The Landing of Christopher Columbus

Woodcuts produced in Italy

Natives fleeing Europeans -> superior technology, political power, military might

Nakedness related to the innocence of Adam/Eve. Nobility in the lack of possession.

Vulnerability, lack of traditions/religion

Europeans could project desire for dominance.

The Noble Savage

and

Paradise and Hell

Europeans had an idea of a new paradise, but were scared of the 'savagness'

(nakedness, free love, cannabolism)

Life of liberty and unfettered pleasure, living in moral innocence unknown to jaded Europeans.

Vespucci Discovering America,

1600

Theodor Galle

Idea of a new world brought to life by Europeans. (and vulnerable to European advances)

Asking to be conquered.

Renaissance man - scholar, warrior, religious,etc

New world species

Village of Secoton, 1585

John White

Governor of a colony and self-taught artist.

Sent back studied observational watercolors.

Extenseive body of natural history illustations to encourage investors and settlers.

Orderly, land of plenty

Indians Fishing, 1585

John White

Individually draw animals, plants, people, etc.

Battista Agnese

World Map, 1543-45

Maps were power, espionage between rival powers

Makers intentions = emphasizing vs neglet, altering, inventing

portolan chart - coastlines, harbors, ports of entries

Traced route of the Spanish. Symbolic faces of the faces and trade winds.

Theodor De Bry

Map of Virginia

1590

Ideology of possession. Coat of arms, no native presence, clarify land ownership.

Prepared adventures and investors alike to see the region as a stage on which to enact dreams of wealth and possession. (Gold in the mountains, etc)

Jacques Le Moyne

Rene de Laudonniere and Chief Athore of the Timucua Indians

1564

Working relationships and allies. French erected columns to claim land and the natives saw it as a sacred pole from the settlers asking to be allies.  

French took part in their ceremony.

Middle Ground - symbolic tension of ally vs enemy. Two cultures meet.

melding of two or more different belief systems to form a distinctly different one.

Combining of tribes led to new art motifs.

Settler influence led to melded art motifs for both.

Horse Effigy Comb

Iroquois (NY)

1670-87

New subject in traditional format. Introduction of horses in NY. Great example of influence of Europeans.

Hiawatha Wampum

1789

Documents of importance, mapped different groups in the area bonded together. 

Two-Row Wampum

To Dutch from Mohawk, not father/son but brothers down the river together.

Both can stear their own boat. 

Hendrink of the Wolf Clan

"One of the Four Indian Kings"

John Verelst

1710

Traveled to England, Queen had portraits painted.

State portrait composition, he is holding a wampum belt instead of a tomahawk, indicating his diplomatic nature.

Portrait of Sir John Caldwell

Unknown Artist

1785

Irish nobleman returned from America dressed in native garb.  

negotiating multiple realms has been an integral part of Native-white interaction since first European contact.

 Renaissance Spanish dance - Moors arriving in Spain, zealish Christianity.

Enact Catholic bishop fighting off Moors.

Now - Montezuma brought into it during Christmas time.

Melding of two cultures.

Syncretism

Adobe - baked clay, North Aftrica to Spain to Mexico

Horno - North Africa, international

Church of San Esteban, Acoma Pueblo

17th Century

One of the first missions of the Spanish.

Muslim fortress influence from Spain.