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| -Thomas Hobbes: man inherently evil and immoral, so need a strong government or monarchy to keep order, morality and justice |
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| Necessary and Proper Clause- Article I |
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| grants power to congress to pass all laws related to one of its expressed powers; called elastic clause |
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| article 6 clause 2: all federal laws and treaties are superior to state ones, and all judges must adhere to this |
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| separate leadership/power of judicial, legislative and executive; one man cannot have it all. Montesquieu, madison was a big proponont as a pillar of double security |
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| Madison: separate excutive/leg/judicial and then separate levels of gov't, state/ federal; Federalist 51: argues for/explains checks and balances |
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| peoples interests are represented by elected leaders; James madison understood republican democracy to be best for people's interests; Montesquieu said republics can only work if small because large ones have too many interests |
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| division of power across local, state, and national government |
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| Articles of Confederation |
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| ratified in 1777; good for states rights, limited government but bad because incosistent currencey, could not tax, could not enforce treaties, hard to get anything done, could not enforce military policy |
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| basic political freedoms that protect citizens from governmental abuses of power, ex Bill of Rights |
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| The bill of Rights' civil liberties have been applied to the states after being nulified by Barron v. Baltimore on a case by case basis after being incoporated to the state by the 14th amendment |
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| Congress has the power to tax as well as allocate funds |
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| obstructive tactic used by the senate to hold the floor indefinitely to block the passage of a bill; senate's rules allow for indefinite debate until 60/100 senators vote to close the debate; Senate Rule XXII allows for indefinite debate |
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| an expressed power of the president that overturns legislation passed by Congress, but can be overturned by a 2/3 majority |
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| Congress's efforts to make sure laws are being properly implememtned by bureaucracy; multiple types; fire alarm-MOCs respond only when compliants are raised...good for credit claiming and advertising, cheaper and less time consuming (congress practices this); police patrol oversite- MOCs/Congress extersizing constant vigilance to monitor bureaucracy |
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| interaction between a principal(such as president or congress) who needs somthing done, and an agent (such as a bureaucrat) who is responsible for carrying out the pricipal's orders; the issue is whether or not allow the bureaucrats with expertise have more freedom to make decisions and carry out policy in their own way, incorporating that expertise available |
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| US senate must be consulted to ratify treaties, approve appoinments, ect. Political tool; Senate can leverage president with it |
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| President is constantly surrounded by media so he can sieze the spolight to pressure the people, or other institutions into doing what he thinks is good; allows president to be more powerful with the advent of media (power of persuasion) |
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| represents consituent's interests while looking out for the interests of the nation; May sometimes vote agains the will of the constituents |
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| a representative elected for the purpose of doing the bidding of constituents |
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| est. Marburry vs. Madison (1803): Supreme Court's power to strike down legislation that is deemed unconstituitional |
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| what/who you identify with; effected by many factors like: socialization, significant events, group identities, actions by political leaders |
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| Political Action Committee |
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| interest groups that can raise money to contribute to campaigns, or spend on ads in suppor tof candidates; strictly monitored and limited |
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| what party/set of ideas a person identifies with; effected by many factors like; socialization, group identity, political leaders, ect. |
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| pricipal that in a democracy like US that has single member districs, only two parties' candidates will actually have a chance of winning an election. |
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| an organizaiton of people who share a common political interest and aim to influence public policy by electioneering and lobbying |
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| rewards for participating in an interest group; used to get a large support base which in turn gives the interest group legitimacy and influence |
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| the practice of relying on others to contribute to a collective effort while failing to participate on one's behalf, yet still benefitting from the group's sucess; problematic because the individuals in a collective action refuse to work together, which destroys the movement |
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| efforts to influence public policy through contact with public officials on behalf of an interest group |
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| a ballot vote in which citizens select a party's nominee for the general election |
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| the actions officholders take throughout the election cycle to build support for their reelection; basically doing good things in office to get reelected |
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| the deprivation of civil right, particularly the right to vote |
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| system in which the gov't tries to get everyone an even starting line, but then leaves success up to hard work; we have somewhat of a meritocracy |
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| success of wealthy to benefit the poor; progressive taxes, have competiton but still try to get the poor as best off as they can be through taxes |
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| TARP Troubled Assest Relief Program |
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| gov't purchases assets and equities to strengthen |
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| governemnt decisions about how to influence the economy by taxing and spending; ex. regressive vs progressive taxes, whether to spend on defense or Social Security |
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| government decisions about how to influence the economy using control of the money supply and interest rates |
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