Term
| What kind of tissue is blood? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Major Functions of the blood (3) |
|
Definition
1. Transportation-- gases, hormones
2. Regulation- body temp, clotting
3. Protection- immune sys |
|
|
Term
| What is blood composed of? (2) What is the proportion? |
|
Definition
1. liquid portion: plasma
2. solid portion: formed elements (WBC's, platelets, and RBC's)
~ 50/50 solid/liquid |
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 components of plasma? |
|
Definition
| proteins, electrolytes, dissolved gases, nutrients and wastes |
|
|
Term
| Proteins in the plasma: albumin (what makes it and what does it control and what is the consequence of not enough albumin?) |
|
Definition
- made by the liver
- controls blood volume and therefore blood pressure: via being in the blood vessel so water moves equally in both directions (in and out)
* if liver doesn't make enough albumin: the protein con'c will be too high in ECF, so water will leave the blood vessels (blood volume drops) |
|
|
Term
| Proteins in the plasma: globulins (2 types) |
|
Definition
- immunoglobulins: antibodies
- HDL/LDL: shuttle cholesterol |
|
|
Term
| HDL/LDL and their role in cholesterol |
|
Definition
LDL: promotes accumulation of cholesterol in the blood vessels
HDL: removes cholesterol from the blood vessels and transports it to the liver |
|
|
Term
| Proteins in the plasma: fibrinogen (function?) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| "Formed elements" of the blood: Erythrocytes/RBC's (common? what are they packed full with? function?) |
|
Definition
- most common
- packed full of hemoglobin
- function: shuttle O2, CO2, and CO |
|
|
Term
| What determines an individual's blood type? |
|
Definition
Proteins on the RBC's: A-AB-B-O
- Rh factor: +/-
- An Rh- mother's blood could mount an immune response on her Rh+ baby if their blood is mixed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- decreased ability to carry O2
- caused by a reduced # of RBC's or abnormal hemoglobin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- RBC's with altered hemoglobin
- when the hemoglobin releases it's O2, the cell changes shape (sickle shape)
- sickle-shaped RBC's get stuck in blood vessels -> tissue death
- shorter life span of RBC's |
|
|
Term
| "Formed elements" (3), general functions |
|
Definition
- RBC's
- WBC's: defense functions
- Platelets: cell fragments that contain clotting fragments |
|
|
Term
| Leukocytes/WBC's: two main types |
|
Definition
1. granulocytes=granule cells; 3 diff types based on appearance
2. agranulocytes-- no granular appearance |
|
|
Term
| 3 different types of granulocytes (a subgroup of leukocytes) |
|
Definition
1. neutrophils
2. basophils
3. eosinophils |
|
|
Term
| neutrophils-- granules do not stain-- granule content and function(s) |
|
Definition
-granule content: lysosomal enzymes
- function: phagocytosis and destruction of damaged cells, bacteria, etc. |
|
|
Term
| Eosinophils--red stained granules-- granule content and function(s) |
|
Definition
- granule content: lysosomal enzymes
- functions: exocytosis of enzymes to destroy parasites; secrete during allergic reactions |
|
|
Term
| Basophils-- blue stained granules; granule content and function(s) |
|
Definition
- granule content: heparin and histamine
- function: anticoagulant (inhibits clotting; promotes leakiness of blood vessels, so you can get the protective cells out of blood vessels and to infected area |
|
|
Term
| Granulocyte (type of WBC's) are responsible for (specific or non-specific?) destruction of antigens and damaged tissues |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Agranulocytes (no granular appearance); Two kinds |
|
Definition
1. monocytes: enter CT to become macrophages (which phagocytosis)--non specific protective funtion
2. lymphosis: *specific protective function; immune sys: B and T cells |
|
|
Term
| B lymphocytes-- respond when? and what do they secrete? |
|
Definition
- respond when bacteria invade
- secrete antibodies: immunoglobulins |
|
|
Term
| T lymphocytes-- respond when? |
|
Definition
| - respond when viruses invade |
|
|
Term
| Hemostasis: def and why is it important? and Three major steps |
|
Definition
- def: stopping blood flow
- to function, blood must be a fluid, BUT damage to blood vessels could result in massive blood loss; so must be able to control bleeding
- 3 major steps: 1) platelet clumping at the site of injury 2) vasoconstriction: via muscle contraction, stimulated by substances released from platelets 3) Clotting: substances released from platelets, fibrinogin sticks to groups of platelets |
