Term
The vertebral column
- the vertebral column is divided into four regions, from the base of the skull downward they are:
- ___ and __ are lordotic (inward curvature)
- __ and __ are kyphotic (outward curvature) |
|
Definition
- cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral
- cervical; lumbar
- thoracic, sacral |
|
|
Term
lordotic = ___
kyphotic = ___ |
|
Definition
inward curvature
outward curvature |
|
|
Term
Vertebral Column
- the vertebral column is composed of __ vertebrae.
- give the number of vertebrae in each region |
|
Definition
-33
- 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral (fused), 4 coccygeal (fused) |
|
|
Term
anatomy of a vertebrae
- the key components of a vertebrae are:
1. ___
2. ___ and ___
3. ___ and ___ process
4. ___ process
- an ___ seperates each vertebrae from one another. each disc is composed of an outer fibrous ___, and a central gel-like region, the ___ |
|
Definition
1. body
2. lamina and pedicle
3. spinous and transverse
4. articulating
- intervertebral disc; annulus fibrosis, nucleus pulposus |
|
|
Term
anatomy of a vertebrae
- what are the functions of each component of the vertebrae:
1. body:
2. lamina and pedicle:
3. spinous and transverse process:
4. articulating process: |
|
Definition
1. weight bearing
2. protection
3. movement
4. obstruction of movement |
|
|
Term
| in intervertebral discs, the ability of the ___ to resist stress can ___. if so, the tissue of the ___ may protrude through the weakened area of the ___. If the fibrous ring of the ___ ruptures completely, the herniated material can compress the contents of the __ or the __ causing pain |
|
Definition
| anulus fibrosis; decline with age; nucleus pulposis; anulus fibrosis; anulus; intervertebral foramen; spinal nerve |
|
|
Term
anatomy of the vertebrae
- branching from the spinal cord along its length are __ pairs of nerves known as spinal nerves.
- spinal nerves per spinal region: |
|
Definition
-31
- 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 1 coccygeal |
|
|
Term
anatomy of the spinal cord
- the spinal cord terminates at the __ vertebrae, forming what's known as the ___. below this, the remaining spinal nerves continue to __ and then exit the spinal column. these lowest nerves form an arrangement that resembles a ___, and is therefore referred to as the ___ |
|
Definition
| -L2; conus medullaris; descend; horse's tail; cauda equina |
|
|
Term
anatomy of the spinal cord
- the ___ is a thin filament of __ that projects downward from the surface of the ___. This filament descends within the ___ to exit and anchor to the ___ |
|
Definition
| filum terminale; pia mater; bottom of the spinal cord; cauda equina; coccyx |
|
|
Term
spinal cord
- there are __ layers (called __) that surround the CNS (__ and __), and from outer to inner they are __,___,___
-- the pia mater is __ thick and directly covers the ___
- the __ is filled with ___ and contains ___ and __ of the ___
- in short there are __ protective layers that surround the __ and __, the __ is actually visible because it thickens to form the ___ |
|
Definition
-3 (meninges); (brain; spinal cord); dura mater (outermost); arachinoid; pia mater (innermost)
-- only one cell; brain and spinal cord tissue
- subarachinoid space; cerebrospinal fluid; superficial arteries; veins; spinal cord
- 3; brain; spinal cord; pia mater; cauda equina |
|
|
Term
anatomy of the spinal cord
- __ is located internally in an H-shaped configuration
-- it consists of the ___
- ___ surrounds the above
-- this consists of the ___
- the ___ allows __ to flow down through the spinal cord |
|
Definition
-gray matter
-- cell bodies of the neurons
- white matter
-- axons, or fibers, of neurons
- central canal; CSF |
|
|
Term
anatomy of the spinal cord
- at the point of exit for spinal nerves, __ and __ fibers are found in different structures. the ___ contain sensory association neurons, while the ___ contain motor neurons
- a __ links the two sides of the gray matter and contains the __ of the spinal cord |
|
Definition
- sensory; motor; dorsal gray horns; ventral gray horns
- gray commissure; central canal |
|
|
Term
anatomy of the spinal cord
- the white matter is divided into __, __, and __; these are known as ___ |
|
Definition
| - posterior, lateral, anterior; funiculi (sinular-funiculus) |
|
|
Term
| the funiculi represent ___. in general these ___ can be divided into ___ and ___ that bring info into and out of the ___ |
|
Definition
| fiber tracts of neurons; fiber tracts; ascending (afferent) tracts; descending (efferent) tracts; nervous system |
|
|
Term
spinal nerve formation
- ___ rootlets and ___ rootlets for the __ and __ roots.
-- these two roots form a ____, which then exits the ___ through the ___.
-- this mixed nerve then divides into a __ and a ___ |
|
Definition
- afferent (sensory) dorsal; efferent (motor) ventral; dorsal; ventral
-- "mixed" spinal nerve; vertebral canal; intervertebral foramen
-- dorsal ramus; ventral ramus |
|
|
Term
spinal nerve formation
-the superior and inferior notches of two vertebrae come together to form an ___ where a spinal nerve exits the ___ |
|
Definition
| intervertebral foramen; vertebral column |
|
|
Term
spinal nerve formation
- a true spinal nerve is very __, and is formed from the convergence of a __ and a __
- upon exiting the spinal column, via the ___, each spinal nerve immediately divides into a __ and a ___, which travel in the direction to which they are named.
- the __ is shorter than the __ and it innervates the ___ |
|
Definition
- short; dorsal root; ventral root
- intervertebral canal; dorsal ramus; ventral ramus
- dorsal ramus; ventral; true muscles of the back |
|
|
Term
anatomy of the spinal cord: non-segmented nerves
- the spinal cord is __ in diameter along its entire length.
-- it exhibits two wider regions, known as the __ and the ___
- these enlargements represent increased ___ as they supply the upper limbs through the __ and the lower limbs through the __
- a plexus is formed when the __ of many spinal nerves join together soon after they branch from the ___ |
|
Definition
- not uniform
-- cervical enlargement (C4-T1); lumbar enlargement (L2-S3)
- neuronal density; brachial plexus (C5-T1); lumbosacral plexus (L4-S4)
- ventral rami; dorsal rami |
|
|
Term
anatomy of the spinal cord: segmented nerves
- spinal nerves from spinal cord levels __ through __ remain segmentel, meaning that they stay ___.
-- a segmental spinal nerve is considered a ___
- this means that the __ and __ remain separate
- the __ of these segmental nerves do not form any __ in this region |
|
Definition
- T2; T12; separate from one another
-- typical spinal nerve
- dorsal and ventral rami
- ventral rami; plexi |
|
|
Term
spinal nerve
- the dorsal rami travel __ and __ along the __, and they branch extensively in order to innervate the ___ and ___
- the ventral rami pass outward to create ___; the __ and ___, which innervate the skin and muscles of the __ and __ |
|
Definition
- posteriorly; laterally; back; muscles; skin of the back
- superficial branches; lateral cutaneous; anterior cutaneous branches; lateral; anterior aspects of the body wall |
|
|
Term
together, the dorsal and ventral rami on the same side of the spinal column will innervate a c-shaped band of skin called a ___
- each ___ supplies a typical body segment, or __, with ___ |
|
Definition
dermatome
- spinal nerve; dermatome; sensory innervation |
|
|
Term
spinal nerve
- in the regions above __ and below __, the __ may join together to form a __
- __ formation allows info from multiple spinal cord levels to enter via a __
-- one example is the __ which receives innervation from c3,c4, and c5
- however, __ are never involved in the formation of a __ and always remain __ and always travel __ |
|
Definition
- T2; T12; ventral rami; plexus
- plexus formation; single nerve
- phrenic nerve
- dorsal rami, plexus; segmented; posteriorly |
|
|
Term
spinal nerves
- the ventral rami of spinal nerves __ form what are known as the __, which travel along with the __, and give rise to __ and __ that innervate the __ of the __
-- these __ are the ventral rami of spinal nerves that remained __, or seperate, and did not form a __ |
|
Definition
- T2-T12; intercostal nerves; ribs; lateral; anterior cutaneous branches; intercostal muscles; thorax
-- intercostal nerves; segmental; plexus |
|
|
Term
nerves of the back
- the back receives its innervation from branches of the ___
- the __ of the spinal nerves supply most of the intrinsic (true) muscles of the back. the extrinsic muscles are supplied via the __ of the spinal nerves in a __
- the dorsal rami of the spinal nerves give rise to __ and __ braches, as well as __ branches to the ___ |
|
Definition
- typical (segmental) spinal nerves
- dorsal rami; ventral rami; plexus
- muscular; cutaneous; articular; zygapophyseal joints |
|
|
Term
muscles of the back
- the muscles of the back can be divided into 3 layers:
- the __ and __ muscles of the back are considered extrinsic muscles, meaning they deal primarily with __ and __
- the __ muscles of the back are considered intrinsic, and can be broken down further into __, __, and __ layers |
|
Definition
- superficial, intermediate, deep
- superficial; intermediate; limb movement; respiration
- deep; superficial; intermediate; deep |
|
|
Term
note
- some muscles of the back are innervated by __ ( a group of nerves formed when __ join together) while others are innervated by __ |
|
Definition
| - plexuses (ventral rami); dorsal rami |
|
|
Term
| the two layers of superficial back muscles that serve to connect the upper limb to the trunk are __ and __ |
|
Definition
| superficial extrinsics (layer 1); superficial extrinsics (layer 2) |
|
|
Term
superficial extrinsics (layer 1) consists of __ and __
- the trapezius attaches the __ to the __; it assists in suspending the __; and is innervated by __
- latissimus dorsi covers the inferior part of the back from __ to the __; it extends, adducts, and medially rotates the __; and is innervated by the ___ |
|
Definition
trapezius; latissium dorsi
- pectoral girdle; skull and vertebral column; upper limb; cranial nerve XI (accessory nerve)
- T6; iliac crest; humerus; thoracodorsal nerve (a branch of the brachial plexus) |
|
|
Term
superficial extrinsics (layer 2) consists of __ and __
- levator scapulae attaches to the superior aspect of the medial border of the ___ and elevates it; it is innervated by the ___
- rhomboid major and minor lie deep to the __ and brace the back by retracting and elevating the __; the major is __ as the minor; it is innervated by the ___ |
|
Definition
levator scapulae; rhomboid major and minor
- scapula; dorsal scapular nerve (a branch of the brachial plexus)
- trapezius; scapula; twice as wide; dorsal scapular nerve ( a branch of the brachial plexus) |
|
|
Term
intermediate extrinsics
- the __ and __ are intermediate muscles located between the superficial muscles and the true deep muscles of the back, and they hold the deepest muscles of the back in place.
