Term
What are the two components to the skull?
How many bones in each? |
|
Definition
The facial skeleton and the cranial vault
14 and 8 |
|
|
Term
| What bones can't you see from the frontal view? |
|
Definition
| The occipital bone and the palatine bones |
|
|
Term
| Which is the only bone not directly attached to the skull from the frontal view? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which bones feature alveolar processes? |
|
Definition
| the maxilla and the mandible |
|
|
Term
| What three foramina, that allow the passage of nerves, can be seen from the anterior (frontal view) |
|
Definition
| Superior orbital notch, inferior orbital foramen, and the mental foramen |
|
|
Term
| Where is the mental foramen found? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| List Anterior to posterior from nasal bones to occipital |
|
Definition
| Nasal bones and maxilla and madibel, then syzogmatic bone, and then zygomatic arch, then temporal bone, then occipital |
|
|
Term
| What makes up the zygomatic arch? |
|
Definition
| the temporal process of the zygoma and zygomatic process of the temporal bone |
|
|
Term
| What part of the sphenoid is posterior to the zygomatic? |
|
Definition
| The greater wing of the sphenoid |
|
|
Term
| What are the two aspects of the temporal bone? |
|
Definition
| the squamous section (above the the arch) and the petrous section below the arch |
|
|
Term
| what aspect of the sphenoid exists below the zygomatic arch? |
|
Definition
| the lateral pterygoid plate |
|
|
Term
| What makes up the temporal fossa? |
|
Definition
| The squamous temporal bone, the greater wing of teh sphenoid and lower portion of parietal bone |
|
|
Term
| What are two features on the pertrous temporal bone? |
|
Definition
| the thin styloid process (anterior) and the mastoid process (posterior) |
|
|
Term
| What bone do you find the EAM in? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is joined at the coronoid suture? |
|
Definition
| Frontal bone and parietal bone |
|
|
Term
| What suture joins the parietal and occipiatl bone |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the area called where the parietal, frontal, sphenoid and temporal bones join? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the area called where the parietal, frontal, sphenoid and temporal bones join? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the area called where the parietal, frontal, sphenoid and temporal bones join? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where do the parietal bones unite? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where do the parietal bones unite? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What articulates with the atlas? where? |
|
Definition
| the occipital condules at the atlanto occipital joint |
|
|
Term
| What lies between the occ condyles? |
|
Definition
| the foramen magnum (for the spinal cord to pass through) |
|
|
Term
| What is the suture that separates the frontal from parietal bones |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are considered the posterior nasal apertures? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what separates the choanae |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What makes up the hard palate? |
|
Definition
| Palatine bones (posteriorly) and the palatine processes of the maxilla anteriorly |
|
|
Term
| what lies laterally to the nasal choanae? |
|
Definition
| the medial and lateraly pterygoid plates of the sphenoid and the inferior orbital tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A person is sitting on the sella tursica, with his hands in the optic canal. From top to bottom is the superior orbital fissure, the foramen rotundum, the foramen ovale and foramen spinosum |
|
|
Term
| What makes up the floor of the anterior cranial ossa? |
|
Definition
| the Horizontal plate of the frontal bone and the cribriform plate and crista galli of ethmoid |
|
|
Term
| What is the considered the roof of the orbit? |
|
Definition
| horizontal plate of frontal bone |
|
|
Term
| What marks the posterior border of the anterior cranial fossa? |
|
Definition
| the lesser wing and jugum of the sphenoid, along with teh anterior clinoid processes |
|
|
Term
| Why is the middle cranial fossa butterfly shaped? |
|
Definition
| Because the sphenoid body is the body of the insect and greater wing and temporal bone as the butterfly wings |
|
|
Term
| Where are the superior orbital fissues found? |
|
Definition
| between the greater and lesser wings of the sphenoid |
|
|
Term
| What makes up the majority of the posterior cranial fossa? |
|
Definition
| The occipital bone featuring the foramen magnum |
|
|
Term
| What is found in the vertical wall of the petrous temporal bone? |
|
Definition
