Term
| Three major types of causative constructions |
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Definition
a) Periphrastic (or analytic causative)
b) Lexical causative
c) Morphological causative |
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Term
| Causative constructions involve a valence-changing process: |
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Definition
| The semantic valence of the causative verb will always be one greater than the valence of the base verb. |
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Term
| Change of assignment of grammatical relations in causative constructions |
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Definition
| The causer will almost always be encoded as the subject, while the causee receives different grammatical relations in different languages. |
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Term
| Status of causee in constructions formed from intransitive roots |
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Definition
| Normally the causee is encoded as the primary object (direct object). |
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Term
| Baker (1988)'s generalization of causative formation (part 1) |
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Definition
| 1) The grammatical relation of the causee in a transitive causative is largely predictable from the marking of the recipient in basic (underived) ditransitive constructions in the same language. |
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Term
| Baker (1988)'s generalization of causative formation (part 2) |
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Definition
| 2) If the recipient is expressed as a primary object in a given language, then there is a strong tendency for a transitive causee also to be marked as a primary object. If the recipient is expressed as a secondary object or oblique argument, then there is a strong tendency for a transitive causee to also be marked as a secondary object or oblique argument. |
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Term
| Evidence for identifying Swahili primary objects vs. secondary objects |
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Definition
1) Word order: preferred order is for the primary object to appear immediately after the verb.
2) The object agreement marker must agree with the noun class of the primary object.
3) Only primary objects can be passivized. |
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Term
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Definition
1) The patient takes ACC case, while the causee takes DAT case.
2) In a basic ditransitive clause, only the theme (i.e. the OBJ) can be passivized, not the recipient (OBJ2). |
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Term
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Definition
1) In a basic ditransitive clause, the theme is realized as a primary object, taking ACC case if animate or NOM if inanimate.
2. The recipient is a secondary object taking DAT case. Only the theme can passivize.
3. Most obvious difference between Malayalam and Turkish pattern: Whereas the transitive causee in Turkish is OBJ2 taking DAT, in Malayalam it is an OBL taking post-position 'with'
4. Trans. causee cannot passivize, since it is an OBL argument. |
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Term
| Ditransitive causee marking in Turkish |
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Definition
| Ditransitive causee is an OBL argument marked with the postposition 'by', the same postposition used to mark passive agents. |
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Term
| Ditransitive causee marking in Malayalam |
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Definition
| Ditransitive causee is takes the same instrumental postposition used with transitive causatives. |
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Term
| Ditransitive causee marking in Swahili |
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Definition
| Comrie (1976) says ditrans. are possible but not entirely natural. They have 3 objects (causee as primary, theme and recipient as secondary). |
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Term
| Causee as "next available GR" (part 1) |
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Definition
| Comrie (1981): GR of the causee in languages like Turkish can be predicted from Relational Hierarchy: the causee will always get the highest relation on the hierarchy which is not part of the subcategorization of the base verb. |
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Term
Causee as "next available GR" (part 2) |
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Definition
Subcat of Base Verb GR of Causee
{SUBJ} OBJ
{SUBJ, OBJ} OBJ2
{SUBJ, OBJ, OBJ2} OBL |
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Term
CAUSE as abstract predicate |
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Definition
Morph. causatives: causative affix represents an abstract pred that takes 2 arguments: causer and caused event. Caused event is named by base predicate, which takes its own arguments. In order to have just 1 SUBJ (causer), the causee takes OBJ2 or OBL if base is transitive, or OBJ if transitive. |
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Term
Semantics of causative construction |
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Definition
A number of lang. allow variation in possible ways to mark the causee. These alternations freq. correlate with semantic contrasts involving affectedness, degree of control on part of causee, or direct vs. indirect (mediated) action by cause. |
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Term
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Definition
The causer says or does something directly to the cause, usually with the intent of bringing about the caused event. Example: 'The captain caused his boat to sink (by drilling holes in the bottom).' |
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Term
Indirect (mediated) causation |
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Definition
There is no such direct action; caused event may be an unintended consequence of the causer's actions. Ex.: 'The captain caused his boat to sink (by allowing too many passengers to come aboard).' |
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Term
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Definition
Coercion: causer actively works to bring about caused event
Ex. 'John made his daughter watch the rugby match on TV.'
Permission: causer simply allows the event to happen (refrains from preventing it)
Ex. 'John allowed his daughter to watch the rugby match on TV.' |
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Term
Physical Manipulation vs. Verbal Direction |
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Definition
With physical Manipulation, the causer takes some direct, physical action to bring about the caused event. Ex. 'John put his (sleeping) daughter into the car seat.'
With verbal direction, he says something to the causee to achieve the desired event.
Ex. 'John made his (*sleeping) daughter get into her car seat., |
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Term
Ingestives and affectedness |
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Definition
In a nubmber of lang., incl. many South Asian ones, morph.causatives derived from certain trans. roots follow pattern of case marking otherwise associated with intrans. causatives, typically ingestives. |
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Term
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Definition
Class of roots that typically includes verbs of ingestion and perception (e.g. eat, drink, hear, see, learn, understand). |
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