- the __ elevates the ribs, while the __ depresses the ribs.
- these muscles are innervated by the __ |
|
Definition
- posterior serratus superior; posterior serratus inferior
- posterior serratus superior; inferior
- dorsal rami of each spinal nerve they span across |
|
|
Term
muscles of the back
- the deep muscles of the back are considered __ muscles, since they function either to __ or __ the back itself
- the most superficial of the deep back muscles is the ___
-- this group consists of the __ and the ___
-- bilaterally, they extend the __ and __
-- unilaterally, they ___
-- innervated by ___ |
|
Definition
- intrinsic; flex; extend
- spinotransversalis group
-- splenius capitis; splenius cervicis
-- cervical spine; head
-- flex and rotate the head to the same side
-- dorsal rami |
|
|
Term
muscles of the back: intermediate
- the intermediate deep muscles of the back are collectively known as the ___
- they are postural muscles responsible for __ and __ the spine
- erector spinae consists of the __, __, and __ muscles
-- these are all innervated by the __ |
|
Definition
- erector spinae
- flexing; spending
- iliocostalis; longissimus; spinalis
-- dorsal rami |
|
|
Term
muscles of the back: deep (deepest)
- the __ muscles are the deepest of the deep intrinsic back muscles
- they pass between the __ and __ processes of the vertebrae
- they consist of the __, __, and __; which bilaterally ___
-- these are innervated by the __ |
|
Definition
- transversospinalis
- transverse; spinous
- rotatores; multifidus; semispinalis; extend the spine
-- dorsal rami |
|
|
Term
arteries of the back
- the structures of the back are arterially supplied via braches of the ___, which arises from the __ or directly from the ___ |
|
Definition
| - posterior intercostal arteries; thoracic aorta; subclavian artery |
|
|
Term
arteries of the back
- the ___ give rise to both __ and __ braches, as well as __ branches that supply the spinal cord itself |
|
Definition
| - posterior intercostal arteries; cutaneous (going to the skin); muscular; spinal |
|
|
Term
veins of the back
- the veins of the back ultimately drain into the deep venous drainage system of the ___ via the ___
- the interior of the spinal column is drained via the ___ that runs the length of the spine |
|
Definition
- thoracic cavity (azygos vein); posterior intercostal veins
- vertebral venous plexus |
|
|
Term
veins of the back
- the posterior intercostal veins follow a similar course to that of the __, and they eventually empty into the ___ |
|
Definition
| -posterior intercostal arteries; vertebral venous plexuses |
|
|
Term
veins of the back
- the ___ communicates with the __ (a structure that drains blood from the brain) through ___ in the skull
- the ___ is divided into an __ and a __ portion that run along the exterior of the spinal column
- the __ runs in the __ and drains the ___ |
|
Definition
- external vertebral venous plexus; sigmoid sinus; emissary veins
- external vertebral venous plexus; anterior; posterior
- internal vertebral venous plexus; vertebral foramen; spinal cord |
|
|
Term
| the __ is located below the occipital bone of the skull and is bounded by the suboccipital muscles(__,___,__) |
|
Definition
| suboccipital triangle; (rectus capitis posterior major; obliquus capitis superior, obliquus capitis inferior) |
|
|
Term
___: rotates head and c1
___: extends and rotates the head
___: extends and flexes head to same side |
|
Definition
obliquus capitis inferior
rectus capitis posterior major
obliquus capitis superior |
|
|
Term
muscles of the back
- the suboccipital triangle contains the ___ artery
- the left and right __ arteries combine to form the ___
--this supplies blood to the posterior part of the ___ and thus significant portions of the ___
- compression of the ___ artery by hyperextension of the neck can cause you to ___ |
|
Definition
- vertebral
- vertebral; basilar artery
-- circle of willis; brain
- vertebral; pass out |
|
|
Term
muscles of the neck
- the suboccipital triangle muscles are innervated by a nerve that travels through the trangle, the ___, which is an example of a named ___
- the __ can also be found in proximity to the triangle (but not traveling through it)
-- this is another example of a named ___ and it innervates ___ |
|
Definition
- suboccipital nerve; dorsal ramus
- greater occipital nerve
-- dorsal ramus; scalp at the top/back of the head |
|
|
Term
Muscle: trapezius
PA:
DA:
innervation:
Action: |
|
Definition
Muscle: trapezius
PA: occipital bone; spinous processes of C1-T12
DA: clavicle; acromion process and spine of scapula
innervation: cranial nerve 11
Action: retracts scapula; draws it upward and downward |
|
|
Term
Muscle:lattissimus dorsi
PA:
DA:
innervation:
Action: |
|
Definition
Muscle: lattissimus dorsi
PA: T7-T12; thoracolumbar fascia
DA: intertubercular groove of the humerus
innervation: thoracodorsal nerve
Action: adducts, extends, and internally rotates humerus |
|
|
Term
Muscle: levator scapulae
PA:
DA:
innervation:
Action: |
|
Definition
Muscle: levator scapulae
PA: C1-C4
DA: medial, superior tip of the scapula
innervation: dorsal scapular nerve
Action: elevates scapula |
|
|
Term
Muscle: rhomboid minor
PA:
DA:
innervation:
Action: |
|
Definition
Muscle: rhomboid minor
PA: cervical spinous processes
DA: medial border of scapula
innervation: dorsal scapular nerve
Action: retracts scapula; pulls medially upward |
|
|
Term
Muscle: rhomboid major
PA:
DA:
innervation:
Action: |
|
Definition
Muscle: rhomboid major
PA: thoracic spinous processes
DA: medial border of scapula
innervation: dorsal scapular nerve
Action: retracts scapula; pulls medially upward |
|
|
Term
Muscle: splenius capitis
PA:
DA:
INN:
ACT: |
|
Definition
Muscle: splenius capitis
PA: lower cervical spine to upper thoracic spine
DA: occipital bone
INN: dorsal rami
ACT: bi: extends cervical spine and head
uni: flexes and rotates head to the same side |
|
|
Term
Muscle: splenius cervicis
PA:
DA:
INN:
ACT: |
|
Definition
Muscle: splenius cervicis
PA: upper thoracic to middle thoracic spine
DA: c1-c2 transverse process
INN: dorsal rami
ACT: bi: extends cervical spine and head
uni: flexes and rotates head to the same side |
|
|
Term
Muscle: illicostalis
PA:
DA:
INN:
AUNI:
ABI: |
|
Definition
Muscle: ilicostalis
PA:Ribs, sacrum, thoracolumbar fascia
DA: Ribs, lower cervical, thoracolumbar fascia
INN: dorsal rami
AUNI:Bends spine laterally to same side
ABI: extends spine |
|
|
Term
Muscle: longissimus
PA:
DA:
Inn:
AUNI:
ABI: |
|
Definition
Muscle: longissimus
PA:Upper and middle thoracic, sacrum, lumbar vertebrae
DA: Temporal bone, cervical spine, ribs, thoracic and lumbar vertebrae
Inn: dorsal rami
AUNI:Capitis: Flexes and rotates head to same side
Cervicis and Thoracis: Bends spine laterally to same side
ABI:Capitis: Extends head
Cervicis and Thoracis: Extends spine |
|
|
Term
Muscle: spinalis
PA:
DA:
Inn:
AUNI:
ABI: |
|
Definition
Muscle: spinalis
PA:Lower cervical, thoracic, and upper lumbar spine
DA: Cervical and thoracic spine
Inn: dorsal rami
AUNI:Bends cervical and thoracic spine to same side
ABI: extends cervical and thoracic spine |
|
|
Term
Muscle: rotatores
PA:
DA:
Inn:
AUNI:
ABI: |
|
Definition
Muscle: rotatores
PA: Upper thoracic to lower thoracic, between transverse and spinous processes
DA: same
Inn: dorsal rami
AUNI: rotates spine to opposite side
ABI: extends throacic spine |
|
|
Term
Muscle: multifidus
PA:
DA:
Inn:
AUNI:
ABI: |
|
Definition
Muscle: multifidus
PA: Upper cervical to sacrum, between transverse and spinous processes
DA: same
Inn: dorsal rami
AUNI: Flexes spine to same side, rotates to opposite side
ABI: extends spine |
|
|
Term
Muscle: semispinalis
PA:
DA:
Inn:
AUNI:
ABI: |
|
Definition
Muscle: semispinalis
PA: Upper to lower thoracic spine
DA: Lower cervical to middle thoracic spine
Inn: dorsal rami
AUNI: Bends head, cervical and thoracic spine to same side, rotates to opposite side
ABI:Extends thoracic and cervical spines and head (stabilizes craniovertebral joints) |
|
|
Term
organization of the nervous system
- the CNS is composed of two main parts: __ and __
- the CNS is connected to the periphery of the body by __ and __ that make up the ___ |
|
Definition
- brain; spinal cord
- cranial; spinal nerves; peripheral nervous system |
|
|
Term
organization of the nervous system
- the CNS is connected to the rest of the body via the ___.