| the internal acoustic meatus |
|
|
Term
| What is found in the wall of the foramen magnum? |
|
Definition
| the hypoglossal canal (carrying the hypoglossal nerve) |
|
|
Term
| Where are the sphenoid sinuses? |
|
Definition
| within the body of the sphenoid |
|
|
Term
| Where are the greater wings attached to the sphenoid body? |
|
Definition
| From the floor of the middle cranial fossa (part of the temporal fossa) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Connects the two lesser wings |
|
|
Term
| What exists between the medial and lateral pterygoid plates |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What makes up the ethmoid bone? |
|
Definition
| vertical and horizontal palte, and two lateral masses |
|
|
Term
| What is the vertical plate in the ethmoid aka? |
|
Definition
| critsa galli (horizontal plate is the cribriform plate) |
|
|
Term
| What exists within the nasal component of the ethmoid? |
|
Definition
| The two lateral masses with ethmoidal air cells, the superior and middle nasal concahe, and the vertical plate |
|
|
Term
| what does the vertical plate of the ethmoid form? |
|
Definition
| half of the bony nasal septum |
|
|
Term
| what is the inferior nasal conchae part of? |
|
Definition
| Not the ethmoid! it forms part of the lateral wall of the nose |
|
|
Term
| What part of the hard palate is the palatine process of the maxilla? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what two foramina lie in the maxilla? |
|
Definition
| the infraorbital and incisive foramina |
|
|
Term
| What is the vertical arm of the mandible called? horizontal arm |
|
Definition
| the ramus, and the arm is the body |
|
|
Term
| Where do the two halves of the mandible meet? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the two processes of the mandible? |
|
Definition
| The condyloid (posterior and aka as the articular process) and coronoid (anterior and pointy) |
|
|
Term
| what part of the mandible articulates with the mandibular fossa of the termporal bone to form the TMj? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What formane is found deep in teh angle of the mandible?
what does it do? |
|
Definition
the mandibular foramen (not the mental one)
It allows passage of nerves to teeth |
|
|
Term
| What processes does the zygomatic bone have? |
|
Definition
| frontal, maxillary and temporal processes |
|
|
Term
| what does the zygomatic bone contribute towards? |
|
Definition
| the wall and lateral border of the orbit and the lateral half of the inferior border and floor of orbit |
|
|
Term
| Where is the lacrimal bone located? |
|
Definition
| medial wall of the orbit, forms the opening of the nasolacrimal duct |
|
|
Term
| what bone hangs below the floor of the mouth supported by various muscles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the hyoid suspend? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what three features does the hyoid have? |
|
Definition
| the body, superior and inferior cornu |
|
|
Term
| What are the three main parts of the brain? |
|
Definition
| Cerebrum, cerebellum and brain stem |
|
|
Term
| What makes up the cerebrum |
|
Definition
| the telencephelon and diencephelon |
|
|
Term
| What three structures make up the brain stem? |
|
Definition
| Mid brain, pons and medulla |
|
|
Term
| What are the three poles of the brain |
|
Definition
| frontal, temporal and occipital |
|
|
Term
| What is the most recently evolved area of the brain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What divides the telenecephelon in L and R hemispheres? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the horizontal fissure seperate? |
|
Definition
| the telencephelon from the cerebellum |
|
|
Term
| What does the lateral fissure seperate? |
|
Definition
| the temporal lobe from the frontal lobe (upper part of the cerebrum) |
|
|
Term
| what are the four lobes of the telencephelon? |
|
Definition
| Frontal, Parietal, Temporal and occipital |
|
|
Term
| What does the central sulcus divide? |
|
Definition
| tThe frontal from parietal |
|
|
Term
| what divides parietal lobe from occipital? |
|
Definition
| the parieto occipital sulcus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Areas of the cortex that are either bumps (gyri) or valleys (sulci) |
|
|
Term
| Name the six most prominent sulci in the cerebrum |
|
Definition
| Central, precentral, post central, parieto-occipital, calcarine, and cingulate |
|
|
Term
| What does the calcarine sulcus separate? |
|
Definition
| above and below the optical cortex |
|
|
Term
| What does the cingulate sulcus separate? |
|
Definition
| Above the cingulate gryus, which rests on the corpus callosum |
|
|
Term
| What is the role of the precentral gyrus area? Post central? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the four components of the diencephalon? |
