture, and form |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
violin
viola
cello
bass
guitar
harp |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| 2 notes played at once (stringed instruments) |
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Term
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Definition
| "throbbing" sound made by slightly wobbling the pitch of a note |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| quick up-and-down movement of the bow |
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Term
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Definition
| whistle-like tones made by lightly pressing a string |
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Term
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Definition
piccolo
flute
clarinet
oboe
bassoon
sax
recorder |
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Term
|
Definition
trumpet
trombone
horn (formerly "French" horn)
tuba |
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Term
| percussion (definite pitch) |
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Definition
timpani
glockenspiel
xylophone
celesta
chime |
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Term
| percussion (indefinite pitch) |
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Definition
snare
bass drum
tambourine
triangle
cymbals
whip
gong |
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Term
|
Definition
piano
harpsichord
organ
accordion |
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Term
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Definition
tape studio
synthesizer
MIDI |
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Term
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Definition
| places of learning in the Middle Ages; where the music happened! |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the most important form of music until the Romantic period |
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Term
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Definition
the official music of the Catholic Church until 1965--
Melody set to Latin text--
Sung without accompaniment--
Fluid rhythm, little sense of beat--
Melody intended to enhance the text of the mass and set the mood for prayer--
Not written down; learned by rote |
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Term
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Definition
1098-1179
One of the few medieval composers whose name was signed to the music--
Convent in Rupertsburg, Germany--
Educated--
Musician and visionary--
Herbalist--
"O Successores" |
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Term
| troubadours and trouveres |
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Definition
traveling singers in the Middle Ages
We have some of their words but usually not the music |
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Term
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Definition
| poem about the troubadour's life |
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Term
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Definition
medieval dance
One of the earliest surviving forms of instrumental music |
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Term
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Definition
| bowed string instrument of the Middle Ages |
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Term
|
Definition
| tubular wind instrument of the Middle Ages |
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Term
|
Definition
bowed string instrument of the Middle Ages
Plays the drone in Estampie |
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Term
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Definition
Medieval music consisting of Gregorian chant plus one or more additional melodic lines (usually parallel)
700-900 |
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Term
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Definition
| After 1150, the center of polyphonic music |
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Term
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Definition
| 1170-1200 this school developed rhythmic notation and measured rhythm |
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Term
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Definition
movement in which primary emphasis on humans rather than divine;
Renaissance movement;
Revival of Greek thought/culture |
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Term
| triple impression printing |
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Definition
| invented in 1501; necessary for printing music |
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Term
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Definition
Leading composers in the Renaissance were this.
France, Netherlands, Belgium |
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Term
| characteristics of Renaissance music |
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Definition
Vocal music more important than instrumental;
Music written to enhance the text
moderation |
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Term
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Definition
| representation in music of specific poetic images |
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Term
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Definition
| "The Golden Age of A Cappella music" |
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Term
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Definition
| in this period, polyphonic lines conceived linearly rather than harmonically; each has great rhythmic independence |
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Term
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Definition
| polyphonic choral composition made up of 5 sections of the ordinary mass |
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Term
Kyrie
Gloria
Credo
Sanctus
Agnus Dei |
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Definition
| 5 parts of the ordinary mass |
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Term
|
Definition
| polyphonic choral work set to a sacred Latin text other than the mass ordinary |
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Term
|
Definition
Flemish composer (1440-1521)
wrote "Ave Maria... Virgo Serena" |
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Term
| Ave Maria... Virgo Serena |
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Definition
Written by Josquin Desprez
4 voices
Uses imitation
duple-->triple-->duple
ends quietly and personally |
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Term
|
Definition
| music for several solo voices set to a short poem, usually about love |
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Term
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Definition
| another word for word painting |
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Term
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Definition
Renaissance music that combined homophonic and polyphonic textures. More unusual harmonies than motets
Began in Italy; spread to England |
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Term
|
Definition
book of Italian madrigals published with English lyrics;
Began the English madrigal craze |
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Term
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Definition
1575-1623
Wrote "As Vesta Was Descending" |
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Term
|
Definition
Written by Thomas Weelkes
Possibly to honor Queen Elizabeth |
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Term
|
Definition
| in this period, music was mainly written to order |
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Term
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Definition
| Music was the main form of diversion in these. |
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Term
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Definition
| In the baroque period, this person: supervised performances; composed music for operas, church, dinner, concerts; was the disciplinarian for the other musicians; repaired instruments; and served as the music librarian. |
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Term
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Definition
| old meaning: bizarre, flamboyant, elaborately ornamented |
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Term
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Definition
| new meaning: "fills space with action and movement" |
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Term