- The PNS can be divided into the __ and ___ |
|
Definition
- PNS
- sensory division; motor division |
|
|
Term
Org of nervous system
- the pns sensory division can be further broken down into the __ and the ___
- the pns motor system can be further broken down into the ___ and __ |
|
Definition
- visceral sensory division; somatic sensory division
- visceral motor division; somatic motor division |
|
|
Term
| the visceral motor division can be further divided into __ and ___ |
|
Definition
| sympathetic division; parasympathetic division |
|
|
Term
divisions of the nervous system
- the pns is made up of a __ and a __ division
- both of these divisions have a __ (internal organs of body) and __ (body wall, bones, muscles, everything but viscera) division within them
- it is within the __ (ANS) that the __ and __ divisions are located |
|
Definition
-sensory; motor
- visceral; somatic
- visceral motor division; sympathetic; parasympathetic |
|
|
Term
Divisions of the nervous system
- direction of information flow divides nerve fibers into two types: __ which transmit impulses to the cns, and __ which transmit impulses away.
- both afferent and efferent fibers have a __ and a __ component. The __ mediates interaction with the environment (ie to touch) whereas the __ coordinates the functions of the viscera or internal organs. |
|
Definition
- afferent sensory fibers; efferent motor fibers
- somatic; visceral; somatic nervous system; autonomic (visceral) nervous system |
|
|
Term
___: motor to skeletal
___: sensory from skin, bones, muscles
___: motor to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands
___: sensory from organs |
|
Definition
somatomotor
somatosensory
visceral motor
visceral sensory |
|
|
Term
anatomy of a neuron
- the nervous system is composed of __ and ___ which __
- neurons contain a __, an extended branch off the cell body called the ___(nerve fibers), and one or more __, which are small branches off the cell body
- the neuron communicates by electrical impulses and chemical signals known as __. neurons stimulate __, __, or other __ |
|
Definition
- neurons (nerve cells); neuroglial cells; typically support neurons
- cell body (soma); axon; dendrites
- neurotransmitters; muscles; glands; nerve cells |
|
|
Term
organization of the nervous system
- the brain and spinal cord house cell bodies that are responsible for __ of the __ and __, aka the ___
-- the main features of ^ are to control __ and __
- nerve cell bodies are found in the ___
-- ___ and ___
-- the axon (nerve fibers) of these cells form __ and are found in the __
-- parasympathetic and sympathetic innervations are __ to each other |
|
Definition
- autonomic innervation; skin; viscera; ans
-- gland secretion; smooth/cardiac muscle contraction
- CNS
-- sympathetic (thoracolumbar); parasympathetic (craniosacral)
-- nerves; PNS
-- antagonistic (have opposite actions) |
|
|
Term
structure of the ANS
- both sympathetic and parasympathetic systems involve a __ unlike the __ for motor and sensory
-- the 2 fibers are referred to as the __ and the ___
- The __ is the point where a neuron contacts another neuron, or any other cell. This occurs in the area containing the ___ in the __, so it must be in the ___, generally referred to as the __. a __ is a collection of neuron cell bodies __ the cns |
|
Definition
- 2 neuron chain; single neurons
-- pre-ganglionic fiber; post-ganglionic fiber
- synapse; postganglionic neuron; pns; ganglion; autonomic ganglion; ganglion of cells; outside |
|
|
Term
structure of the ans
- the __ in the ans is analogous to a wife telling her husband to take out the trash
-- instructions take place at the __
-- trash can equivalent to __
-- wife is the __ and husband is the __ |
|
Definition
- 2 neuron chain
-- autonomic ganglion
-- effector organ
-- preganglionic fiber; postganglionic fiber |
|
|
Term
context
- the point of the previous is that __ must communicate with __ in order for the __ to take an action on the effector organ. in the body, this
action could be telling a muscle to __ or a gland to ___
- there are different types of __ used for different subdivisions of the ans |
|
Definition
- preganglionic neurons; postganglionic neurons; postganglionic neurons; contract; secrete
- ganglia |
|
|
Term
autonomic ganglia
- there are two types of ganglia associated with the sympathetic divisions of the ans: __ and __ |
|
Definition
| - paravertebral ganglia; prevertebral (collateral) ganglia |
|
|
Term
autonomic ganglia
- __ compose a chain of linked ganglia that run __ along both sides of the __, from __ to __ regions. this is often referred to as the ___
- __ are found at the base of the 3 major branches of the ___. clusters of __ are found at the base of the __, ___, and ___ arteries respectively. These are called __ because of their relative location to the vertebral column- they are __ of the vertebral column |
|
Definition
-paravertebral ganglia; vertically; vertebral column; cervical; sacral; sympathetic chain ganglia
- prevertebral (collateral) ganglia; abdominal aorta; prevertebral ganglia; celiac; superior mesenteric; inferior mesenteric; prevertebral; in front |
|
|
Term
sym innervation to all blood vessels
- preganglionic sympathetic neurons arise from ___ in the spinal cord. these fibers synapse with __ in the __ located along the entire length of the ___
- the reason there is __ along the entire length of the vertebral column is to provide innervation to the ___ in all __ in the body
- sym innervation is constantly active at a __ to maintain __ |
|
Definition
- T1-L2 thoracolumbar division; postganglionic sympathetic fibers; paravertebral ganglia; vertebral column
- sympathetic innervation; smooth muscle; arteries
- basal level; homeostasis |
|
|
Term
sym innervation to all blood vessels
- all parts of the body must have __ whereas __ is restricted
- example, the smooth muscle of blood vessels must receive __ to __, or __ the artery. lack of sym innervation allows the __ to relax, thereby __ the artery
- preganglionic sympathetic fibers may travel __ and __ the sympathetic chain to synapse with ___; these __ will then travel out to ___ |
|
Definition
- sym innervation; pym
- sym innervation; contract; constrict; smooth muscle; dilating
- up; down; postganglionic fibers; postganglionic fibers; all regions of the body |
|
|
Term
| to review, a spinal nerve is a __ that contains __ and __ fibers traveling to the body or receiving info from the body. now, we will add another nerve fiber that travels in a spinal nerve, the __ of the ans. |
|
Definition
| mixed fiber; sensory; motor; visceromotor fibers |
|
|
Term
| preganglionic sym fibers are located in the __ horn of the spinal cord between __. Because the ___ must synapse with the __, we must introduce the entry and exit way in the sympathetic chain, the __ and ___, so that the synapse can occur in the __ |
|
Definition
| intermediolateral (lateral); T1-L2; preganglionic sym fiber; postganglionic sym fiber; white; gray rami communicans; paravertebral (sympathetic chain) ganglion |
|
|
Term
sympathetic chain
- the ___ neurons arise from __ in __ divisions of the spinal cord and follow the __. The 2nd cell body is in the ___. The __ fiber then exits the sympathetic chain via the ___
- the sym division has __ ___ and __ __. the __ __ exhibit __, which means they branch off to form ___ |
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Definition
-preganglionic sym neurons; lateral horns; T1-L2; ventral root; sympathetic chain; postganglionic sym; gray ramus
- short preganglionic; long postganglionic fibers; short preganglionic fibers; divergence; multiple long postganglionic fibers |
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Term
sympathetic chain
- after following the __, the first place the preganglionic sym neuron can synapse with the post ganglionic sympathetic fibers is the ___
- the white and gray rami communicans connect the ___ to the ___. preganglionic sym fibers are __ and will therefore use the __ to access the closest ___.