|
Definition
| Thalamus, hypothalamus, subthalamus and epithalamus |
|
|
Term
| What is the role of the thalamus |
|
Definition
| Main sensory nucleus of the brain handling every sense apart from smell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Below the thalamus and connected directly to the pituitary gland, which hangs from it |
|
|
Term
| What does the grey matter contain in the brain? inside or outside? |
|
Definition
| contains the cell bodies of the neurons and these are confied to the cortex and the basal ganglia |
|
|
Term
| What things in the brain are grey matter? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What re the structures in the basal ganglia? |
|
Definition
| Lentiform nucleus (putamen and globus pallidus) caudate nucleus, and amygdala |
|
|
Term
| What makes up the lentiform nucleus |
|
Definition
| The putamen (the outer cell) and the globus pallidus (the most central cell). the globus is also light staining |
|
|
Term
| What is the role of the amygdala |
|
Definition
| the base emotional activity (primitive) |
|
|
Term
| What is at the same level as the basal ganglia? |
|
Definition
| the thalamus and internal capsule (things made of white matter - axons) |
|
|
Term
| What is white matter made of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are three types of axon fibres? |
|
Definition
Association fibres (can be short, mediu, or long) - within on e hemisphere
Commisural Fibres - communication between hemispheres
Projection fibres - communicate between different levels of the brain |
|
|
Term
| What are the types of commisural fibres? |
|
Definition
| small anterior commisure, tiny posterior commisure and the huge corpus callosum |
|
|
Term
| what are the parts of the corpus callosum? |
|
Definition
| Genu (anterior), long body (middle) and large posterior splenium |
|
|
Term
| Where are there the most dense site of fibres in the CC |
|
Definition
| in the splenium (second densest in the genu) |
|
|
Term
| What defines projection fibres |
|
Definition
| Those that pass from one leve of the nervous system to another |
|
|
Term
| examples of projection fibres |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| path of pyramidal tract fibres |
|
Definition
| Motor cortex --> Internal capsule --> Cerebral Peduncles --> Pons --> medulla --> Spinal Cord --> Spinal level of target tissue |
|
|
Term
| What are the two large fiber bundles in the midbrain? |
|
Definition
| The anterior cerebral penduncles and the posterior the paired superior and inferior colliculi (little bumps) |
|
|
Term
| Where can you find the mammillary bodies? |
|
Definition
| Anterior surface of the midbrain |
|
|
Term
| What occurs at the junction of the midbrain and the pons? |
|
Definition
| attachment of cranial nerves II and IV |
|
|
Term
| What does the pons bridge? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What nerves emerge from the pons's anterior surface |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is continous with the medulla |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what lies on the anterior surface of the medulla? |
|
Definition
| the paired pyramids and the olives laterally |
|
|
Term
| what role does the cerebellum have? how does it connect to the brain stem? |
|
Definition
| coordination, connects with the brainstem via the large middle cerebellar peduncles |
|
|
Term
| What does the mammilary body do? |
|
Definition
| its a nucleus for sensory and memory activity |
|
|
Term
| Where does the spinal cord extend from and end in? |
|
Definition
| Extends in the spinal canal from the foramen magnum down to around L1/2 |
|
|
Term
| How many spinal nerves are there? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Do spinal nerves leave above or below their respective vertebra |
|
Definition
| From C1 - C7, it;s above, but then C8 leaves above T1, and then after that its below |
|
|
Term
| What is the conus medullaris? |
|
Definition
| The place where the spinal cord tapers, and is attaches to the sacrum via the filum terminal |
|
|
Term
| what does the filum terminale do |
|
Definition
| attaches the sacrum to the conus medullaris |
|
|
Term
| What are the nerves below L2 called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the enlargements called for the upper and lower llimbs? |
|
Definition
| Cervical and lumbar enlargements |
|
|
Term
| In the spinal cord, what is the grey matter? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do the anterior / Ventral horns do? |
|
Definition
| They are responsible for motor efferent signals |
|
|
Term
| What does sensory signalling in the spinal cord? |
|
Definition
| the dorsal - posterior and afferent roots |
|
|
Term
What exists between Ti and L2 in the spinal cord?
