Term
| Which structures make up the cerebrum? |
|
Definition
| Telencephalon & Diencephalon |
|
|
Term
| Another name for the midbrain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 3 main parts of the brain? |
|
Definition
Cerebrum (Telecephalon & Diencephalon)
Cerebellum
Brain Stem (Midbrain, Pons, Medulla) |
|
|
Term
| Largest & most recently evolved part of brain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 3 main parts of the brain? |
|
Definition
Cerebrum (Telecephalon & Diencephalon)
Cerebellum
Brain Stem (Midbrain, Pons, Medulla) |
|
|
Term
| Largest & most recently evolved part of brain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many bones make up the facial skeleton? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many bones make up the brain case/vault (cranial vault)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the bones of the skull are paired? |
|
Definition
| The parietal and temporal bones |
|
|
Term
| Which of the bones of the cranial vault are unpaired? |
|
Definition
| Ethmoid, sphenoid, frontal, occipital |
|
|
Term
| Which bone(s) cannot be seen from the frontal view of the skull? |
|
Definition
| The occipital and palatine bones |
|
|
Term
| How many alveolar processes/foramina are present in each maxilla? |
|
Definition
8
Since maxillae are paired, 8/maxilla = 16 in total for the 16 teeth of the upper jaw |
|
|
Term
| How many alveolar processes/foramina are present in the mandible? |
|
Definition
| There are 16 alveolar processes on the mandible |
|
|
Term
| Where are the supraorbital & infraorbital foramina located? |
|
Definition
Supraorbital -> above orbit in FRONAL bone
Infraorbital -> below orbit, 1 in each MAXILLA |
|
|
Term
| Where are the mental foramina located? |
|
Definition
| At the chin in the MANDIBLE |
|
|
Term
| Which is the only cranial vault bone not visible from the lateral view? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which part of the sphenoid is visible from the lateral view of the skull? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What two processes form the zygomatic arch? |
|
Definition
| Zygomatic process of temporal bone and the temporal process of the zygomatic (they are reciprocally named) |
|
|
Term
| Which portions of the sphenoid are seen above/below the zygomatic arch? |
|
Definition
Above the arch - greater wing of sphenoid
Below the arch - lateral pterygoid plate |
|
|
Term
| What are the two portions of the temporal bone and their relative locations? |
|
Definition
Squamous - flat portion; superior to zyg. arch
Petrous - non-flat; inferior to zyg. arch |
|
|
Term
| What forms the TEMPORAL FOSSA? |
|
Definition
| Greater wing of sphenoid, squamous portion of temporal, and parietal bones |
|
|
Term
| Where are the styloid and mastoid processes present on the temporal bones? |
|
Definition
| Present posteriorly and inferiorly on the PETROUS portion of each temporal bone |
|
|
Term
| Where is the external acoustic meatus located? |
|
Definition
In the petrous portion of the temporal bone, posteriorly
Responsible for conducting sound through the ear |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Coronal - between frontal and parietal
Sagittal - between paired parietal
Squamous - between parietal & temporal
Lambdoid - between parietal & occipital |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Intersection point between the frontal, parietal, temporal, and sphenoid (greater wing) |
|
|
Term
| Occipital bone features from the posterior view of the skull: |
|
Definition
Superior & Inferior Nuchal Lines - impt. for muscle attachment
Occipital Condyles - surround foramen magnum; articulate with atlas (C1) to form atlanto-occipital joint |
|
|
Term
| Which sutures cannot be seen from the (external) superior view of the skull? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Present anterior to occipital condyles from inferior view; forms bottom 1/2 of bony nasal septum
Separates the nasal choanae (nasal apertures) |
|
|
Term
| Pterygoid Processes from INFERIOR view... |
|
Definition
| Lateral to both the vomer and the nasal choanae on each side; made up of the MEDIAL and LATERAL pterygoid plates, separated by the pterygoid fossa |
|
|
Term
| What is lateral to each pterygoid plate? |
|
Definition
| The INFERIOR ORBITAL FISSURE (can be seen on inferior aspect of orbit) |
|
|
Term
| What forms the posterior/anterior portions of the BONY PALATE? |
|
Definition
Posterior - the horizontal plates of the PALATINE bones
Anterior - the palatine processes of the MAXILLAE |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Unpaired foramen
Present at the anterior portion of the hard palate, between the unison of the two maxillae just posterior to the teeth |
|
|
Term
| What forms the ANTERIOR cranial fossa? |
|
Definition
| Anterior portion of frontal bone, ethmoid bone, lesser wings & jugum of sphenoid bone |
|
|
Term
| What two structures does the horizontal plate of the frontal bone contribute to? |
|
Definition
| The floor of the anterior cranial fossa & the roof of the orbit |