- in the paravertebral ganglion, the __ synapses with the __. The __ will then re-access the __ and __ of the spinal nerve via the __
- the dorsal and ventral rami now contain __, __, and ___ |
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Definition
- ventral root; paravertebral (sympathetic) chain
- ventral ramus of the spinal nerves; paravertebral or sympathetic chain ganglia; myelinated; white ramus communicans; paravertebral ganglion
- preganglionic sym neuron; postganglionic sym neuron; postganglionic sym neuron; dorsal; ventral rami; gray ramus communicans (the exit pathway of the sym chain)
- somatic sensory; somatic motor; postganglionic sym fibers |
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Term
There are 3 scenarios where a preganglionic sym and postganglionic sym synapse can occur:
1. the preganglionic and postganglionic fibers can synapse at the ____
2. the preganglionic sym fiber can travel __ or __ along the vertebral column and synapse with a ___ above or below its origin
3. the preganglionic fiber can bypass the __ altogether, and travel out to synapse in a __ via a __
- 1 and 2 deal with innervating __, while 3 deals with innervating __ |
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Definition
1. same spinal cord level at which they exited
2. up; down; postganglionic sympathetic fiber
3. sympathetic trunk; collateral ganglion; splanchnic nerve
- smooth muscle; organs |
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Term
summed up:
- 1 =
- 2 =
- 3 = |
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Definition
- same level
- different level
- bypass to collateral |
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Term
the 3rd scenario
- the preganglionic sym fiber can bypass the __ altogether, and travel out to synapse in a __ via a ___
- this pathway is used to provide __ to __. the preganglionic sym fibers will not synapse in the __, but will travel to a __ that is located at the base of the __ that branch off the __
- from here, ___ can conveniently travel to the __ by hitching a ride on __. |
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Definition
- sympathetic trunk;collateral ganglion; splanchnic nerve
- sympathetic innervation; organs; paravertebral ganglion; prevertebral (collateral) ganglion; 3 unpaired arteries; abdominal aorta
- postganglionic sym neurons; organs; branches of these major vessels |
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Term
parasympathetic division of the ANS
- parasympathetic divisions of the ans arise from the __ and __, hence why it is described as __. in contrast to the __, its 2nd cell body is in the __ located in the __. it has __ and __ fibers. its synapse occurs in the __. |
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Definition
| - brainstem; s2-s4; craniosacral; sym ganglia; ganglia; target organ; long preganglionic; short postganglionic fibers; intramural ganglion (very close to or embedded in the wall of the target organ) |
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Term
parasympathetic
- preganglionic pym fibers from the __ pass through the ___ without __, and travel on to reach the ___ where they __ in the ___
- the vagus nerve innervates __ in the __ and most of the __ up to the __. in addition, it conveys ___ to the ___ |
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Definition
- vagus nerve; prevertebral ganglion; synapsing; wall of their target organ; synapse; intramural ganglion (body wall of the organ itself)
- viscera; thorax; abdomen; mid-transverse colon; sensory info; cns |
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Term
sympathetic summary
- located from __ and __
- distributed to the __, all __ and __
- heart rate __
- respiratory rate __
- pupils __
- digestion __
- __, __ skin
- generally inhibits __ |
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Definition
-thoracic; upper lumbar spinal cord (T1-L2) - thoracolumbar
- body wall; organs; blood vessels
-speeds up
- increases
- dilate
- slows
- cold; sweaty
- glandular secretion |
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Term
parasympathetic summary
- arises from __ and the ___
- conserves ___
- heart rate __
- respiratory rate __
- pupils __
- __ to digestive system __
- generally stimulates ___ |
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Definition
- nuclei in the brain stem; sacral regions of the spinal cord (S2-S4) - craniosacral in origin
- energy
- slows
- decreases
- constrict
- blood flow; increases
- glandular secretion |
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Term
autonomics of the head
- the head has a different __ compared to the rest of the body. all autonomic ganglia in the head are __. for a ___ the autonomic ganglia is ___. instead there are four sites are ___: __, __, __, __. each one is associated with one of the __ that carry __ |
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Definition
| autonomic distribution; pym; pym synapse; not located in the wall of the target organ; pym ganglia; ciliary; otic; sphenopalatine; submandibular; cranial nerves; pym innervation |
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Term
autonomics of the head
- all sympathetic innervation to the head arises from ___ and ascends up the ___ to the large ___ at the top of the chain - the ___. This is the stopping point for all __ to the head since none __
- __ exit the __ and hitch-hike a ride to their target organ by following the branches of the __ and __ |
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Definition
- thoracic levels T1-T4; sympathetic truck; sympathetic (paravertebral) ganglion; superior cervical ganglion; preganglionic sympathetic fibers; pass into the head
- postganglionic sympathetic fibers; superior cervical ganglion; internal; external carotid arteries |
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Term
autonomics of the head: notable points
1. all autonomic ganglia in the head are __
2. __ in the head reach their target ganglia via branches of ___
3. preganglionic sym fibers arise from __ and ascend to the __ via the __
4. postganglionic sym fibers arise from the __ and reach their target organs via ___ |
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Definition
1. parasympathetic
2. preganglionic pym fibers; cranial nerves 3,5,7,9
3. T1-T4; base of the skull; sympathetic trunk
4. superior cervical ganglion; branches of the carotid artery system |
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Term
pain from the __ is often referred to different regions of the body wall, meaning the pain is interpreted as coming from somewhere else, a concept known as ___
- in males, an impact to the __ initially feels like ___
- for females, __ can be referred to the __ |
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Definition
viscera; referred pain
- testicles; abdominal pain
- menstrual pain; lower back |
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Term
Referred pain
- the __ pathway follows the __ pathway back in from the target organ
- since there are so many more __ synapsing in the skin, the brain often gets confused as to which fiber, whether __ or __, is actually bringing the sensation of pain back to the spinal cord at this level |
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Definition
- visceral afferent (sensory); visceral efferent
- somatic afferent fibers; somatic; visceral |
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Term
embryologically derived referred pain
- in the first type of referred pain, pain is felt __ due to __ during embryological development
- an example of this type of pain is illustrated in __. every time you take a deep breath, you feel pain from the skin at the base of your neck
- this is because the __ is initially formed in the __ region of the embryo and is innervated by the __ |
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Definition
- far from the injury site; movement of structures
- pleurisy (inflammation of the pleura of the lung)
- diaphragm; cervical; phrenic nerve (c3,c4,c5) |
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Term
embryologically derived referred pain
- the phrenic nerve is motor to the __ and sensory to the ___
- therefore, inflammation of the __ causes pain to be felt in the __ supplied by __ at the base of the neck
- therefore, when pain is picked up from the __ it is referred back to the ___ level, so the skin around the neck hurts |
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Definition
- diaphragm; pleural membrane lining in the diaphragm
- pleura; dermatomes; c3, c4, c5
- phrenic nerve; c3, c4, c5 dermatome level |
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Term
visceral/somatic referred pain
- the second type of referred pain is the pain of a __
- the heart receives its sym innervation from __
- therefore, the __ from the heart will follow the same routes back as the __ followed to access the heart
- the __ from the visceral fibers and the somatic fibers get confused, so the brain thinks the pain is coming from the __ at the levels of __, which correspond to the ___. the pain is on the __ side because the heart is on the same side |
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Definition
-heart attack
- spinal levels T1-T4
- visceral afferent fibers; sympathetic fibers
- impulses; skin; T1-T4; medial side of the arm; left |
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Term
referred pain
- in the previously discussed types of referred pain (embryological and visceral/somatic), __ fibers are confused with __ fibers; therefore the brain interprets the pain as derived from the __
- in the last type of referred pain, the injury happens in one location but is felt ___ |
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Definition
- visceral afferents; somatic afferent; body wall
- in a different location (proximal-distal referred pain) |
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Term
proximal-distal referred pain
- the last type of referred pain is __ referred pain. in this form, the injury is __ to the CNS, but the pain is felt __ to the injury site. The best example of this is a __
- when a spinal nerve is being pinched by a herniated disk, the pain is actually felt along the ___ of skin innervated by that __. so even though the injury is proximal to the __, the pain is felt ___ |
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Definition
-proximal-distal; proximal; distal; herniated disk
- dermatome; spinal nerve; cns; distally |
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Term
proximal distal referred pain
- for example, if the spinal nerve of l5 is pinched, then pain can be felt all the way down to the __. this radiating pain is often referred to as __ - a pinching of one of the spinal nerves contributing to the sciatic nerve.
- damage to a different __ will affect areas of the body supplied by that particular nerve |
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Definition
- foot; sciatica
- spinal nerve |
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Term
| the posterior triangle of the neck is also known as the ____ |
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Definition
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Term
triangles of the neck
- the __ muscle divides the neck into two triangles, known as the __ and __ triangles, which are found on either side of the midline |
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Definition
| -sternocleidomastoid; anterior; posterior |
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Term
sternocleidomastoid
- The sternocleidomastoid attaches superiorly to the __, and inferiorly to the __ and the __ |
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Definition
| - mastoid process; clavicle; sternum |
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Term
muscles bordering the anterior triangle
- the anterior triangle of the neck is found within the following boundaries:
1. the __
2. The __
3. the __ |
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Definition
1. anterior border of the sternocleidomastoid
2. the inferior border of the mandible
3. the midline of the neck |
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Term
muscles bordering the posterior triangle
- the posterior triangle is found within the following boundaries:
1. the __
2. the __
3. the __ |
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Definition
1. posterior border of the sternocleidomastoid
2. anterior border of the trapezius
3. superior border of the clavicle |
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Term
subdivisions of the posterior triangle
- the posterior triangle of the neck is subdivided into two additional triangles; the __ and __ |
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Definition
| - omoclavicular triangle; occipital triangle |
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Term
the omoclavicular triangle is bounded by the following structures:
1.
2.
3. |
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Definition
1. inferior belly of the omohyoid muscle
2. superior border of the clavicle
3. posterior border of the sternocleidomastoid |
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Term
the occipital triangle is bounded by the following structures:
1.
2.
3. |
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Definition
1. posterior border of sternocleidomastoid
2. anterior border of trapezius
3. inferior belly of the omohyoid |
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Term
deep muscles of the neck
- a deep view of the posterior triangle reveals the group of 3 pairs of __, found in the __. they include __, __, __.
-- these muscles help to form the __, or __, of the posterior triangle of the neck |
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Definition
- scalene muscles; lateral neck; posterior scalene m, middle scalene m, anterior scalene m.