|
|
Term
| What is the heart's position? |
|
Definition
| between the vertebral column and sternum; well protected |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Chest compression squeeze the heart between the sternum and the spine; takes advantage of the heart's position in the body
- CCR= cardiocerebral resusitation; purely chest compression, not rescue breathing |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the pericardial sac? What are the layers of the pericardial sac? Def of Pericardial cavity |
|
Definition
- minimizes friction as the heart expands and contracts
- visceral pericardial sac: inner layer, fused to the surface of the heart
- parietal pericardium: outer layer
- paricardial cavity: space between the two layers, very thin film of fluid; lubricates |
|
|
Term
| The procedure of pericardiocentesis. |
|
Definition
- Performed if pericardial effusion occurs: abnormal accumulation of fluid in the pericardial sac
- the fibrous pericardium limits expansion of the pericardial sac
- pericardiocentesis: remove the fluid so heart can expand normally; large needle |
|
|
Term
| Characteristics of cardiac muscle (3) |
|
Definition
- involuntary muscle
- can contract w/o innervation
- irregularly branched cells with 1 or 2 nuclei per cell |
|
|
Term
| Three layers of the heart |
|
Definition
- Outer layer: epicardium / visceral pericardium; epithelium; CT
- Middle/muscular layer: myocardium; thickest layer
- Innermost layer: Endocardium; directly in contact with the blood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Pulmonary: to and from lungs
- Systemic: To and from the rest of the body |
|
|
Term
| Circulation through the heart |
|
Definition
| right atrium -> tricuspid valve -> right ventricle -> pulmonary semilunar valve -> pulmonic arteries -> lungs -> pulmonic veins -> left atrium -> bicuspid -> right ventricle -> Aortic semilunar valve -> aorta |
|
|
Term
| AV valves are attached to... |
|
Definition
| papillary muscles and chordae tendineae; which prevent valve flaps from everting back into the atrium |
|
|
Term
| Heart sounds: lub dub; which valves are closing? |
|
Definition
lub: AV valves are closing
dub: semilunar valves are closing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sound heart makes when a valve is not working correctly |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does back flow of blood closes the semilunar valves? |
|
Definition
| - because of the orientation of the cusps |
|
|
Term
| Atherosclerosis: def, which arteries are most commonly affected?, risk factors |
|
Definition
- hardening of the arteries
- commonly affects coronary arteries
- fats accumulate within the wall of the vessel and obstruct the lumen
- risk factors: smoking, diabetes, gender, high cholesterol, sedentary life-style |
|
|
Term
| Myocardial infarction "Heart attack": def, symptoms, what should you take immediately? |
|
Definition
- When the heart muscle loses its blood supply, it dies
- symptoms: chest pain, referred pain in the shoulder, sweating, dizziness
- Take aspirin immediately: it inhibits the platelets from sticking together |
|
|
Term
| Symptoms of a heart attack that differ for women |
|
Definition
| fatigue, sleep disturbance, anxiety, weakness |
|
|
Term
| Damage to cardiac muscle: afterwards, you don't make more cardiac muscle, you lay down _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Two surgical procedures commonly performed to treat obstructed coronary arteries |
|
Definition
1. Angioplasty
2. CABG (Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- A narrow balloon is inserted into the coronary artery
- The balloon is inflated to press the plaque against the arterial wall
- This opens the lumen and allows better blood supply
- A stint can be inserted to hold the vessel open |
|
|
Term
| CABG (Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting) |
|
Definition
- more invasive than angioplasty
- use if there's significant obstruction
- detour around obstructed areas: bypass grafts provide an alternative way for blood to flow: made from an artery from another part of the body |
|
|
Term
| Conducting sys of the heart |
|
Definition
- network of specialized cardiac myocytes that stimulate contraction
- heart can contract w/o innervation |
|
|
Term
| Without innervation, the heart would contract at ____ bpm |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ANS effects on HR: parasymp and symp |
|
Definition
Parasymp: decreases HR, vagus nerve
Symp: increases HR |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
