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computer metaphor
changes in memory processes and stores
accounts for memory change over lifespan |
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attempts to identify brain structures involved in encoding, storage and retrieval of info,
examines changes in structure/function with age |
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We seek out useful information
We can only deal with a limited amount of information
We store information for later use
assumptions of ___ ______ |
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| first type of memory activated when we perceive something; details |
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Initial storage system
Very brief storage of info. < .5 sec
memory of info depends on attention
Age differences are not typically found at this stage |
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Passive retention of information
15 sec. duration
minimal age differences observed |
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active manipulation of info
Plays a critical role in encoding, storage and retrieval
Less passive than STM
But has limited capacity s well
shows a greater age-related decline
-Declines in ability to attend to more than one task
-Slower processing rates
-Less efficient transfer of contents to long term memory |
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| ______ & _____ memory declines as a function of age |
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| concerning memory we can test for ___ & ____ |
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| remembering to do something in the future is called _____ memory |
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how to do something to accomplish a task
o over the life span, memory doesn’t decline
this is called ______ memory |
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“hear music on the radio and try & figure out which band is playing”
this is called the ____ __ ___ ____ ______ |
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| tip of the tounge phenomenon |
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| refers to some people have problems remembering terms because they can’t inhibit extraneous stimuli |
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| trying to teach an old dog new tricks is a ____ task. There is a decline in these tasks as we age because it deals with _____ intelligence. |
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we become better integraters as we get older, we use dialectical thinking to a greater extent
this is the idea of _____ thinking based on the ____ approach |
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| integrative/ psychometric |
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| o As you get older, expertise ______ decline as a function of age |
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Remembering the meaning of words and concepts that are not tied to specific occurrences of events in time
____ memory |
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Conscious recollection of information from a specific event or point in time
____ memory |
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| the most researched area of memory is the _____ memory |
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_________ processing: structural encoding emphasizes the physical structure of the stimulus
Is the word written in caps? |
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____ processing:
phonemic encoding emphasized what a word sounds like
Does the word rhyme with weight? |
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______ processing
semantic encoding emphasizes the meaning of verbal input
Would the word fit in the sentence…”he met a __________ on the street”? |
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Low demands on attentional resources
Information gets in without conscious attention
____ processing |
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_____ processing
Going on in working memory
Uses all available attentional resources
We are aware of processing |
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Recollection of events that never occurred
A diminished ability to recollect specific events
Thus, what is easily remembered (familiar) becomes ____ |
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Knowledge about how memory works and what we believe is true about it
-age difference! older people know less
View memory as less stable
Expect that their memory will deteriorate
Perceive they have less control over memory |
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explicitmemory -recall is effortful
implicit memory- unconscious & effortless
external cues-provided in env. to promote recall
internal cues- processes that individ performs
O- AHA moment! |
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reading books, magazine, newspapers and watching tv & movies
these are all called |
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| 2 levels of processing for memory for discourse |
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basic- text based, detailed
situational- higher level processing, main ideas
older adults use more integrative style
younger use more literal style |
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| basic idea of attention is that |
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| attention is a limited resource |
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| ______ reserve- Less flexibility, effort in adapting to the environment |
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| older adults who speak FOUR or more languages had the best _____ state independent of education |
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Refers to steady world-wide rise in test scores
-In the last 50 years mean IQ scores have increased more than 15 points- A FULL STANDARD DEVIATION |
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• Examine qualitative differences in adult’s thinking
• Focuses on the WAYS in which people think and changes that occur with age
o Less emphasis on producing a correct answer
these are factors in the ____ _____ approach |
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-knowledge acquired through experiences & education in a particular culture
-affected by quality of cultural env.
hold up better over time
_____ intelligence |
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• makes one a flexible and adaptive thinker
• involves drawing inferences & connecting concepts independent of knowledge and experience
• viewed as the genetically determined- inherited aspect of intel
• can’t change easily w/interviention
____ intelligence |
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focus on processing components involved in intel behavior
o Ex/ working memory |
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o Emphasis on developmental changes in modes and styles of thinking
• Ex/ dialectical reasoning |
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measuring intel as a score on a standardized test
____ approach |
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endpoint of cognitive development acquired during adolescence
• characterizes all adult thought
characteristics
• reasoning about abstract concepts in a systematic way
• emphasizes hypothetical-deductive thought
• the goal is the identification of a single correct solution
• unconstrained by reality
• only about 60-75% of American adolescents can solve any of these problems
o only 30% of adults are fully in this stage
• research indicates that older adults infrequently use it |
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| formal stage of piaget's theory |
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| wisdom, post formal thinking and advanced moral reasoning are the 3 elements of _____ thought |
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o Ability to: grasp paradoxes, reconcile contradictions and make & accept compromises
context affects action
this is defining ____ according to _____ |
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o Use of it isn’t solely an intellectual exercise; emotions are involved as well
use logos (objective) and mythos (subjective)
this is defining ____ according to _____ |
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| ______ may be curtailed by isolation, deprivation of meaningful interactions with others |
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| Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning |
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| 3 levels, pre-post conventional morality |
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| _____ argued values of justice and fairness are masculine |
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| Gilligans levels of moral development |
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| orientation to self, morality of care, and morality of non-violence |
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____ _____ approach- focus is on:
• whats important to people, their goals & their major concerns in life
at different times in their lives |
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____ approach: focus is on
• what gives a person an identity or sense of self
• have a story of our lives which will evolve with age |
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______ approach: focus is on:
• the personality characteristics that are consistent across different contexts
• characteristics can be compared along a continuum
• biased towards view that there isn’t much change in personality |
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| the big 5 dispositional traits |
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o openness to experience
o conscientiousness
o extraversion
o agreeableness
o neuroticism (or emotional stability) |
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| as we age, we believe the big 5 change to most important being ____ and least being ___ |
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neurotic/ agreeableness
NEOCA |
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| trait stability, traits are set in plaster at age |
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| intimacy vs isolation, generativity vs self absorption, integrity vs despair |
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o we interpret the same behavior of 2 individs differently because of stereotypes
o ex an older person’s failures in memory are viewed as more serious than a memory fail in a young adult
o young adults generally judge older adults who are forgetful more harshly than older adults judge other older adults
known as |
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| age based double standard |
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o One’s sense of control depends on which domain, such as intelligence or health, is being assessed
o Perceived control over one’s health remains stable until the early _____ |
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| with age ____ control increases, ____ control decreases |
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_____ control bringing the environment into line with one’s desire & goals
• Action is directed toward changing the external world
• Similar to Brand’s assimilative activities |
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_____ control- bringing oneself in line with the environment
• Goal is to minimize losses
• Similar to accommodative activities |
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| the problem with mental health is |
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| its difficult to evaluate just by symptoms |
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| accounts for 50% of all dementia |
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