-- floor; inferior boundary |
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Term
muscle: anterior scalene
PA:
DA:
INN:
Action: |
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Definition
muscle: anterior scalene
PA: c3-c6
DA: 1st rib
INN: direct branches from cervical and brachial plexuses (c3-c8)
Action: With ribs mobile: Elevate upper ribs during forced inspiration
With ribs fixed: Bend cervical spine to same side (unilateral), flexes neck (bilateral) |
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Term
muscle: middle scalene
PA:
DA:
INN:
Action: |
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Definition
muscle: middle scalene
PA: c1-c2
DA: 1st rib
INN:Direct branches from cervical and brachial plexuses (C3-C8)
Action: With ribs mobile: Elevate upper ribs during forced inspiration
With ribs fixed: Bend cervical spine to same side (unilateral), flexes neck (bilateral) |
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Term
muscle: posterior scalene
pa:
da:
inn:
action: |
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Definition
muscle: posterior scalene
pa: c5-c7
da: 2nd rib
inn: Direct branches from cervical and brachial plexuses (C3-C8)
action:With ribs mobile: Elevate upper ribs during forced inspiration
With ribs fixed: Bend cervical spine to same side (unilateral), flexes neck (bilateral) |
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Term
Brachial Plexus
- the brachial plexus is located in the floor between the __ and __ muscles
- the brachial plexus is an arrangement of __
- the brachial plexus is responsible for __ of the __ |
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Definition
- anterior; middle scalene
- nerve fibers
- motor and sensory innervation; upper limb |
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Term
deep muscles of the neck
- the posterior triangle contains two more deep muscles, the first of these is the __, found along the back of the neck on either lateral side. its primary action is to __
- further back and upwards along the lateral neck is the ___. This broad muscle acts by pulling on the ___ from its attachments in the __ and __ and thus ___ |
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Definition
- levator scapulae muscle; elevate the scapula
- splenius capitis muscle; base of the skull; neck; thorax; rotating the head to the same side |
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Term
posterior triangle of the neck
- the __ is located in the posterior triangle of the neck and supplies innervation to the __ and __ muscles |
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Definition
| - accessory nerve (CN XI); sternocleidomastoid; trapezius |
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Term
innervation of the neck
- the sensory innervation of the posterior triangle of the neck is from the same sources as the ___. |
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Definition
| - anterior triangle (cervical plexus C1-C4) |
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Term
lymphatic drainage of the neck
- the lymphatic system is comprised of a network of ducts, known as __ and __. they serve as a pathway for drainage of __, which is a mixture of leftover __ from __ and __ |
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Definition
| lymphatic vessels; glands (nodes); lymph fluid; interstitial fluid; capillary beds; proteins |
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Term
lymphatic drainage
- lymph nodes found throughout the body are connected via ___. these nodes filter lymph fluid as it's drained back into ___ via the __ or the __, depending on where lymph is drained from. |
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Definition
| lymphatic vessels; venous circulation; thoracic duct; right lymphatic duct |
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Term
| the group of lymph nodes in the neck as is follows: |
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Definition
| buccal, occipital, laryngeal, tracheal, mastoid, parotid, submandibular, submental, superficial cervical |
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Term
lymphatic drainage goes from __ to __ to the ___
- the __ is located along the __ that surrounds the ___ and common ___
- in general, this ___ of nodes parallels the direction of the ___ and __ |
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Definition
superficial nodes; deep nodes; deep cervical group
- deep cervical group; carotid sheath; internal jugular vein; carotid artery
- deep cervical group; internal jugular vein; sternocleidomastoid |
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Term
The upper limb is entirely innervated by nerves originating from the ___
- this consists of the __ of __ and __
- both __ and __ to skin and muscles are enabled by this plexus, which itself is a part of the ___ |
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Definition
brachial plexus
- ventral rami; C5-C8; T1
- sensory; motor innervation; peripheral nervous system |
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Term
The Brachial Plexus
- a plexus is different than a typical nerve in that a plexus consists of __ from several spinal cord levels joining together to form a nerve. The __ of a typical nerve, in contrast, remains __ and follows a specific pathway, usually having an __ and __. |
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Definition
| - ventral rami; ventral ramus; segmental; anterior position; posterior position |
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Term
the brachial plexus
- we can see that the ventral rami arising from __ join together, forming the brachial plexus. The contributing ventral rami organize immediately into ___.
- most of the nerves resulting from the brachial plexus are ___ |
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Definition
- C5-T1; plexus roots
- terminal branches |
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Term
Divisions of the Brachial Plexus
- the brachial plexus is a complicated network of nerves that begins at the __ and continues down through the __
- its purpose is to innervate the __, which includes the ___
- The 5 basic divisions of the brachial plexus are ____ |
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Definition
- spine; arm
- upper limb; arm, forearm, and hand
- Roots, Trunks, Divisions, Cords, Branches (Robb Taylor Drinks Cold Beer) |
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Term
Roots
- there are two nerves that branch from the roots of the brachial plexus: __ and __ |
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Definition
| - dorsal scapular nerve (C5); long thoracic nerve (C5-C7) |
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Term
Roots
- The dorsal scapular nerves begins at the plexus root of __. it innervates the __ which elevates the scapula, and provides motor innervation of the __, which retract the scapula or pull it toward the spine |
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Definition
| - C5; levator scapulae muscle; rhomboid major and rhomboid minor muscles |
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Term
Roots: long thoracic nerve
- the long thoracic nerve innervates the __; it arises as the roots of __. it travels with the __ and rests on the outer surface of the __. most nerves travel deep through the muscle, however this nerve is unique because it ___.
- Because of where the nerve lies, it has a greater chance of __. one in particular is the __. The long thoracic nerve runs along the serratus anterior which protracts the __. if damage to the nerve is done, then the __ can no longer be protracted, so the ___ are unopposed, thus giving the __ |
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Definition
- serratus anterior; C5-C7; lateral thoracic artery; serratus anterior; lies on top of the muscle
- injury; winged scapula; scapula;scapula; retractors of the scapula (rhomboids); winged look |
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Term
Trunks
- the trunks are divided into 3 different parts:
- the superior trunk is a combo or __ and __ roots
-- the __ innervates the __ and __ muscles and passes __ through the scapular notch to reach these muscles
- the middle trunk is found at the ___ root
- the inferior trunk is a combo of __ and __ roots |
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Definition
- superior trunk; middle trunk; inferior trunk
- C5; C6
-- suprascapular nerve; supraspinatus; infraspinatus muscles; posteriorly
- C7
- C8; T1 |
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Term
Divisions
- the 3 divisions of the trunk each divide into __ and __, respectively
- these divisions do not ___ |
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Definition
- two anterior divisions; one posterior division
- give off any branches |
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Term
Cords
- the anterior and posterior divisions lead into the cords which are broken up into the __, __, and __
- the cords are named according to their relationship to the __
- lateral cord: __ divisions of the __ and __
- medial cord: __ division of the __
- posterior cord: __ division of __ |
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Definition
- lateral cord, medial cord, posterior cord
- axillary artery
- anterior; superior trunk; middle trunk
- anterior; inferior trunk
- posterior; superior, middle, and inferior trunks |
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Term
naming the cords
- axillary artery and cords are named in their relationship to the __
- at the distal end of the cords, __ arise, marking the transition between the __ and the __ of the brachial plexus |
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Definition
- axillary artery
- terminal branches; cord division; branches division |
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Term
nerves of the cord
- the lateral cord contains the __
- the medial cord contains the __ and __
- the posterior cord contains the __, __, and __ |
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Definition
- lateral pectoral nerve
- medial pectoral nerve; medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve
- upper subscapular nerve; thoracodorsal nerve; lower subscapular nerve |
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Term
nerves of the cord
- the lateral pectoral nerve innervates the __
- the medial pectoral nerve innervates the __ and __
- the medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve provides __
- the upper subscapular nerve innervates __
- the thoracodorsal nerve innervates __
- the lower subscapular nerve innervates __ and __ |
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Definition
- pectoralis major
- pectoralis major; pectoralis minor
- sensory innervation of medial side of forearm
- subscapularis
- lastissimus dorsi
- teres major; subscapularis |
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Term
terminal branches
- lateral cord: __; also contains __
- medial cord: __; also contains __ and __
- posterior cord: __ |
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Definition
- musculocutaneous nerve; lateral root of the median
- ulnar nerve; medial root of the median and medial brachial cutaneous
- axillary nerve; radial nerve |
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Term
| the nerves of the terminal branches are as follows: __, __, __, __, __ |
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Definition
| axillary n; radial n, musculocutaneous n, ulnar n, median n |
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Term
Radial nerve
- one of the terminal branches of the __
- it travels __ to the __
- it innervates the ___, such as the ___ |
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Definition
- posterior cord
- posteriorly; radial groove of the humerus
- extensor compartments of the arm and forearm; skin of the posterior arm, forearm, wrist, and hand |
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Term
axillary nerve
- is the second of two terminal branches of the __
- it innervates the __ and __
- it also provides ___ for the ___ |
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Definition
- posterior cord
- deltoid; teres minor muscles
- sensory info; skin of the lateral shoulder and arm; shoulder joint |
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Term
musculocutaneous nerve
- is the terminal branch of the __
- it provides __ to the ___ and __ to the __ |
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Definition
- lateral cord
- sensory innervation; skin of the lateral forearm; muscle innervation; anterior compartment of the arm (biceps, brachialis, coracobrachialis muscles) |
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Term
ulnar nerve
- is the terminal branch of the __
- it provides __ to two muscles in the __ of the __, including __ and the __
- is also innervates the __ compartment of muscles in the hand and provides sensation to the __ side of the hand |
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Definition
- medial cord
- motor innervation; anterior compartment of the forearm; flexor carpi ulnaris; medial portion of flexor digitorium profundus
- hypothenar; medial |
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Term
Median nerve
- it is formed by the median and lateral contributions of the __, respectively
- it provides sensory innervation for the ___
- it supplies motor innervation to the __ except __ and the __ |
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Definition
- median and lateral cords
- sensory innervation; skin of the lateral two-thirds of the hand
- flexors of the forearm; flexor carpi ulnaris; medial portion of the flexor digitorum profundus |
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Term
Terminal branches
- the __ can usually be identified in the axilla by looking for the M pattern they make |
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Definition
| - musculocutaneous nerve; ulnar nerve; median nerve |
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Term
The upper limb
- Each upper limb is divided into 3 distinct regions:
- the upper limb is attached to the body at the __
- the __ refers to the area that runs from the scapula to the elbow joint, and is comprised of only one bone, the __ |
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Definition
- arm, forearm, hand
- pectoral girdle
- arm; humerus |
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Term
bone of the arm: the humerus
- the arm proper, or __, is found between the __ and the __.
