Term
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Definition
| volume of blood in ventricle after atrial contraction and ventricular filling |
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Term
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Definition
| tension or pressure that must be generated by ventricle of the heart in order to eject blood |
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Term
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Definition
consistent elevation of systemic arterial blood pressure.
diagnosed at sustained values greater than 140/90.
Systolic hypertension is the most significant factor for target organ damage. |
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Term
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Definition
Specific etiology unknown, likely a combo of genetic and environmental factors.
Asymptomatic |
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Term
| Isolated systolic hypertension |
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Definition
elevated systolic blood pressure with a normal diastole (SBP>140, DBP<90).
more common in older adults.
be caused by the loss of elasticity in large arteries related to atherosclerotic changes (aortic stiffening).
increased pulse pressure (difference between systolic and diastolic bp) |
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Term
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Definition
low bp with standing
causes: altered body chemistry, drugs, prolonged immobility, starvation, exhaustion, volume depletion, venous pooling.
S/SX: dizziness, blurred vision/loss of vision, syncope. |
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Term
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Definition
| plaque, platelets, fibrin and cellular debris which serves to narrow the coronary artery lumen impeding blood flow and essentially starving the myocardium of oxygen. |
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Term
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Definition
recurrent predictable chest pain (CP).
lasts 3-5min, relieved by rest or nitro
casued by myocardial ischemia. |
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Term
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Definition
vasospasm not occlusion
unpredictable cp
occurs almost exclusively at rest, often at night during REM sleep. |
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Term
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Definition
Complicated plaque destabilization causes sudden occlusion and ischemia.
Ischemia is reversible but is usually a sign of eminent infarction, especially if angina occurs at rest.
manifests as dyspnea, anxiety, and diaphoresis and is worse with each episode. |
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Term
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Definition
complication of untreated Rheumatic fever (starts with sore throat or impetigo).
characterized by scarring and deformities of cardiac structures (particularly Mitral valve).
abnormal immune response to bacterial infection with Group A strep, in a genetically predisposed person, which leads to autoimmune response that inflammes and scars heart tissue. |
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Term
| S/Sx of rheumatic heart disease |
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Definition
| carditis (EKG changes), polyarthritis, corea, erythema marginatum (rash on trunk) |
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Term
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Definition
Most common vessel is aorta.
effects pt's ability to breath/swallow d/t pressure from outpouching on esophagus and lungs.
catastrophic if ruptures.
painful tearing sensation with rupture d/t tearing of vessel wall. **will c/o sigificant back or abd pain, like they will be screaming and you will see a pulsating abd.** |
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Term
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Definition
AKA congestive heart failure.
either systolic or diastolic failure. |
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Term
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Definition
inability of the heart to generate adequate output to perfuse tissue.
The weakened or compromised myocardium is rendered incapable of adequate contractility and is further challenged by an increased preload. |
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Term
| Diastolic L heart failure |
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Definition
may occur in isolation, or with systolic failure.
Etiology is due to decreased ventricular compliance.
cause:hypertension-induced myocardial hypertrophy and ischemia with resultant ventricular remodeling. |
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Term
| S/Sx Systolic L heart failure |
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Definition
"Left to the Lungs"
dyspnea, orthopnea, cough of frothy sputum, fatigue, decreased urinary output and edema. |
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Term
| S/Sx Diastolic L heart failure |
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Definition
| initially dyspnea upon exertion and fatigue. The end product is pulmonary edema. |
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Term
| Right-sided heart failure |
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Definition
AKA cor pulmonale.
Increased volume in R ventricle d/t obstruction in lungs.
most often results from left-sided heart failure, or from COPD, CF, ARDS. |
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Term
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Definition
| jugular vein distention, peripheral edema (extremity swelling), hepatosplenomegaly and possible portal hypertension, ascites. |
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Term
| Peripheral Artery disease |
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Definition
Is a general term for atherosclerosis which affects perfusion to the limbs, usually lower limbs.
Is often asymptomatic but can cause intermittent claudication which leads to pain with exercise.
prevelent in DM pts. |
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Term
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Definition
pain with exercise, cool, hairless extremity with diminished pulses that is purple in color.
NO SWELLING!!! |
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Term
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Definition
aka: Thromboangiitis obliterans
seen predominantly in young males who are heavy tobacco smokers.
pathology involves t-cell activation, immune, and inflammatory process within arteries leading to vasospasm and occlusionof small and medium arteries in hands, feet, and toes.
Most important therapy is complete cessation of tobacco consumption. |
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Term
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Definition
Is most prevalent in young women.
usually seen SECONDARY to other systemic conditions.
vasospastic condition affecting small arteries and arterioles in the fingers, sometimes toes, and is often triggered by exposure to cold or emotional stress.
S/Sx: Changes in skin color and sensation. |
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Term
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Definition
PRIMARY vasospastic disease
endothelial damage with imbalance in endothelium-derived vasodilators and vasoconstrictors. |
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Term
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Definition
complication of chronic venous insufficiency (return flow effected) whereby sluggish circulation, pooling and hypoxia deprive local tissue of needed nutrient delivery and waste removal.
inadequate venous return leads to venous HTN, stasis, and tissue hypoxia. Inflammation RXN in vessels leads to FIBROSCLEROTIC REMODELING of skin causing ulceration. |
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Term
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Definition
most common form of arteriosclerosis.
thickening and hardening of the vessel are caused by the accumulation of intraarterial fat and fibrin within the arterial wall = lesion called a plaque.
It is not a single disease but a process that can affect vessels
throughout the body.
As plaque thickens and hardens it decreaes O2 to area that that artery feeds causing ischemic conditions like in PAD, MI, and stroke. |
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Term
| Pathophysiology for atherosclerosis |
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Definition
Inflammation within arterial wall causes lesions progress from endothelial injury & dysfunction to fatty streak to fibrotic plaque to complicated lesion.
blood in complicated lesion/plaque can cause vessel occlusion. More complicated = bigger occlusion.
s/sx related to location of plaque. |
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Term
| Risk factors for atherosclerosis |
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Definition
| smoking, hypertension, diabetes, increased LDL, decreased HDL, & autoimmunity, insulin resistance, infection, and periodontal disease. |
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Term
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Definition
| Chronic disease of the arterial system. Abnormal thickening and hardening of vessel walls. refers to a stiffening of the arteries. |
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Term
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Definition
Mitral valve is between L atrium and L ventricle.
the anterior and posterior cusps of the mitral valve billow upward (prolapse) into the atrium during systole.
Autosomal dominant and X linked inheritance pattern.
due to a genetic or environmental disruption of valvular development in the fifth or sixth week of gestation.
Most common valve disorder in the USA, mostly found among young women.
2 kinds: symptomatic and asymptomatic |
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Term
| diagnosis of Mitral valve prolapse |
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Definition
| Usually diagnosed though auscultation of a mid-systolic click or a regurgitation murmur, or by echo. |
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Term
| S/Sx of symptomatic mitral valve prolapse |
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Definition
| palpitations, tachycardia, syncope, fatigue, weakness, dyspnea, chest tightness, anxiety, depression, panic attacks, atypical chest pain. |
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