Term
|
Definition
| use light energy and make organic compounds from inorganic materials (algae can too). |
|
|
Term
| What is the structural component of the cell wall of plants (and some algae, etc.)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most common organic compound on earth? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the only region of the plant in which cells are able to divide? |
|
Definition
meristematic tissue.
ex) roots, where leaves grow, under bark, etc. |
|
|
Term
| The life cycle of plants includes the alteration of: |
|
Definition
| haploid and diploid stages |
|
|
Term
| Terrestrial plants of today have evolved with a dependence on _____. |
|
Definition
water.
plants have developed an elaborate system for obtaining, moving, using and retaining water for growth and reproduction.(when to grow, how to grow, where to grow) |
|
|
Term
| As of 2004, _______ species of plants have been identified. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mosses, ferns, herbaceous plants, woody plants, algae, etc. |
|
|
Term
| What is the Earth's biomass mostly composed of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The biggest living things on earth: |
|
Definition
sequoia tree in Nevada.
23000 to 27000 years old. 275 ft tall 12 million lbs. general sherman |
|
|
Term
| What makes up the base of the food chain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
modify and stabilize climates.
create and hold down soil.
supply oxygen to Earth's atmosphere to support animals. |
|
|
Term
| Most ecosystems rely on what for their energy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What harnesses the energy from the sun? |
|
Definition
photosynthetic organisms.
exceptions to this, such as chemosythetic archaea which derive energy from the bread down of sulfur rich compounds around deep sea hydrothermal vents. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| harvest the sunlight and turn it into biomass |
|
|
Term
| Role of primary consumers |
|
Definition
| consume biomass made by producers, then are consumed by others. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| each link in the chain of consumption (food chain) |
|
|
Term
| Less energy is available at higher trophic levels. This is due to.... |
|
Definition
| only a fraction of energy used by organisms at each level is converted to biomass. It is lost in respiration. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
dwarf mistletoe- eat pine
corpse flower- indonesia, eat vine |
|
|
Term
| How efficient are plants at converting the sun's energy into organic compounds? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| sunlight to biomass efficiency of 1.5% |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| sunlight to biomass efficiency of 8% |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the highest producer of biomass? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the lowest producer of biomass? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What percent of modern medicines are made from plants first used traditionally? (WHO) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Greek physician Hippocrates prescribes the bark and leaves of the willow tree to relieve pain and fever. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Bayer distributes aspirin powder to physicians to give to their patients. Aspirin is soon the number one drug worldwide. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
fuel derived from recently dead biological material.
Biofuel can theoretically be produced from any carbon source, though the most common is photosynthetic plants such as wheat, maize, sugarcane, oilseeds, cassava, palm oil. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| derived from long dead biological material |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| grow crops high in either sugar (sugar cane, sugar beet, and sweet sorghum) or starch (corn/maize) , and then yeast ferment to produce ethanol. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| grow plants that contain high amounts of vegetable oil, such as oil palm, soybean, canola,. When there oils are heated, their viscosity is reduced, and they can be burned directly in a diesel engine, or the oils can be chemically processed to produce fuels such as biodiesel. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Carbon Neutral
2. Less likely to increase atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases
3. the use of biofuels also reduces dependence on petroleum and enhances energy security
(producing energy without a net increase of carbon into the atmosphere because the plants used to produce the fuel have removed CO2 from the atmosphere, unlike fossil fuels which return carbon which is stored beneath the surface for millions of years into the air. |
|
|
Term
| Approximately how many plants have been used by humans as food? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 300,000 years ago, who gathered pine nuts, walnuts, hazelnuts and rosehips? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| About how many plants that have been used by humans have been domesticated as food crops? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many species occupy 75% of cultivated land? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Of the big 17, what are the 8 cereals? |
|
Definition
| wheat, corn, rice, barley, oats, rye, sorghum, millet |
|
|
Term
| The 8 cereals provide ___%of the earths consumed energy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The 8 cereals provide ____% of the protein consumed on earth |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What three grains make up 75% of the world's grain production? |
|
Definition
wheat, corn and rice.
what and rice are food staples, corn is also a dominant source of livestock feed. |
|
|
Term
| How many people are projected to be on the planet by 2042? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Food production must increase by ___% by 2030 to meet demand. (UN) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many people are undernourished worldwide? (FAO) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Agriculture began ____ years ago. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Humans were originally a ____ society. _______ was important in the building of complex society. |
|
Definition
hunter-gatherer
agriculture |
|
|
Term
| Vavilov (early 1900s) determined there were how many centers of crop origin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Jack Harlan concluded that crops came from three large independent centers: |
|
Definition
Near East and Africa.