- the single skeletal structure in this region, the humerus, is a long bone connecting the __ with the __ |
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Definition
- brachium; shoulder; elbow joints
- scapula; bones of the forearm |
|
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Term
proximal features of the humerus
- the proximal end of the humerus has a head that articulates with the __ of the scapula. The smooth bony surface of the head is covered with ___, and is bordered by a groove called the ___, as well as the ___
- __ is white and glossy, and has a rubbery consistency. The slippery surface allows for surfaces to move with little friction and prevents damage to surrounding tissues. In the shoulder, articular cartilage covers the head of the __ and the corresponding socket area of the __ on the scapula with which the __ articulates
- the __ is located just above the shaft of the humerus, and is a visible narrowing of the bone that is distal to the __ at the transition point between the head and the shaft |
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Definition
- glenoid cavity; articular cartilage; anatomical neck; greater tuberosity
- articular cartilage; humerus; glenoid (glenoid fossa); humerus
- surgical neck; tubercles |
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Term
proximal features of the humerus
- the anterior view shows the shaft of the humerus which has a rough lateral surface area called the __. This tuberosity is the insertion for the __
- the __ located between the two tuberosities accomodates the tendon of the ___
- the __ is the site of the humerus that is most commonly fractured |
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Definition
- deltoid tuberosity; deltoid muscle
- intertubular groove; long head of the biceps brachii
- surgical neck |
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Term
distal features of the humerus:
- distal features of the humerus are the __ and __. these long bony prominences are distinct and can be palpated from the surface of the skin.
- the __ protects the __ nerve which passes close to the surface on the posterior elbow.
- The distal end of the humerus also has deep pits, two on the __ side, and one __ space. The __ articulates with the olcranon of the ulna during elbow extension and flexion |
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Definition
- lateral; medial epicondyles
- medial epicondyle; ulnar
- anterior; posterior; olcranon fossa |
|
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Term
Distal features of the humerus
- the other two deep pits on the anterior surface of the humerus are the __ and __
- these fossae accomodate the ___ when the elbow is flexed
- moreover, the distal side of the humerus shows two condyles called the __ and __ which articulate with the radius and ulna
- immediately proximal to these condyles are the bony processes of the __ and __ |
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Definition
- coronoid fossa; radial fossa
- coronoid process of the ulna
- capitulum; trochlea
- lateral; medial epicondyles |
|
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Term
Shoulder: ball and socket joint
- where the humerus meets the shoulder is a highly mobile joint, known as a __ joint. In this case, the __ acts as the ball while the bowl shaped __ is the socket, with the head articulating with the ___
- ball and socket joints allow for high __. However, the increased __ of this joint means that __ is sacrificed. This can lead to injuries such as a __ |
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Definition
- ball and socket; head of the humerus; glenoid cavity; glenoid fossa
- mobility; mobility; stability; rotator cuff tear |
|
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Term
deep muscles of the shoulder
- the four muscles of the shoulder are the:
- these four muscles cross and surround the __, and they primarily function in holding the __ within the shallow depression known as the __ |
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Definition
- supraspinatus; infraspinatus; teres minor; subscapularis (SITS)
- glenohumeral joint; head of the humerus; glenoid cavity |
|
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Term
muscles of the shoulder: parts of the deltoid
- The deltoid can be further divided into 3 distinct segments:
- the __ of the deltoid originates from the __, and cover the anterior aspect of the shoulder
- the __ of the deltoid arises from the __, a bony process on the scapula that forms the summit of the shoulder joint
- the __ originates from the __, and makes up the posterior 1/3 of the deltoid as well as other muscles of the rotator cuffs |
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Definition
- clavicular; acromial; spinal
- clavicular part; lateral 1/3 of the clavicle
- acromial part; acromion
- spinal part; scapular spine |
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Term
the shoulder capsule: glenohumeral joint
- the __ muscle supports the inferior side of the shoulder joint. it is considerably smaller than the other 3 muscles, giving less support to the inferior aspect of the joint. therefore, most shoulder injuries occur at this ___.
-- note that the ___ also helps to
reinforce this joint
- the __ is a fibrocartilaginous, encapsulating structure that runs around the glenoid cavity. it helps deepen the __ of the shoulder joint, and protects the edges of the bones. |
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Definition
- teres minor; inferior side
-- tendon of the long head of the biceps brachii
- glenoid labrum; articular cavity |
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Term
major muscles acting on the humerus
- nine muscles cross the glenohumeral joint and insert on the humerus. Of these particular muscles, the __ and __ serve as the prime movers of the humerus
- one major abductor of the arm is the __. this originates with the clavicle, scapular spine, and acromion, yet the insertion point is on the __ of the humerus
- with its __ fibers there is flexion with the shoulder, __ fibers extend it, and __ fibers abduct it.
- also, this abduction by the deltoid is antagonized by the movement of the adductors (toward the body) __ and __ |
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Definition
- pectoralis major; lastissimus dorsi
- deltoid; deltoid tuberosity
- anterior; posterior; lateral
- pectoralis major; latissimus dorsi |
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Term
The pectoralis major consists of three parts:
- contraction of the pectoralis major __ and internally rotates the humerus |
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Definition
clavicular; sternocostal; and abdominal portions
- adducts |
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Term
Anterior muscles of the arm
- the __ is named for its two heads, which attach proximally to two seperate regions of the scapula
- the tendon of the __ is important in holding the humerus in the glenoid cavity and stabilizing the shoulder joint.
- the proximal attachment for the brachii (long head) is the __, while the short head originates on the ___. The distal attachments for these muscles attaches to the ___ and ___. |
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Definition
- biceps brachii
- long head
- supra-glenoid tubercle; coracoid process; tuberosity of the radius; fascia of the forearm |
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Term
anterior muscles of the humerus
- the __ in the anterior region compartment of the arm flexes the arm and forearm, and supinates the forearm
- the __ is the prime flexor of the forearm at the elbow joint. The __ also aids in flexion of the forearm |
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Definition
- biceps brachii
- biceps brachii; brachialis |
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Term
anterior (deep) muscles of the humerus
- the __ is the smallest of the three muscles that attach to the coracoid process of the scapula. __ and __ are the other two muscles that attache here
- the coracobrachialis acts to draw the __ forward causing shoulder flexion, as well as bringing it towards the __, causing ___. innervation of this muscle comes from the ___ |
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Definition
-coracobrachialis; pectoralis minor; biceps brachii
- humerus; torso (medially); shoulder adduction; musculocutaneous nerve |
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Term
posterior muscles of the arm
- the __ muscle is located on the posterior side of the arm (including its __ and __) as well as more of the proximal posterior muscles acting on the humerus. The __ is deep to long. |
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Definition
| - triceps brachii; (lateral head; long head); medial head |
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Term
posterior muscles of the arm
- the triceps brachii serve as an __ to the biceps brachii.
- triceps brachii is the main extender of the __, and inserts on the ___.
- Tricep head origins
1. the long head has its origin at the ___
2. the lateral head originates at the __
3. the medial head origin is also on the ___ |
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Definition
- antagonistic muscle group
- elbow; olcranon of the ulna
1. infraglenoid tubercle of the scapula
2. proximal posterior shaft of the humerus
3. humerus's posterior shaft |
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Term
muscular attachments to shoulder joint
- note that the long head of the biceps brachii attaches to the __, a small projection of the scapula that's just superior to the glenoid cavity near the coracoid process
- the long head of the triceps brachii attaches to the __, a similar projection of the scapula that's found immediately inferior to the glenoid cavity
- remember that the head of the humerus articulates with the ___ |
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Definition
- supraglenoid tubercle
- infraglenoid tubercle
- scapula at the glenoid cavity |
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Term
Arterial supply to the shoulder
- the main arterial supply to the shoulder is provided by the __.
- The __ is in fact a continuation of the __ once it passes the lateral margin of the __. it supplies blood to the __, __, and the __
- after traveling past the lower margin of __, the name of this same artery is again changed, with the continuing portion being subsequently referred to as the ___ |
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Definition
- axillary artery
- axillary artery; subclavian artery; 1st rib; lateral thorax; axilla; arm
- teres major; brachial artery |
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Term
Axillary artery and its branches
1st division
- ___
2nd division
- __
a.
b.
c.