|
|
Term
| What marks the posterior border of the anterior cranial fossa? |
|
Definition
| The lesser wing and jugum of the sphenoid bone |
|
|
Term
| What parts of the sphenoid make up the middle cranial fossa? |
|
Definition
| The greater wings, clinoid processes and the sella turcica |
|
|
Term
| What are the main openings in the sphenoid bone? |
|
Definition
Optic Canals
Superior Orbital Fissure
Foramina Rotundum, Ovale, Spinosum |
|
|
Term
| What cranial fossa is the carotid canal located in? |
|
Definition
| The middle cranial fossa; enters fossa just lateral to foramen lacerum |
|
|
Term
| What forms the anterior border of the posterior cranial fossa? |
|
Definition
| The clivus of the occipital bone, petrous portion of temporal bone |
|
|
Term
| In which cranial fossa is the internal acoustic meatus located? |
|
Definition
| In the POSTERIOR cranial fossa |
|
|
Term
| What do the vertical and horizontal plates of the frontal bone form? |
|
Definition
Vertical plate - forehead
Horizontal plate - roof of orbit & floor of anterior cranial fossa |
|
|
Term
| Which bones have sinuses in them? |
|
Definition
| Frontal, Ethmoid, Sphenoid, Maxillae |
|
|
Term
| Where are the hypoglossal canals located? |
|
Definition
| In the walls of the foramen magnum, laterally; for passage of CN XII |
|
|
Term
| Where is the auditory tube located in the temporal bone? |
|
Definition
| Connected to the EXTERNAL acoustic meatus (for sound conduction) |
|
|
Term
| Where are the sphenoid sinuses located? |
|
Definition
| Deep to the sella turcica in the "body" of the bone |
|
|
Term
| What forms the anterior floor of the middle cranial fossa? |
|
Definition
| The greater wings of the sphenoid bone |
|
|
Term
| What exist in the lateral masses of the ethmoid? |
|
Definition
Ethmoidal Air Cells
Superior & Middle Nasal Conchae |
|
|
Term
| Vertical vs. Horizontal Plate of the ETHMOID |
|
Definition
Vertical Plate - makes up the top 1/2 of the bony septum inferiorly, and the crista galli superiorly
Horizontal Plate - forms cribriform plates on either side of crista galli w/ olfactory foramina |
|
|
Term
| Which nasal conchae are NOT part of the ethmoid bone? |
|
Definition
| INFERIOR nasal conchae, they are their own bones |
|
|
Term
| Which facial bone(s) are mainly hollow? |
|
Definition
The maxillae -> have very large air sinuses
These sinuses are most often affected in sinusitis |
|
|
Term
| What parts of the orbit do the maxillae form? |
|
Definition
| Inferior border and walls |
|
|
Term
| What purpose do the palatine processes of the maxillae serve? |
|
Definition
| They form the anterior 4/5 of the hard palate |
|
|
Term
| What are the different processes of the maxillae? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Processes of the MANDIBLE |
|
Definition
Coronoid - crown shaped; anterior process; muscle attachment
Condyloid - articular; posterior process; articulates w/ mandibular fossa of temporal bone to form TM joint |
|
|
Term
| Where are the mandibular foramen located? |
|
Definition
| On the inner surfaces of the rami, just superior to the angle |
|
|
Term
| Which parts of the orbit do the zygoma form? |
|
Definition
| Lateral border, lateral 1/2 of inferior border, floor of orbit |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
UNPAIRED; horizontal plate forms the posterior 1/5 of the hard palate
Vertical plate forms posterior 1/3 of lateral nasal wall |
|
|
Term
| Where is the lacrimal bone located? |
|
Definition
Located in between the orbits, such that it forms part of the medial wall of each orbit
Most delicate bone in the face
Contributes to medial orbital and lateral nasal walls |
|
|
Term
| What is suspended from the hyoid bone? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Body, superior & inferior cornu (horns) |
|
|
Term
| How many mandibles do we have embryologically? |
|
Definition
| Start off w/ 2, then they fuse to form 1 |
|
|
Term
| In what facial bone(s) do many racial differences occur between races? |
|
Definition
| The zygoma (zygomatic bones) |
|
|
Term
| What kind of joints are sutures? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Fontanelle - soft spot on the baby's head to permit fusion of cranial bones
Anterior is the largest, at the junction of the coronal and sagittal sutures |
|
|
Term
| What shape is the palatine bone? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What structures form the middle cranial fossa? |
|
Definition
| Greater wing of the sphenoid + sella turcica & clinoid processes of sphenoid + temporal bone (petrous portion) |
|
|
Term
| What is the lowest cranial fossa? |
|
Definition
| The posterior cranial fossa |
|
|
Term
| Which part of the ethmoid forms the orbital plate? |
|
Definition
| The lateral part of the ethmoid bone (lateral masses); the orbital plate is the medial wall of the orbit |
|
|
Term
| Why is the maxillary sinus most often affected in sinusitis? |
|
Definition
| Because it drains out the TOP instead of draining out the bottom (harder to drain out pus) |