China and Southeast Asia.
Mexico and South America. |
|
|
Term
| Why do we care where crops originate? |
|
Definition
| Look for disease/insect resistance as well to locate wild relatives, related species and new genes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
present day Iraq, Syria, Nile river Valley.
early center of domestication. |
|
|
Term
| Crops with origins in the fertile crescent (6) |
|
Definition
wheat and barley (8000 and 9000 BC)
lentils, chickpeas, flax, peas. |
|
|
Term
| What is domestication? (plants) |
|
Definition
| To train (or adapt) a plant to live in a human environment and be of use to humans |
|
|
Term
| What were the first crops to be domesticated? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How was domestication done? |
|
Definition
Domesticated through the plants vegetation (ex. banana, grape, potato, etc.)
through seed propagation (harvest a wild crop to use the seed to sow the next crop) |
|
|
Term
| What type of seeds would early farmers prefer? |
|
Definition
the biggest, tastiest, and easiest to harvest.
big seeds, seeds that stay in the inflorescence, and plants whose seeds can be seeded the next growing season and readily grown. ex)wheat |
|
|
Term
| What was Yali's question to Jared Diamond that started his research in Guns, Germs, and Steel? |
|
Definition
| Why do white men have so much cargo? |
|
|
Term
| The first area of domestication of plants and animals was? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why did hunter-gatherer groups not build more complex societies? (2) |
|
Definition
Constant transition and constant work, had no time to do arts, etc.
It takes a considerable amount of energy to hunt and gather.
The group would also have also had to move with the animals to have a food source. |
|
|
Term
| Why don't Papa New Guinea native crops allow for faster society building? (3) |
|
Definition
1. Lack essential proteins
2. can't be stored long
3. labor intensive to farm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| classification according to similarities and differences. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
are often region specific.
ex)foxtail, millet and green foxtail refer to the same plant by some people and totally different plants by other people |
|
|
Term
| Who created the Binomial System? |
|
Definition
| Swedish physician. Linnaeus (1707-1778) developed this naming system based on the latin language. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
classification based on the evolutionary relationships or organisms.
Universally accepted for naming and identifying plants around the world.
Uses Latin.
Based on a pyramid structure of increasing similarities.
Genus and species names are always underlined or italicized. |
|
|
Term
| International Code of Botanical Nomenclature |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Kingdom- plant
Division- spermatophyta (seed bearing pants)
Class- angiospermae (covered seeds)
Sub-Class- monocotyledonae (1 cotyledon)
Order- Poales (grasses and sedges)
Family- gramineae (grasses)
Sub-family- festucoideae
Tribe- hordeae
Genus- Triticum
Species- aestivum
Variety or Cultivar- Laura |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Other Classification Systems (8) |
|
Definition
| agronomic use, life cycles, leaf retention, plant structure, climatic adaptation, photo-respiration type, day-length requirement, temperature types |
|
|
Term
| Agronomic Use: cereals harvested for their seed |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Agronomic Use: grown for seed |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Agronomic Use: grown for vegetative parts for animal feed |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Agronomic Use: grown for edible oil |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Agronomic Use: edible vegetative parts for humans |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Agronomic Use: wood/straw for heat energy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Agronomic Use: for clothing, ropes, etc |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Agronomic Use: from plant sources |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Agronomic Use: ex) canary seed for bird food, biofuels, etc |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| germinate, produce seed and die within a year |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| most common, life cycles between spring and fall ex) spring wheat, canola, etc. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| germinate in the fall, grow in the spring and summer and die in the fall (within 12 months) ex) fall rye, winter wheat, etc. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| completes life cycle in 13 to 24 months. Vegetative growth first year and second season produce seed. Ex) sweet clover, carrots, beats, radish, etc. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Live for several years and can produce seed each year. Ex) alfalfa, trees, etc. |
|
|
Term
| Leaf Retention is based on... |
|
Definition
| seed production of each category but the obvious difference is whether it drops its leaves in autumn. Pertains to trees. |
|
|
Term
| 2 Categories of Leaf Retention |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Doesn't drop leaves in fall.