Purpose? |
|
Definition
| the small intermediate horns, for sympathetic nerves |
|
|
Term
| What is wide and what is narrow: the posterior groove and anterior sulcus? |
|
Definition
| The anterior sulcus is wide, and the posterior groove is narrow |
|
|
Term
| What are the three funiculi in the SC |
|
Definition
| Posterior, lateral and anterior |
|
|
Term
| What is the role of the ventricles? |
|
Definition
| Hollow chambers and ducts that are continuous with the narrow central canal of the SC |
|
|
Term
| Describe the shape of the lateral ventricles |
|
Definition
Anterior horn - frontal lobe
Posterior horn - occipital lobe
Inferior horn - temporal lobe
Body - parietal lobe |
|
|
Term
| What is the part of the lateral ventricles that joins the body and inferior horn? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is found in the atrium of the lateral ventricles? |
|
Definition
| the choroid plexus and CSF |
|
|
Term
| How do the lat. ventricles connect to the 3rd ventricle? |
|
Definition
| Via the foramen of munroe |
|
|
Term
| Where is the 3rd ventricle located? how does it join the 4th ventricle? |
|
Definition
| Between the two halves of the thalamus, via the aqueduct of sylvius |
|
|
Term
| Where is the 4th ventricle located? |
|
Definition
| Between the pons and the medulla in front and the cerebellum behind |
|
|
Term
| What do the foramina of luschk and magendie do? |
|
Definition
| They allow teh CSF to escape the ventricular system, and travel into the subarachnoid space |
|
|
Term
| What is the 4th ventricle continuous with? |
|
Definition
| The central canal of the spinal cord |
|
|
Term
| What are the three layers of CT that encase the CNS, outer to inner? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does the dura mater invaginate? (2) |
|
Definition
| Into the saggital fissure to form the Falx Cerebri and into the horizontal fissure to form the tentorium cerebelli |
|
|
Term
| How far down the vertebral canal does the dura mater extend? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the epidural space? |
|
Definition
| A fat filled space between the dura mater and the vertebral column (note: not present in the brain as it attaches to the skull) |
|
|
Term
| What layer of the CNS contains the blood vessels? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the cranial vault, what is the space between the arachnoid and pia mater? importance? |
|
Definition
| the subarachnoid space, this is where the CSF circulates |
|
|
Term
| In the vertebral column, how is the arachnoid connected to the dura and pia mater? |
|
Definition
| Connected firmly to the dura, but loosely to the pia via Denticulate ligaments |
|
|
Term
| what are the denticulate ligaments |
|
Definition
| how the arachnoid connects to the pia mater in the vertebral column |
|
|
Term
| What happens if at the falx cerebri, the dural venous sinuses get blocked? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is consider the outer layer of the CNS |
|
Definition
| the pia mater, because it sits firmly on the superficial cortex and the outer surface of the SC |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| produced in ventiicles by the choroid plexus from filtered arterial blood |
|
|
Term
| What roles does the CSF have? |
|
Definition
| metabolic roles, and protective as it provides a shock absoprtive function |
|
|
Term
| How does it pass through the subarachnoid space? |
|
Definition
| Via the root of the falx cerebri and the superior saggital sinus. |
|
|
Term
| what are arachnoid villi? |
|
Definition
| pockets of arachnoid mater that lie in the superior saggital sinus. Filter the CSF |