|
|
Term
| What separates the telencephalon from the cerebellum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 main fissures of the cerebrum? |
|
Definition
Sagittal (Longitudinal) - separates the two hemispheres
Horizontal - separates the telencephalon & cerebellum
Lateral - separates temporal lobe from upper cerebrum |
|
|
Term
| Locations of the lobes of the brain? |
|
Definition
Frontal - anterior to the centra sulcus, above lateral fissure
Parietal - medial/superior to lateral fissure; between central sulcus and parieto-occipital sulcus
Temporal - below lateral fissure
Occipital - behind PO sulcus |
|
|
Term
| Difference between gyri and sulci |
|
Definition
Gyri = hills
Sulci = valleys/grooves |
|
|
Term
| Where are the precentral and postcentral gyri located and what functions/cortices are associated? |
|
Definition
Precentral - in between precentral and central sulci; location of the motor cortex
Postcentral - in between central and postcentral sulci; location of the somatosensory cortex |
|
|
Term
| Where is the primary visual cortex located? |
|
Definition
| Calcarine sulcus (in occipital lobe) |
|
|
Term
| What is the main sensory nucleus of the brain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which sensory relay does NOT pass through the thalamus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What structures are included in the basal ganglia? |
|
Definition
Lentiform nucleus (putamen + globus pallidus)
Caudate nucleus
Amygdala |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 types of fibers of white matter? |
|
Definition
Association Fibers
Commissural Fibers
Projection Fibers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Type of white matter which communicates WITHIN one hemisphere
Long, short or intermediate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Communicate between the two hemispheres
Have anterior & posterior commissures, but the largest bundle is the CORPUS CALLOSUM |
|
|
Term
| Parts of the corpus callosum? |
|
Definition
| Genu (anteior), Body, Splenium (posterior) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Types of white matter fibers which project to different levels of the CNS; NOT confined only to cerebrum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Anteriorly see the cerebral peduncles & mammillary bodies
Posterior, see the paired superior & inferior colliculi |
|
|
Term
| What is the cerebellum important for? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What connects the cerebellum to the brainstem? |
|
Definition
| Middle cerebellar peduncles |
|
|
Term
| What level does the spinal cord extend down the spinal canal? |
|
Definition
| From foramen magnum down to L1-L2 |
|
|
Term
| How many sets of spinal nerves are there? |
|
Definition
32
8 C, 12 T, 5, L, 5 S, 1-2 coccy. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Tapering of the spinal cord at its most distal point (L1-L2) |
|
|
Term
| What attaches the spinal cord to the sacrum? |
|
Definition
| Attached by the FILUM TERMINALE (thread of CT) |
|
|
Term
| What enlargements are present in the spinal cord and what are their purposes? |
|
Definition
Cervical & Lumbar
For the nerve plexuses of the upper (brachial) and lower (lumbosacral) limbs |
|
|
Term
| Grey matter vs. white matter positioning in the cerebrum vs. spinal cord? |
|
Definition
In cerebrum, grey matter is cortical and white matter is medullary
In the spinal cord, white matter is cortical and grey matter is medullary |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Thread of CT which anchors terminal spinal cord (conus medullaris) to the sacrum |
|
|
Term
| Grooves present in the spinal cord? |
|
Definition
| Posterior groove and anterior sulcus (anterior sulcus is much larger) |
|
|
Term
| Is the anterior or posterior groove in the spinal cord larger? |
|
Definition
| Anterior sulcus is larger |
|
|
Term
| Anterior Horn of Spinal Cord |
|
Definition
Ventral horn -> responsible for motor function
Location of motoneuron somae |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Dorsal horn; synapses of sensory neurons occur here |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Located only from the levels of T1-L2; responsible for location of the cell bodies of autonomic neurons |
|
|
Term
| What is the arrangement of white matter in the SC? |
|
Definition
| Have it arranged into 3 columns (funiculi) - anterior, lateral, and posterior funiculi |
|
|
Term
| What are ventricles continuous with in the spinal cord? |
|
Definition
| The central (spinal) canal |
|
|
Term
| In which ventricles is choroid plexus present? |
|
Definition
| IN ALL OF THEM; therefore all ventricles are capable of producing CSF |
|
|
Term
| Portions of the lateral ventricles and what lobes of the brain they are located in... |
|
Definition
Anterior Horn - frontal lobe
Body - parietal lobe
Posterior Horn - occipital lobe
Inferior Horn - temporal lobe |
|
|
Term