| How to become a musician in the baroque period |
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Definition
| Either by being born into it or apprenticing. Or in orphanages. |
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Term
Barbara Strozzi
Francesca Caccina
Elizabeth Claude Jaquet de la Guerre |
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Definition
| Three famous women composers of the baroque era |
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Term
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Definition
| in this time period, instrumental music finally rivaled vocal music for importance; polyphony returned. |
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Term
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Definition
| a characteristic of Baroque music--one mood per piece |
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Term
| Doctrine of the Affections |
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Definition
| Baroque period idea that humans could not experience more than one emotion at a time. Specific rhythms and keys were associated with specific moods. |
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Term
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Definition
| forward motion; motor-like |
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Term
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Definition
| baroque aria; ABA' form. A' = go back and do A again, but ornamented. |
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Term
| characteristics of baroque melody |
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Definition
opening melody heard again and again
sequence
ornamentation |
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Term
| characteristics of baroque dynamics |
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Definition
| periodic sudden shifts-->terraced dynamics |
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Term
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Definition
| baroque dynamic quality--sudden shifts like steps |
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Term
| characteristics of baroque texture |
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Definition
mostly polyphonic, with sequence/imitation
Soprano and bass the most important voices
More chordal |
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Term
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Definition
baroque accompaniment made up of a bass part usually played by 2 instruments: a keyboard and a low melodic instrument (almost always harpsichord);
arose during baroque period |
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Term
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Definition
| bass notes with figures (usually numbers) above to indicate chords |
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Term
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Definition
based on the violin family
small by today's standards--10-40 players
basso continuo part usually played by harpsichord + cello or oboe |
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Term
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Definition
| piece that sounds fairly complete but is actually part of a larger work |
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Term
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Definition
| where commoners got to hear great music in the baroque period |
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Term
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Definition
| although musicians were often well-paid by the courts, they were still this. |
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Term
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Definition
| small group of soloists pitted against a larger group of players (tutti)-->creats contrasts between loud and soft |
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Term
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Definition
| piece of music consisting of several movements that contrast in tempo and character
First and last movements often in ritornello form |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| typical 3 movements of a concerto |
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Definition
fast (vigorous, determined)
slow (quiet, lyrical, intimate)
fast (lively, carefree, dancelike) |
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Term
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Definition
form based on alternation between soloists and tutti.
Complete ritornello usually heard in 1st and last movements |
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Term
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Definition
means "all"
in a baroque concerto, usually 8-20 musicians, mainly strings and a harpsichord for the basso continuo
example: Brandenburg Concertos |
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Term
| Brandenburg concerto no 5, movement 1 |
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Definition
one of the concertos written by Bach to honor the Margrave of ___.
Solos: flute, violin, harpsichord
tutti: strings
terms: ritornello; concerto; contrast |
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Term
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Definition
| drama that is sung to orchestral accompaniment |
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Term
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Definition
| stars and secondary performers |
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Term
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Definition
| no solos; typically townspeople and soldiers |
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Term
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Definition
| typically not singers--provide dance numbers in an opera |
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Term
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Definition
| people who basically hold space on stage |
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Term
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Definition
| by the end of the baroque period, this was the star of the show! |
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Term
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Definition
| in an opera, must direct both the singers and the orchestra |
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Term
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Definition
| helps the actors with lines |
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Term
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Definition
| date of the beginning of opera in Italy |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| person who writes the text of the opera |
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Term
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Definition
| female opera singer with VERY high range; known for rapid scales and trills |
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Term
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Definition
| female opera singer with a light voice; plays roles that call for grace and charm |
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Term
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Definition
| female opera singer with a full, powerful voice; plays roles calling for passion and intensity |
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Term
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Definition
| male opera singer with a light, bright voice |
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Term
|
Definition
| male opera singer with powerful, heroic expression |
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Term
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Definition
| male opera singer who plays comic roles; can sing very rapidly |
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Term
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Definition
| male opera singer with very low range; can sing dignified roles |
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Term
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Definition
| song that is part of an opera. Solo voice with orchestral accompaniment. This piece will express the emotional state of the character |
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Term
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Definition
song from an opera that imitates the rhythms and pitch fluctuations of speech. Lot of repeated notes. Typically 1 note/syllable. Carries the action forward.