|
|
Term
| Where does the superior saggital sinuses filter to? |
|
Definition
| They filter to the internal jugular vein |
|
|
Term
| What are cisterns? what's the largest? |
|
Definition
| Large openings of the subarachnoid space, largest is the lumbar cistern created when the SC terminates at L1/2. (place for spinal tapping) |
|
|
Term
| What two sources does the brain receive blood from? |
|
Definition
| Internal Carotid and the vertebral arteries |
|
|
Term
| How do the Internal Carotid and the vertebral arteries reach the skull? |
|
Definition
| via the carotid canal, and the foramen magnum |
|
|
Term
| Track the path of the vertebral arteries |
|
Definition
| Enter via foramen magnum, anatastomse to form the basilic arteries (runs up the pons), it then bifurcates to form the two posterior cerebral arteries. These arteries connect to the middle cerebral via the posterior communicating arteries |
|
|
Term
| track the path of the internal carotid artery |
|
Definition
| enters via the carotid canal, and as it reaches the sella tursica, it splits into the middle and anterior cerebral arteries. The anterior cerebral are connected together via the anterior communicating artery. |
|
|
Term
| What is the circle of willis |
|
Definition
| the two posterior cerebral arteries, the posterior communicating, the middle cerberals, the anterior cerebrals and the anterior communicating. This system surrounds the pituitary |
|
|
Term
| What arteries supply the saggital surface of the brain? |
|
Definition
| the anterior and posterior cerebral |
|
|
Term
| What supplies the perirphery of the outer cortex of the brain? |
|
Definition
| the anterior and posterior cerebral |
|
|
Term
| What supplies the centre of the brain? |
|
Definition
| the middle cerebral artery (as it comes through the lateral fissure) |
|
|
Term
| what supplies the cerebellum? |
|
Definition
| the superior and inferior cerebellar arteries, while the SC gets blood from the vertebral arteries at the superior end and from the aorta lower down |
|
|
Term
| how does the SC gets blood? |
|
Definition
| from the vertebral arteries (at superior end) and from the aorta lower down |
|
|
Term
| Where do the veins of the brain empty? |
|
Definition
| into the dural venous sinuses - that drain into the internal jugular vein |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the somatic system? |
|
Definition
| voluntary motor control and general sensation information |
|
|
Term
| how many nerves in the somatic system |
|
Definition
| 31 or 32 pairs of spinal nerves and 12 pairs of cranial nerves |
|
|
Term
| What happens when spinal nerves exit the SC? |
|
Definition
| They exit via the intervertebral formaina and split into a small dorsal ramus and a large ventral ramus |
|
|
Term
| Why are the sacral nerves unique? |
|
Definition
| they split into rami before they exit the foramina |
|
|
Term
| Where are the cell bodies of the motor nerves located? |
|
Definition
| in the anterior horn and their axons run into the ventral root |
|
|
Term
| Where are the cell bodies of the sensory nerves located? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the autonomic system do? |
|
Definition
| Provides involuntary motor control and visceral sensory perception |
|
|
Term
| What are the main 6 sensory modalities? |
|
Definition
| Touch, pain, T, joint position, vibration, touch (non-discriminatory) |
|
|
Term
| How are sensory modalities carried? |
|
Definition
| Via the spinal and certain cranial nerves |
|
|
Term
| Where is the first synapse for most sensory nerves? |
|
Definition