- __
3rd division
- __
- __
- __ |
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Definition
- superior thoracic artery
- thoracoacromial artery
a. pectoral branch
b. deltoid branch
c. acromial branch
- lateral thoracic artery
- anterior circumflex artery
- posterior circumflex artery
- subscapular artery |
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Term
after the axillary artery crosses the lateral border of the teres major, it is renamed the __, which supplies the blood to the __
- a branch of the brachial artery, the __, passes posteriorly to supply the posterior compartment of the arm |
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Definition
brachial artery; arm
- deep brachial |
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Term
Superficial venous drainage of the upper limb
- the __ arises from the lateral portions of the hand and forearm, and travels up the forearm. It continues up the lateral aspect of the brachium to the shoulder and joins the axillary vein. __ are often administered distally in this vein
- the __ arises from medial portions of the hand and forearm and travels up the forearm, continuing into the brachium. about halfway up the brachium this vein turns deeply into the tissue and runs beside the brachial artery. This __ is a key area where the vein perforates the deep tissue.
- the __ is a short branching between the cephalic and basilic vein that obliquely crosses the cubital fossa. this vein is clearly visible through the skin and is the most common site for __
- superficial veins drain __ |
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Definition
- cephalic vein; IV fluids
- basilic vein; basilic hiatus
- medial cubital vein; drawing blood
- skin |
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Term
The veins of the upper limb can be classified as either being __ or __
- the deep veins of the arm run __ with the arteries that supply this region
- the superficial veins of the arm ___ to the deep arterial veins
- superficial veins are found closer to the skin's surface in order to provide venous drainage to the __ and __ tissues of the arms superficial structures
- it's important to realize that all venous blood collected by these superficial veins eventually ___ before these deeper vessels exit the arm on their way to empty into the __ |
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Definition
deep; superficial
- parallel
- don't run parallel
- cutaneous; muscular
- drains back to join the arm's deep veins; superior vena cava |
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Term
the __ is a network of tissues and vessels that hep to maintain the body's fluid balance, cleanse the body of foreign matter, and provide immune cells for defense
- __ is the fluid that the system collects from the interstitial space of the tissue and returns to the bloodstream. fluid continually filters out from __ into the tissue spaces, and the __ reabsorb most of it.
- the lymphatic system collects this mixture of fluids and proteins in order to return it to ___
- lymph nodes contain __ and other __ that make it important for the immune system |
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Definition
lymphatic system
- lymph; blood capillaries; blood capillaries
- venous circulation
- white blood cells; immunological cells |
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Term
lymph from the upper limb and breast drains to the ___, found in the axilla region. the superficial lymphatic structures of the upper limb are embedded in __, while the deep lymphatic nodes and vessels accompany the ____
- lymph drainage occurs in the same direction as that of ___ |
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Definition
axillary lymph nodes; subcutaneous tissue; arteries and deep veins of the arm and forearm
- venous blood |
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Term
The forearm
- the forearm is composed of the __ and __
- the forearm is much more __ in comparison to the range of motion of the arm.
- the primary function of the muscles in the forearm is ___ |
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Definition
-radius; ulna
- constricted
- movement of the bones in the hand |
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Term
bones of the forearm
- the __ (or forearm) extends from the elbow to the wrist and contains two bones: __ and __
- in anatomical position, the bones are parallel and the __ is lateral to the __, also called __, and this positions the palm face up.
- the radius and ulna overlap when the forearm is __, thus positioning the palm of the hand __ |
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Definition
- antebrachium; radius; ulna
- radius; ulna; supination
- pronated; face down |
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Term
radius and ulna
- the proximal head of the radius is a distinctive __ with an __ that helps with free rotation on the humerus and ulna during ___.
- The proximal head of the radius also articulates with the __ and ___ |
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Definition
- disc; articular fovea; pronation and supination
- capitulum of the humerus; radial notch of the ulna |
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Term
Radius and Ulna: proximal view
- on the shaft of the radius, immediately distal to the head, is a medial rough __, which is the insertion of the ___
- both the radius and ulna have a __ protruding from the proximal region |
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Definition
- radial tuberosity; biceps brachii muscle
- tuberosity |
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Term
-the proximal side of the ulna contains a large process known as the __. This articulates with the __, and is a palpable bone in which people commonly refer to solely as their __
- the radius and ulna are held together by a fibrous membrane known as the __ |
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Definition
- olecranon; olecranon fossa of the humerus; elbow
- interosseous membrane |
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Term
radius and ulna: distal view
- the distal end of the radius and ulna meet the __ that compose the wrist.
- the radius provides a major ___ in which two of the carpal bones of the wrist articulate with the distal portions of the radius
-- note that the __ does not articulate directly with the __
- both the radius and the ulna have bony prominences known as __. the __ is what most people refer to as the wrist bone |
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Definition
- carpal bones
- carpal articular surface
- distal ulna; carpal bones
- styloid processes; styloid process of the ulna |
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Term
the elbow joint: stability
- the major ligaments are as follows:
- the ulnar collateral ligament is part of the __. this ligament articulates with the __ and __
- the radial collateral ligament is part of the ___. this ligament articulates with the __ and __
- the annular ligament is part of the __. this ligament articulates with the __ and the __ |
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Definition
- ulnar collateral ligament; radial collateral ligament; annular ligament
- humeroulnar joint; trachlea; trochlear notch of the ulna
- humeroradial joint; capitellum; articular fovea of the radius
- proximal radioulnar joint; radial notch of the ulna; radius |
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Term
movement of the elbow joint
- in __, the palm is facing upward and the bones of the forearm are __ to one another
- following __, the palm is facing downward. the __ rotates over the __ and the bones are no longer parallel |
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Definition
- supination; parallel
- pronation; radius; ulna |
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Term
| the layers of anterior forearm muscles include: |
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Definition
| superficial; intermediate; deep |
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Term
skeletal organization of the hand
- the three distinct regions include:
- the __ make up the wrist. these bones allow __, and __ movements of the wrist. also note that these bones are arranged in ___.
- __ are the bones which form the palm of the hand
- the most distal region of hand bones are the __. these are the bones of the fingers. these can be identified by roman numerals preceded by __, __, __ |
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Definition
- carpal bones; metacarpels; phalanges
- carpal bones; up and down; side to side; two rows of four bones each
- metacarpals
- phalanges; proximal; middle; distal |
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Term
superficial muscles of the ant forearm
- these muscles include:
- most of these muscles are ___
- these muscles arise proximally from the ___
- the pronator teres is one of the primary muscles of the forearm that __ the forearm, it also weakly flexes the _
- the flexor carpi radialis also originates at the ___ and runs distally towards its insertion on the ___; it is an important landmark for finding the __, where the pulse is usually taken
- the palmarus longus is a thin muscle found medial to the __; once it reaches the wrist it has an expanded tendon that joins the ___ which invests the muscles of the palm
- the flexor carpi ulnaris __ and __ the hand, and inserts into the __ and __ carpal bones and __ bone. |
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Definition
- pronator teres, flexor carpi radialis, palmarus longus; and flexor carpi ulnaris
- flexors of the wrist and fingers
- medial epicondyle of the humerus
- pronates; elbow
- medial epicondyle of the humerus; anterior side of the base of the second metacarpal; radial artery
- flexor carpi radialis; palmar aponeurosis
- flexes; adducts; pisiform; hamate; 5th metacarpal bone |
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Term
intermediate muscles of the ant forearm
- ___ attaches to the ___ proximally and distally to the ___.
-- this muscle ___ the fingers at the wrist |
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Definition
| - flexor digitorum superficialis; medial epicondyle of the humerus; proximal interphalangeal(PIP) joints of fingers 2-5 in the hand. |
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Term
deep muscles of the anterior forearm
- the __, found between the middle and distal phalanges, all receive innervation from deep muscles of anterior forearm (except for __)
- these deep muscles include:
- flexor digitorum profundus is an extrinsic head muscle; it flexes the ___; and allows for a ___
- flexor pollicis longus flexes the __ from the forearm; however, when this is fixed it helps in flexing the __
- pronator quadratus is a square muscle found at the distal forearm, and is the only muscle that attaches solely to the distal ends of the ___; it __ the hand by pulling the lateral side of the radius towards theulns |
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Definition
- distal interphalangeal (DIP) joints; (pronator quadratus)
- flexor digitorum profundus; flexor pollicis longus; pronator quadratus
- wrist, MCP, PIP, and DIP joints; gripping motion at the tips of the fingers
- thumb; wrist
- ulna and radius; pronates |
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Term
radialis muscles of the posterior forearm
- these muscles include the:
- these muscles act as weak flexors of the __ and extensors of the __
- most of these arise from the __ and are all innervated by the __
- brachioradialis is capable of __ and __. this attaches to the __ above the __, therefore it also flexes the __ |
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Definition
- brachioradialis; extensor carpi radialis longus; extensor carpi radialis brevis
-elbow joint; wrist joint
- lateral epicondyle; radial nerve
- supination; pronation; humerus joint; lateral epicondyle; elbow |
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Term
- extensor carpi radialis longus is a long muscle running from the __ of the humerus to the base of the __. this muscle will both __ and __
- extensor carpi radialis brevis is a shorter and thicker muscle that acts as an __ and an __. it attaches to the base of the __ |
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Definition
- lateral epicondyle; 2nd metacarpal bone; extend at the wrist joint; abduct the hand at the wrist.