evergreen. spruce, pine, fir, etc. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
drops leaves in fall.
willow, maple, birch, oak, etc. |
|
|
Term
| 3 Structure Classifications |
|
Definition
| Herbaceous Plants, Woody Plants, Vines |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| soft succulent stems that do not persist through winter |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stems which develop secondary tissue and persist for several years. ex) bark on trees |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| weak stems and need support. These can be woody (grapes) or herbaceous plants. |
|
|
Term
| Climate Adaptation: Temperate Plants |
|
Definition
| Western Canada and central great plains have a harsh winter therefore plants must be short seasoned or hardy plants. Live for all 4 seasons |
|
|
Term
| Climate Adaptations: Tropical/Sub-Tropical Plants |
|
Definition
typically tender plants and can't tolerate frost or cool temperature
Have 2 seasons: dry and rainy |
|
|
Term
| Photorespiration Type: 2 Types |
|
Definition
C4- such as corn, sorghum (more productive plants, like hot temperatures)
C3- such as wheat and barley (more productive at milder temperatures) |
|
|
Term
| Day-Length Requirement: 3 Classifications |
|
Definition
| Long Day Plants, Short Day Plants, and Day Neutral Plants |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| require lengthy periods of daylight before they will flower and set seed. ex) cereals and yellow mustard. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| must have shorter light periods to trigger flowering and seed set. ex) soybean and rice |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| not affected by day length. Some crops have been purposely selected to be day neutral in order to accommodate winter breeding nurseries. (grow in off season in green house) |
|
|
Term
| 2 Temperature Type Classifications |
|
Definition
| Cool season and Warm season |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tomatoes, peppers, soybeans |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| include grasses such as cereal crops, forage grasses, and some weeds. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| include broad leaf plants such as the legumes, and mustard family (canola, mustard) and some weeds. |
|
|
Term
| Why do we care if a plant is monocot or dicot? (7) |
|
Definition
| Different: seed structure, germination, growth, transportation of material, flowering characteristics, herbicides, and breeding methods. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| one cotyledon. Large endosperm containing stored food. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| plumule enclosed and protected by coleoptile until the shoot is above ground level |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Parallel venation. Long and narrow leaves divided into sheath and blade. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reproductive structures enclosed in lemma and palea. Flowers (called florets) grouped in spikelets. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| two cotyledons. Food storage usually in the cotyledons. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Lacking a coleoptile. Cotyledons in some species will be raised above in soil surface and function initially as leaves. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| network of veins. Shape variable. Leaves usually divided into petiole and blade. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Reproductive structures usually enclosed in sepats and petals. Arrangement variable. |
|
|
Term
| Cells are building blocks of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cells are mostly made up of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| provides the cell with structural support and protection, and also acts as a filtering mechanism. |
|
|
Term
| 3 Carbohydrates that make up the cell wall |
|
Definition
| cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| strengthens the cell wall (more lignin=more structure) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
semi-permeable.
allows water and nutrients in and prevents larger molecules from escaping. Very important in taking up nutrients, moving sugars, etc. |
|
|
Term
| How much water is the cytoplasm made up of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cytoplasm contains organic and inorganic substances like: |
|
Definition
| salts (inorganic), carbohydrates (organic), and proteins (organic). |
|
|
Term
| Reactions for growth occur where in the cell? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
membrane lined organelle in the cytoplasm.
serve as collection and storage area for products and wastes produced by the cell.