example: Tu se morta |
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Term
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Definition
| piece sung by 2, 3, or 4 singers. May be polyphonic. Mozart was the master of this. |
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Term
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Definition
| generates atmosphere and comments on the action. Modeled after the "Greek chorus" |
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Term
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Definition
| short musical composition, purely orchestral, that opens an opera and sets the overall dramatic mood |
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Term
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Definition
| orchestral introduction to later acts in an opera |
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Term
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Definition
| Italian "thinking group" that started opera in 1600. Wanted to create a new vocal style modeled on speech. |
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Term
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Definition
| wrote the first opera in 1600 |
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Term
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Definition
Wrote Orfeo
Wanted to create music of emotional intensity--invented pizzicato and tremolo |
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Term
|
Definition
earliest surviving opera.
Written by Monteverdi
story of Orpheus and Euridice |
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Term
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Definition
"You Are Dead"
Act II recitative from "Orfeo" by Monteverdi
terms: word painting, recitative |
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Term
|
Definition
violin teacher, composer, conductor for the music school of the Pieta
wrote "The Four Seasons" |
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Term
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Definition
music associated with a story, poem, idea, or scene
example: Spring by Vivaldi |
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Term
|
Definition
| Ritornello: birds--> streams--> thuinder/lightning--> birds again |
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Term
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Definition
| illustrates shepherd sleeping. Violas are barking dog throughout |
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Term
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Definition
| pastoral dance. Ritornello form. Dotted-note rhythm. |
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Term
|
Definition
Child prodigy, but not from a musical family
Employed in Germany but took an extended leave to England
Impresario, composer, performer |
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Term
|
Definition
Most known for English oratorios and Italian operas
Used polyphony and changes between major and minor keys |
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Term
|
Definition
By Handel.
Part of "The Messiah"
includes sudden changes among monophonic, polyphonic, and homophonic |
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Term
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Definition
| anthology of English madrigals written to honor Queen Elizabeth I |
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Term
|
Definition
a recitative accompanied by continuo alone, in which the continuo merely provides harmonic support; there are no melodic elements or ornamental elements to the continuo accompaniment
ex: Tu se morta |
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Term
|
Definition
large-scale composition for chorus, vocal soloists, and orchestra. Usually set to a narrative text.
