• Series of essays written by James Madison w/ Hamilton and John Jay
• To support the Constitution
• Keenest analysis of political behavior ever written by an American

Charles Beard

• 1913- wrote An Economic Interpretation of te Constitution of the United States
• Strove to have people view the men of the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia as human beings and not idolized as gods
• examined creer of every member of convention; most invested in public securities of US- stood to gain b strengthening public credit
• makers of Constitution= sought to protect own economic interests

• 1786-7; led by Daniel Shays- veteran of revolution
• Angered by the rising taxes and debts on farmers
• Closed down courts to relief debtors from creditors (jail, etc)
• Caused reevaluation of the Articles of Confederation
• From increased paper currency=> little value to money

• Act by Congress of the Confederation
• Created a Northwest Territory (first organized territory of the US)
• South of Great Lakes, NW of Ohio River, E of Mississippi River
• Most important legislation passed by members of the earlier Continental Congress
• Created precedent to expand westward by adding more states- not expanding existing ones

• 1774 act by Parliament over the governance of Quebec, Canada
• Territory expanded to take in lands to the west (incl Ohio Valley) angered Americans
• Act created after Seven Years' War in settlement with the French

• Convention of delegates from 13 colonies in 1775; Philadelphia
• Managed colonial war effort
• Raised a regular army, directed strategies