- extensor of the wrist; abductor of the hand at the wrist joint; 3rd metacarpal |
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Term
superficial muscles of the post forearm
- the muscles included are the:
- extensor carpi ulnaris is found on the __ side of the forearm, is an extensor muscle that __ and __. it attaches distally to the base of the __
- extensor digitorum extends the __ at __ and also serves to __, it arises from the __
- extensor digiti minimi is sometimes considered to be a detached portion of __, arises from the ___, extends the ___ |
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Definition
- extensor carpi ulnaris; extensor digitorum; extensor digiti minimi
- ulnar; extends; adducts the wrist; 5th metacarpal
- 2-5 fingers; metacarpophalangeal joints; extend the wrist; lateral epicondyle of the humerus
- extensor digitorum; common extensor tendon; metacarpophalangeal joint of the little finger |
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Term
deep muscles of the posterior forearm
- these muscles include the:
- these muscles are primarily involved with the movement of the __ and __
- the supinator's primary function is to ___
- the abductor pollicis longus ___
- the extensor pollicis longus extends the __ stretching the thumb along with the much smaller extensor pollicis brevis
- extensor indicis extends the __ |
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Definition
- supinator; abductor pollicis longus; extensor pollicis longus; extensor indicis
- index finger; thumb
- supinate the forearm
- abducts the thumb at the wrist
- thumb at the metacarpophalangeal joint
- index finger |
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Term
innervation of the arm and forearm
- all flexors of the forearm are innervated by the __, except the __ and __, which are innervated by the __
- all extensors in the forearm are innervated by the __ |
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Definition
- median nerve; flexor carpi ulnaris; flexor digitorum profundis; ulnar nerve
- radial nerve |
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Term
the __ is a triangular region in the bend of the elbow
- the boundaries of this are __, __, and an __
- the cubital fossa contains the ___
- also note the __ which is a flat sheetlike tendon of the biceps brachii which inserts on the flexor muscle of the forearm |
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Definition
cubtial fossa
- brachioradialis (laterally); pronator teres (medially); imaginary line between the medial/lateral epicondyles (superiorly)
- tendon of the biceps brachii proper; brachial artery; median nerve (TAN)
- bicipital aponeurosis |
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Term
arterial supply to the forearm
- the __ is the main artery of the lateral aspect of the forearm, and its braches supply regions around the __, __, __
- the main artery of the medial aspect of the forearm is the ___ |
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Definition
- radial artery; elbow; wrist; hand
- ulnar artery |
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Term
arterial supply to the forearm
- the ulnar artery gives off a branch called the __. this divides into an __ and __
- the __ accesses the posterior compartment of the forearm
- the __ accesses the anterior compartment of the forearm |
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Definition
- common interosseus artery; anterior; posterior interosseus artery
- posterior interosseus
- anterior interosseus |
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Term
superficial venous drainage of the forearm
- __ arises from the lateral side of the dorsal venous arch, winds around the radius and travels up the forearm (IV fluids administered here)
- __ arises from the medial side of the dorsal venous arch, travels the posterior aspect of the forearm
- __ is a short bridge between the cephalic and basilic vein that obliquely crosses the cubital fossa
- __ originates near the base of the thumb and travels up the forearm between the radial and ulnar veins |
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Definition
- cephalic vein
- basilic vein
- median cubital vein
- median antebrachial vein |
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Term
deep venous drainage of the forearm
-the __ receives blood from the lateral side of both palmar arches and courses up the forearm along the radius
- the __ receives blood from the medial side of both palmar arches and the travels up the forearm by the ulna
- __ receives blood from the deep tissues of the forearm and courses upward between the radius and ulna |
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Definition
- the radial vein
- the ulnar vein
- anterior interosseus vein |
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Term
the hand
- the hand is divided into 3 distinct regions
- the __ make up the wrist
- __ are the bones which form the palm
- the most distal region of the hand bones are the __ |
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Definition
- carpal bones; metacarpals; phalanges
- carpal bones
- metacarpals
- phalanges |
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Term
the carpal bones
- the capal bones consist of: |
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Definition
scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform, trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate
(some lovers try positions that they cant handle) |
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Term
bones of the hand: metacarpals
- metacarpals have 3 distinct regions |
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Definition
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Term
bones of the hand: phalanges
- the phalanges of the hand, like the phalanges of the foot, refer to the __ of each digit
- these bones are broken down into: |
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Definition
- 3 most distal bones
- proximal, middle, distal |
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Term
ligaments of the wrist/hand
- __ are the structures which hold bones together
- in the hand, the knuckles are known as __, __, and __ |
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Definition
- ligaments
- distal interphalangeal joints (DIP); proximal interphalangeal joints (PIP); metacarpophalangeal joints (MCP) |
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Term
ligaments and tendons of the finger
- the __ arise from the muscles in the forearm, and act upon the finger for __
- the __ surround the joint and connect bone to bone |
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Definition
- tendons; flexion
- ligaments |
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Term
- __ are tough, non-elastic yet flexible tissue, which connect bones, and provide stability to joints
- one unique ligament structure of the wrist/hand is the __. this is made up on three sides by __ of the wrist. the anterior side of the tunnel is enclosed by a thick ____
-- many structures and vessels pass through this including __, __, and most notable the ___ |
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Definition
ligaments
- carpal tunnel; bones of the wrist; transverse carpal ligament
- ligaments; tendons; median nerve |
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Term
the carpal tunnel
- the ulnar side of the carpal tunnel is connected via the __ and the __
- the radial side of the carpal tunnel is connected via the __, and __
- the __ stretches from the ulnar to radial side of the wrist forming the __ side of the actual carpal tunnel |
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Definition
- hook of hamate; pisiform
- trapezium; tubercle of the trapezium
- transverse carpal ligament; palmar |
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Term
| carpal tunnel synderom is caused by compression of the __ in the carpal tunnel. |
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Definition
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Term
intrinsic metacarpal hand muscles
- the layers of muscles in the hand can be broken down into: |
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Definition
- superficial: 1. palmar aponeurosis
- middle: 2. middle intrinsic
3. lumbrical muscles
- deep:4. dorsal interosseus muscles
5. palmar interosseus muscles |
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Term
muscles of the hand: superficial layer
- the __ is the layer of flat, broad tendons that connects to the __ muscle in the forearm that flexes the wrist
-- __ and __ branch from the common aponeurosis that stems from the ___
- the __ and __ are found lateral to the palmar aponeurosis |
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Definition
- plamar aponeruosis; palmaris longus
-- longitudinal; transverse fascicles; palmaris longus tendon
- abductor pollicis brevis; palmaris brevis |
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Term
muscles of the hand: superficial layer
- the superficial muscles of the __ eminence (thumb side) and the __ eminence (little finger side) have similar arrangements
- on the radial (thumb) side, the most superficial muscle is the __. on the ulnar (little finger) side, there is also an ___
-- these muscles move the respective digits ___
- moving deep and medial, there is a __ on the radial side and a __ on the ulnar side. these are intrinsic muscles of the hand that ___
- lastly, the deepest muscles of the thenar and hypothenar eminences are the __ and the __. the first allows __. the second draws the ___ |
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Definition
- thenar; hypothenar
- abductor pollicis brevis; abductor digiti minimi
-- away from the hand
- flexor pollicis brevis; flexor digiti minimi; flex the thumb/little finger
- opponens pollicis; opponens digiti minimi; opposition to the joint of the thumb; metacarpal in a palmar direction |
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Term
muscles of the hand: middle layer
- the __ has two unique regions, the __ (for thumb adduction_ and a __ (for flexion of the thumb) |
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Definition
| - adductor pollicis; transverse head; oblique head |
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Term
| the __ (worm like muscles) attach to the tendons of the __ and both flex the mcp joints and extend the ___. |
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Definition
| lumbricals; flexor digitorum profundus; interphalangeal (pip and dip) joints |
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Term
muscles of the hand: deep layer
- the __ are muscles of the metacarpals which aid in interphalangeal joint extension and flexion. these muscles are located in the __ of the hand
- the __ are broken up into the __ and __, which attach seemingly on all sides of the 1st through 5th metacarpal bones. the function of these muscles are __ and __ |
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Definition
- lumbricals; middle layer
- interossei; dorsal; palmar interossei; PAD (palmar interossei adduct the digits); DAB (dorsal interossei abduct the digits) |
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Term
arteries of the hand/wrist
- most blood flow arriving to the hand comes from the __ and __
- these arteries descend from the forearm region. __ are the smaller vessels that connect these two arteries near the midline proximal to the wrist
- blood flow is kept in a series circuit loop just distal to the carpal bones. this loop or arch is formed as these vessels supply blood distal to the wrist, forming both a __ mainly from the __, and a __ mainly from the __
- __ and __ extend down the rest of the hand to supply the fingers |
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Definition
- radial artery; ulnar artery
- palmar carpal branches
- deep palmar arch; radial artery; superficial palmar arch; ulnar artery
- common palmar digital; palmar/dorsal digital arteries |
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Term
veins of the wrist/hand
- similar to the radial and ulnar artery, the __ and __ provide drainage on the lateral portions of the wrist into the forearm.
- an extensive __ also is responsible for drainage of much of the hand
- also note on the right how the __ allow for drainage of the fingers and knuckle region |
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Definition
- cephalic vein; basilic vein
- deep venous network
- dorsal digital veins |
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