ex: Handel's Messiah |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| the "talkie" part of an opera |
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Term
|
Definition
| put the words together for The Messiah |
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Term
|
Definition
| the number of movements in the Messiah |
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Term
| Ev'ry Valley Shall Be Exalted |
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Definition
Aria in Handel's Messiah
terms: word painting; aria; oratorio |
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Term
|
Definition
most famous choral work ever
moves between poly-, mono-, and homophonic |
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Term
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Definition
| period of music that corresponded to the "Age of Enlightenment" |
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Term
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Definition
| mid-a8th century composers entertaining their listeners with music offering contrasts of mood and theme. Typically light and graceful in character |
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Term
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Definition
| period characterized by balance |
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Term
strings
woodwind
brass
percussion |
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Definition
| 4 sections of orchestra in classical period |
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Term
1. fast--sonata form
2. slow-- theme & variations (sometimes sonata)
3. dancelike--minuet & trio or scherzo
4. fast--rondo or sonata rondo or sonata |
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Definition
| 4 movements of a symphony or string quartet |
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Term
|
Definition
| instruments of a string quartet |
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Term
|
Definition
| form of a single movement consisting of 3 main sections--exposition, development, recapitulation |
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Term
|
Definition
Theme 1 in tonic
Bridge
Theme 2 in new key
closing theme
Repeat |
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Term
|
Definition
| middle section of sonata form; themes "duke it out" in fragments, many keys |
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Term
|
Definition
3rd section of sonata form
Theme 1
Bridge
Theme 2
Closing theme
(all in tonic) |
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Term
|
Definition
| "tail"; optional ending to sonata form |
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Term
| Symphony no 40 in Gm 1st movement |
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Definition
Mozart symphony "Mr Mozart is in the closet"
in sonata form |
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Term
|
Definition
A basic musical idea is repeated over and over and changed each time
(ex: Haydn Symphony no 94 in Gmaj 2nd mvt (Surprise)) |
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Term
|
Definition
| typical 2nd movement of a symphony, songlike, almost always NOT in tonic key |
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Term
|
Definition
melodic idea that accompanies a main theme--results in polyphony
Used in Haydn Symph. no 94 in G maj (Surprise Symphony) |
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Term
|
Definition
| "joke"; same form as minuet and trio, but quicker, more energetic, rhythmic drive and rough humor |
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Term
|
Definition
| A work that is usually light in mood, meant for evening entertainment |
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Term
|
Definition
| graphed A A' A'' A''' etc. |
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Term
| Symphony no 94 in G major |
|
Definition
Symphony by Joseph Haydn, called the "Surprise Symphony"
Theme & variations form
Uses countermelody |
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Term
|
Definition
in 3
often the 3rd movement of a symphony
3 sections |
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Term
|
Definition
a (repeat) b a' (repeat)
c (repeat) d c' (repeat)
a b a' |
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Term
|
Definition
Mozart
3rd movement
serenade |
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Term
|
Definition
often the 4th movement in a symphony
upbeat, very stable due to constant return to theme A
ex: Beethoven String Quartet in C minor, op 18, no 4 |
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Term
|
Definition
| graphed A B A C A or A B A C A B A |
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Term
|
Definition
| A B A development section A B A |
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Term
| Beethoven String Quartet in C Minor, op 18, no 4, 4th movement |
|
Definition
Rondo form
Folklike theme--sounds like gypsy music |
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Term
|
Definition
| a group of works published together. Beethoven's no 18 was a collection of string quartets |
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Term
|
Definition
| an extended, ambitious composition usually lasting between 20 and 45 minutes, expoiting the extended range of tone color and dynamics of the classical orchestra. Usually 4 movements: fast, slow, dancelike, fast |
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Term
|
Definition
| three-movement work for an instrumental soloist and orchestra |
|
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Term
|
Definition
"Father of the Classical Period"
Worked for the Esterhazy family in Vienna
Very prolific |
|
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Term
|
Definition
child prodigy
died young
over 600 compositions |
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Term
|
Definition
Mozart opera
unique blend of comic and serious |
|
|
Term
Don Giovanni
Leporello
Donna Anna
Don Ottavio
The Commandante |
|
Definition
| characters of Don Giovanni opening scene |
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Term
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Definition
the bridge between the classical and romantic periods
first ideal of the "creative genius"
deaf |
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| only opera written by Beethoven; revolutionary theme |
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| Letter from Beethoven to unknown lover |
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Beethoven's 3rd symphony
Written to honor Napoleon, but later B scratched his name out and renamed it |
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| letter written by Beethoven to his brothers, confessing his deafness and his near suicide--but that his art would keep him going. |
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| two sets of symphonies written by Haydn to honor London |
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| "fate knocking at the door" |
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| name for the rhythm of Beethoven's Symphony no 5 |
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| name for the 2nd theme of Beethoven's Symphony no 5 |
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| cultural movement that stressed emotion, imagination, and individuality |
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| deliberate use of folksongs, dances, legends, and history of the composer's homeland |