| in the DRG (and then a second axon of the same neuron carries the signal up the spinal cord in one of several tracts) |
|
|
Term
| What are the two most important sensory tracts? |
|
Definition
| The dorsal columns and the antero-lateral columns |
|
|
Term
| What modalities do the dorsal columns (fasiculi) carry? |
|
Definition
| Discriminatory touch, joint position (proprioception) and vibration. |
|
|
Term
| Where do the fibres of the fasiculus gracillis run from? fasiculus cuneatus? |
|
Definition
| Gracillus only run from below T6 and travel medially, where those above T6 travel in the more lateral column (cuneatus) |
|
|
Term
| Where do the fibers from the gracillis and cuneatus synapse? |
|
Definition
| In the nucleus gracillis and cuneutus |
|
|
Term
| Where do the axons from the gracillis and cuneatus crossover? |
|
Definition
| The axons, after they synapse in the nuclei, cross over at the level of the lower medulla (where the nuceli are) |
|
|
Term
| How do the dorsal column pathways ascend the brain stem? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the second synapse for dorsal column axons? |
|
Definition
| In the thalamus (all senses except for smell) |
|
|
Term
| How do dorsal columns pathways get from the thalamus to the sensory cortex? |
|
Definition
| Via the thalamus they go through the internal capsule and end on the post central gyrus (for sensory) |
|
|
Term
| What does the atnerolateral colum carry? |
|
Definition
| Crude touch, pain and temperature sensations. |
|
|
Term
| Where do the sensory nerves from the anterolateral column synapse? |
|
Definition
| Synapse in the dorsal horn (unlike the dorsal columsn whose first synapse is in nuclei) |
|
|
Term
| Where do anterolateral axons decussate? |
|
Definition
| Immediately after synapse, so at the level of the vertebrae, then ascends in anterolateral tracts |
|
|
Term
| Where is the second synapse for the anterolateral tracts? |
|
Definition
| In the thalamus (after going via the medial lemniscus) |
|
|
Term
| Where does the anterolateral tracts go after reaching the thalamus |
|
Definition
| via the internal capsule to the sensory cortex, specifically the postcentral gyrus |
|
|
Term
| What is the most direct motor pathway? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the pathway of motor nerves from cortex to site? |
|
Definition
| Initiated in pre-central gyrus or premotor cortex, travel down through the internal capsule, the cerebral peduncles, the pons and then through the pyramids of the medulla. |
|
|
Term
| When do motor neurons decussate? |
|
Definition
| At the level of the lower medulla to form the lateral corticospinal tract |
|
|
Term
| Where do the lateral corticospinal tract motor neurons cross over? |
|
Definition
| at the level of the lower medulla |
|
|
Term
| Where do neurons of the anterior corticospinal tract cross over? |
|
Definition
| close to level of termination (i.e. not medulla) |
|
|
Term
| Where do all corticospinal fibers terminate? |
|
Definition
| In the anterior horn of the spinal cord where they synapse with the large anterior horn neurons |
|
|
Term
| where do anterior horn neurons leave the spinal cord? |
|
Definition
| in the ventral root (to form the spinal nerve with the dorsal root sensory axons) |
|
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Term
| What motor tracts make up the extra-pyramidal system? |
|
Definition
| the rubrospinal, vestibulospinal and reticulospinal tracts |
|
|
Term
| Where do the extrapyramidal tracts come from? |
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Definition
Not the pyramids!haha, no seriously.