Generally contain lots of water and can account for the majority of the cell's volume. Helps maintain the shape of the cell. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sites of manufacture and storage of important chemical compounds used by the plant cell. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| specialized for long term starch storage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increased production of color pigments (red, yellow, etc) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Chlorophyll, carotenoids, anthocyanins, tannins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
brown.
not present in growing season.
oaks |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
red.
not present in growing season |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many chloroplasts does each cell contain? |
|
Definition
| between 20 and 100 chloroplasts. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cells energy generators. several hundred within a cell. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when mitochondria breakdown the products of photosynthesis into useable energy for the plant. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| maintain the integrity of the DNA and to control the activities of the cell |
|
|
Term
| What is in the nucleus of a Cell? |
|
Definition
| genetic material organized in chromosomes (DNA). The same genetic material is found in every nucleus in a organism. |
|
|
Term
| How many pairs of chromosomes does wheat have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many chromosomes does barley have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many chromosomes does argentine canola have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
composed of a specific order of bases.
Have instructions for making proteins.
Genes code for proteins and proteins make an organism what it is. |
|
|
Term
| Why do some cells become cells of the root and some of the leaf? |
|
Definition
| because different parts of DNA are turned on in different cells. Every cell has the same DNA. |
|
|
Term
| What does a Genetic Engineer Do? |
|
Definition
| manipulates genes and produces living organisms tailored for a specific purpose. |
|
|
Term
| Genetic engineers can move DNA from... |
|
Definition
| most species to any other species |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cells specialize to perform certain tasks in the plant. results in wide variety of cells. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| continuous organized masses of similar cells |
|
|
Term
| 3 important tissues in plants are |
|
Definition
| xylem, phloem, meristematic tissue |
|
|
Term
| Meristematic tissue is responsible for plant |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| apical meristems, lateral meristems (or cambium), intercaloury meristems |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| regions that remain immature and are able to divide continuously |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
at the tip of roots and shoots.
growth points that result in the increase in length of both the shoots and the roots.
Make the plant taller and the roots deeper |
|
|
Term
| Lateral Meristems or Cambium |
|
Definition
| increase the girth or width of the plant. Makes dicot species bigger. |
|
|
Term
| Where is the Cambium located? |
|
Definition
| In woody species, just below the bark. results in growth rings. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
in grasses, located at the nodes.
Between the regions of mature tissue, such as at the base of mature leaves, which are themselves located on mature stem tissue. |
|
|
Term
| Location of what meristems are determined by plant responses to management such as grazing. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Vascular Tissue is responsible for the movement of (3) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 2 Types of vascular tissue |
|
Definition
| xylem (things dissolved in water), phloem |
|
|
Term
| Xylem vessels that can be seen in many plants |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| transports water and dissolved nutrients. Facilitates the movement from the roots to the rest of the plant. Has thick cell walls which give structural support to the plant. |
|
|
Term
| The first xylem that is formed is called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What produces the secondary xylem tissues that cover the primary xylem? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens when secondary xylem tissues are made? |
|
Definition
| primary xylem cells become dead and empty, lose their conducting function and form a hard skeleton that serves only to support the plant. ex) growth rings |
|
|
Term
| Function of primary and secondary xylem? |
|
Definition
| the secondary xylem serves in water conduction, while the inner part (heartwood) is composed of dead but structurally strong primary xylem. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
food conducting tissue.
transports food from the leaves to all other parts of the plant including roots, seeds, etc. Cells are alive at maturity. |
|
|
Term
| How much food do phloem cells in a pumpkin transport? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What make up the useful fibers from flax and hemp? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| xylem and phloem are organized into vascular bundles (groups). The phloem is towards the outside of the stem and the xylem is towards the interior. |
|
|
Term
| Vascular Bundles: monocot |
|
Definition
| scattered throughout the stem |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Vascular Cambium of dicots |
|
Definition
| is a lateral meristem that allows for the increase in girth in the plant. Lies between xylem and phloem and will continue to produce more of these cells. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| large xylem cells produced in the spring that are light in colour |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| darker xylem cells that are produced at a slower rate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The combination of springwood and summerwood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what would happen if a porcupine completely chewed away the phloem tissue around the trunk of the tree? Why? |
|
Definition
| the tree would die because the phloem would not be able to transfer food |
|
|