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| music that draws on materials from a foreign land |
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| harmony that uses chords containing tones not in the prevailing key |
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| short piano pieces meant to be played in the home |
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melody returns in a later movement or section, but its character is transformed by changes in dynamics, orchestration, or rhythm
ex: Symphonie fantastique |
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| period in which piano became a fixture in every middle-class home |
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composition for solo voice and piano, in which poetry and music are intimately fused
ex: Erlkonig |
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| same music is used for each stanza of a poem (ex: hymns) |
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| new music for each stanza of a poem (ex: Erlkonig) |
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| Romantic art songs grouped in a set (ex: Schubert Die Winterreise) |
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Prolific composer in Vienna; died age 31
Lived Bohemian life with friends
Wrote over 600 songs |
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| parties in which only Schubert's music was played |
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Composer who wrote almost exclusively for piano
Polish/French
Made $$ teaching piano to daughters of the rich
Love affair with George Sand |
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| poem about dying boy, father trying to outrace death on horseback. Music by Schubert |
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wrote miniatures
No programmatic titles
colorful harmonic chord progressions
hint of melanchoy |
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| night piece--slow, lyrical, intimate piano composition |
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instrumental music associated with a story, poem, idea, or scene
ex: Symphonie fantastique |
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NON-program music
(ex: Brahms) |
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one movement, usually sonata form
NOT meant to usher in a stage work |
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program music composition in several movements
ex: Symphonie fantastique |
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| music to be performed before and during a play |
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Composer who fell in love with Shakespearean actress Harriet Smithson and wrote "Symphonie fantastique" about her
Well-known music critic
One of the first great conductors
wrote for HUGE orchestras |
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| symphonic poem or tone poem |
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one-movement piece; ex: Sorcerer's Apprentice
May be any form |
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| 5-movement symphony by Hector Berlioz about his obsession with Harriet Smithson |
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single theme meant to represent one thing
ex: "beloved" theme in Symphonie fantastique |
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feelings awakened during French Revolution and Napoleonic Wars
Resulted in new enthusiasm for folk songs, legends, dances, fairy tales |
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Polish/French composer
Worked in both NY and Prague
Wrote New World Symphony (Symphony no 9 in Emin) |
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Major opera composer
Italian
Wrote:
La Boheme
Mme Butterfly
Tosca |
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| 4 normal characters live in a flat in Paris. One falls in love with the girl next door, who dies of TB |
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Rodolfo--poet
Marcello--painter
Colline--philosopher
Schaunard--musician
Mimi--seanstress |
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Hildegard of Bingen
Medieval
Gregorian chant |
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| Ave Maria... Virgen serena |
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Josquin Desprez
Renaissance
motet |
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Thomas Weelkes
Renaissance
madrigal |
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| Brandenburg Concerto no 5 in D Major, mvt 1 |
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Bach
Baroque
concerto grosso |
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Monteverdi
Baroque
Recitative |
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| Symphony no 40 in G minor, mvt 1 |
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Mozart
Classical
sonata form |
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| Eine Kleine Nachtmusik, mvt 3 |
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Mozart
Classical
serenade (minuet & trio form) |
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| Symphony no 5 in C minor, mvt 1 |
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Beethoven
Classical
symphony (sonata form) |
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| Symphony no 94, "Surprise" symphony, mvt 2 |
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Haydn
Classical
theme & variations |
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| String quartet Op 18, no 4, mvt 4 |
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Beethoven
Classical
string quartet (rondo form) |
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Berlioz
Romantic
program symphony |
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| Prelude to the Afternoon of a Faun |
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Schoenberg
20th-c.
song cycle |
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| Five Pieces for Orchestra |
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Webern
20th-c.
orchestral composition |
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| Sonatas and Interludes for Prepared Piano |
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combinations of 2 chords heard at once
20th-c. |
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chord made up of tones only a half step or whole step apart
20th-c. |
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use of 2 or more keys at once
20th-c. |
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2 keys used at once
20th-c. |
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| absence of tonality or key |
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developed by Schoenberg
Equal prominence given to each of the 12 chromatic tones |
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| 2 or more contrasting, independent rhythms at the same time |
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| motive or phrase that is repeated persistently at the same pitch throughout a section |
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| scale of 6 notes each a whole step apart |
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movement in art showing light and reflections rather than objects
Debussy's music |
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Movement in 20th-c. music to evoke primitive power through percussive sounds, intense rhythm.
ex: Stravinsky Rite of Spring |
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