They come from lower parts of the brain and brain stem, |
|
|
Term
| role for extrapyramidal tracts? |
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Definition
| Muscle tone, extensor function |
|
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Term
| Can the extrapyramidal tracts take over the pyramidal system if necessary? |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Olfactory, Optic, Oculmotor, Trochlear, trigeminal, abducens, facial, vesibulococlear, glossopharyngeal, vagus, spinal accessory, and hypoglossal |
|
|
Term
| List from 1-12, whether the CN are sensory or motor |
|
Definition
| S,S, M, M, B, M, B, S, B, B, M, M |
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Term
| Where does CN 1 originate and what path does it take? |
|
Definition
| In the olfactory mucosa of the upper mucosa, and travels through the cribriform plate and enters the olfactory bulb. The nerves synapse in the bulb and the secondary nerves form the olfactory nerve which runs back to the rhinencelphelon (olfactory cortex) |
|
|
Term
| Describe the path of CN II |
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Definition
| The optic nerve fibres leave the retina and form the paired optic nerves which pass through the optic canal. They then coalesce, and past the optic chiasm they form the left and right optic tracts. |
|
|
Term
| Where do CN II nerves synapse? |
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Definition
| in the lateral geniculate bodies of the thalamus |
|
|
Term
| Where do CN III and IV emerge from the brain stem? |
|
Definition
| At the junction of the midbrain and pons |
|
|
Term
| Where does CN VI exit the brain stem |
|
Definition
| Junction of pons and medulla |
|
|
Term
| What do CNs III, IV and VI supply? |
|
Definition
the extraocular muscles:
CN III - Superior and inferio rectus, medial rectus, inferior oblique, levator palpebrae superiors
CN IV - Superior Oblique
CN VI - Lateral Rectus |
|
|
Term
| Where do CNs III, IV and VI leave the cranium? |
|
Definition
| Via the superior orbital fissure and into the orbit |
|
|
Term
| What four components of the trigeminal nerve are there? |
|
Definition
| The motor component, maxillary, mandibular, and the opthalamic component |
|
|
Term
Where does the opthalamic component of CN V leave?
Maxillary? Mandibular? |
|
Definition
superior orbital fissure,
Foramen Rotundum, and the foramen oval |
|
|
Term
| What is the motor component of CN V carried by? where does it exit? |
|
Definition
| the madibular nerve, the pons (only one to do so) |
|
|
Term
| What are the three sensory components of the trigeminal nerve? |
|
Definition
Opthalamic - forehead
Maxillary - Cheek
Mandibular - Jaw |
|
|
Term
| Where does FAcial Nerve CN VII leave the brain stem? Exit the skull? |
|
Definition
| Lateral to CN VI and passes through the IAM. Passes through middle ear and exits skull via stylomastoid foramen |
|
|
Term
| How many branches are there of the CN VII? what do they do? |
|
Definition
| 5 branches, and innervate the muscles of facial expression |
|
|
Term
| What sensory function does CN VII have? Parasympathetic role? |
|
Definition
| anterior 2/3 of tongue and parasympathetic supply to salivary glands |
|
|
Term
| Where do CN VIII leave the brain stem |
|
Definition
| Lateral to CN VII (the facial nerve) and enters the IEM |
|
|
Term
| What does the CN VIII do? |
|
Definition
| brings sensory information regarding sound and position back from the internal ear |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The glossopharyngeal nerve is attached to the medulla below where CN vII (the vestibulococlear nerve) exits. |
|
|
Term
| What does the glossopharyngeal nerve do? (3) |
|
Definition
| it provides parasympathetic innervation to the salivary galnds, motor innervation to styopharyngeus muscle, and sensory innervation to posterior third of tongue and pharynx. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| CN X ,the great parasympathic nerve of the thorax and abdomen |
|
|
Term
| Other than parasympathetics, what does the vagus nerve do? |
|
Definition
| sensory and motor innervation to the larnyx. |
|
|
Term
| Where does the vagus nerve exit? |
|
Definition
| Leaves below CN IX, leaving the medulla. Exits with CN IX via the jugular foramen |
|
|
Term
| Where are rootlets for CN XI found? |
|
Definition
| upper cervical levels, and they coalesce and travel upwards to the foramen magnum |
|
|
Term
| Where does CN XI exit? what does it do? |
|
Definition
Via the jugular foramen
Supplies the trapezius and sternomastoid muscles |
|
|
Term
| Where does the CN XII arise? |
|
Definition
| The hypoglossal nerve arise from rootlets that exit between the pyramid and olive of medulla. |
|
|
Term
| Where does the hypoglossal nerve exit? |
|
Definition
| Via the hypoglossal canal |
|
|
Term
| What does the hypoglossal nerve supply? |
|
Definition
| the extrinsic and intrinsic muscles of the tongue |
|
|
Term
| Where do sympathetic nerves arise from |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where do parasympathetic nerves come from? |
|
Definition
| CN 3, 7, 9, 10 and sacral levels S-2,3,4 |
|
|
Term
| What is the thoracolumbar system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Give two activities of the SNS |
|
Definition
| shunt blood away from viscera and towards skeletal muscles, and cause release of EPi evoking flight or fight response |
|
|
Term
| What two general targets do autonomic nerves have? |
|
Definition
the body walls, limbs, and superficial ehad and neck
Organs systems within the torso |
|
|
Term
| What nerve system leads to the organs within the torso |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where do sympathetic nerves exit? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the somatotopic arrangement? |
|
Definition
| That axons travelling to a higher target tissue will exit through the higher nerve roots (near T1) |
|
|
Term
| How do sympathetic nerves enter the sympathetic trunk |
|
Definition
| via the white ramus communicans |
|
|
Term
| If a neurons synpase in the trunk at a given level, where does it go? |
|
Definition
| It leaves via the grey ramus to its target tissue at that level |
|
|
Term
| how are the sympathetic trunk ganglia arranged in the cervical region? |
|
Definition
They are arranged in three segments (superior, middle ad inferior)
C1-5, C5-6, C7-8 |
|
|
Term
| what splanchnic nerves don't sysnpase in the sympathetic trunk? |
|
Definition
| the thoracic and lumbar nerves |
|
|
Term
| what path do splanchnic nerves to the aorta take? |
|
Definition
| They pass directly through their corresponsding sympathetic ganglian and emerge anteromedially as the thoracic and lumbar splanchnic nerves before synpasing in the abdominal (preaortic) ganglia |
|
|
Term
| What do CNs III, VII, and IX serve? |
|
Definition
III carries efferent neurons for pupil and lens
VII and IX serve salivary and lacrimal glands |
|
|
Term
| describe the path of the vagus nerve fibers? |
|
Definition
| It carries preganglionics to the viscera of the thorax and abdomen, including the GI tract as far as 2/3rds the length of the transverse colon |
|
|
Term
| Where do the pelvic splanchnic nerves arise? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What forms the Enteric Plexus? |
|
Definition
| the VAgus and pelvic splanchnic nerves |
|
|
Term
| what controls blood flow to the penis or clitoris? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do the thoracic organs receive innervation from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What supplies the visceral heart? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What does the greater thoracic splanchnic nerve do?
Lesser thoracic splanchnic?
Lumbar splanchnic? |
|
Definition
synapses in the celiac ganglion and innervates the foregut
midgut via the superior mesenteric ganglion
Hindgut |
|
|
Term
| what do the least splanchnic nerves do? |
|
Definition
| they innervate the kidneys |
|
|
Term
| Describe the path of CN III? |
|
Definition
| Carries preganglionic axons to the ciliary ganglion, which synapses and send postganglionic fibers to the sphincter puillae and teh ciliary muscles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| carries presynaptic fibers that synpase in pteryogopalatine ganglion, and then the post ganglionic fibers go direct to the lacrimal gland |
|
|
Term
| What do Cranial nerves 7 and 9 innervate? |
|
Definition
| They innervate the salivary glands |
|
|
Term
| Where do CN VII fibers synapse? |
|
Definition
| Submandibular ganglion (innervate the submandibular and sublingual glands) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| to the otic ganglion, and then to the parotid gland |
|
|
Term
| what does the vagus nerve supply in the cranial regions? |
|
Definition
| The smooth muscle in the pharynx and larynx (along with all organs in the thorax) |
|
|
Term
| what does the vagus suplly in the adbomen? |
|
Definition
| the GI tract and associated glands as far as 2/3rds down teh transverse colon (not hindgut). P |
|
|
Term
| where does the parasympathetic innervation to the hindgut come from? |
|
Definition
| the pelvic splanchnic nerves (alos the pelvic organs) |
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