| What part of the lateral ventricles joins the inferior & posterior horns? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What connects the lateral ventricles to the 3rd ventricle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the 3rd ventricle located? |
|
Definition
| In the diencephalon of the cerebrum (between the halves of the thalamus) |
|
|
Term
| What connects the 3rd and 4th ventricles? |
|
Definition
| The Cerebral Aqueduct (of Sylvius) |
|
|
Term
| Where is the 4th ventricle located? |
|
Definition
| Posterior to the pons/medulla and anterior to the cerebellum |
|
|
Term
| What foramina are present in the 4th ventricle to allow CSF to escape? |
|
Definition
Foramina of Luschka - in the lateral walls
Foramen of Magendie - at inferior angle of ventricle |
|
|
Term
| How does the CSF travel from the 4th ventricle to the subarachnoid space? |
|
Definition
| Via the foramina of Luschka & Magendie |
|
|
Term
| In what parts of the body is the dura mater fused/not fused to bone? |
|
Definition
In the skull, is fused to the cranial vault bones
In the spinal cord, not fused creating the EPIDURAL SPACE (used for injection of anaesthetics) |
|
|
Term
| Where may anaesthetics be injected into the spinal cord? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the epidural space filled with? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What invaginations of the dura mater exist? |
|
Definition
Invaginates into the sagittal fissure to form FALX CEREBRI
Invaginates into the horizontal fissure to form TENTORIUM CEREBELLI |
|
|
Term
| In what area (other than ventricles) is CSF allowed to freely circulate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Attachments of the arachnoid mater to the other meninges? |
|
Definition
Firmly attached to the dura mater
Weakly attached to the pia mater via denticulate ligaments |
|
|
Term
| How does the pia mater connect to the arachnoid mater? |
|
Definition
| Via tooth shaped processes known as denticulate ligaments |
|
|
Term
| Overview of the path of CSF circulation through the ventricles... |
|
Definition
Produced in all ventricles (but for example start in lateral ventricles)
Travels from lateral ventricles through foramen of Monro into the 3rd ventricle; connects to the 4th ventricle via the cerebral aqueduct
From 4th ventricle can pass into subarachnoid space via foramina or can travel straight into central canal of spinal cord |
|
|
Term
| In what region does the arachnoid mater penetrate through the dura into the dural sinus? |
|
Definition
In the region of the falx cerebri
Arachnoid villi project upwards through the dura into the SUPERIOR SAGITTAL sinus |
|
|
Term
| Where is the superior sagittal sinus located? |
|
Definition
| In the subdural space in the region of the falx cerebri |
|
|
Term
| What is the superior sagittal sinus responsible for draining? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where do the dural sinuses empty into? |
|
Definition
| The internal jugular vein |
|
|
Term
| What is the lumbar cistern? |
|
Definition
| Large opening of the SUBARACHNOID space in the lumbar vertebral area (at conus medullaris; L1/L2) |
|
|
Term
| Which medical procedure commonly occurs at the lumbar cistern? |
|
Definition
| Spinal tap/lumbar puncture |
|
|
Term
| Two main sources of blood supply to the brain? |
|
Definition
| The vertebral and internal carotid arteries |
|
|
Term
| Internal carotid supply to the brain |
|
Definition
Common carotid travels up the neck, bifurcating into the internal and external carotids
Internal carotid splits at the sella turcica into the anterior and middle cerebral arteries |
|
|
Term
| Vertebral artery supply to the brain |
|
Definition
| Vertebral arteries anastomose to form the basilar artery, which soon bifurcates into the posterior cerebral arteries |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
An anastomosis of vasculature formed by connections made by the anterior and posterior communicating arteries
Posterior communicating artery joins the posterior cerebral artery to the middle/anterior cerebral
Anterior communicating artery connects the two anterior cerebral arteries |
|
|
Term
| Blood supply of the brain by region... |
|
Definition
Anterior & Posterior Cerebral - supply the SAGITTAL surface of the brain & outer cortex
Middle Cerebral - supplies the CENTRE of the brain
Inferior Cerebellar Arteries - supply cerebellum |
|
|
Term
| Blood supply of the spinal cord... |
|
Definition
| Supplied by vertebral arteries superiorly, and the aorta inferiorly |
|
|
Term
| What are the poles of the brain? |
|
Definition
| Frontal, Occipital, Inferior (Temporal) |
|
|
Term
| Where is the cingulate gyrus located? What is its function? |
|
Definition
Located just above the corpus callosum
Important for memory/emotion
Cingulate sulcus is superior to the cingulate gyrus |
|
|
Term
| Where is the amygdala located? |
|
Definition
| In the anterior portion of the temporal lobe |
|
|
Term
| Can we survive without the corpus callosum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the mamillary bodies part of? |
|
Definition
| The hypothalamus NOT THE MIDBRAIN |
|
|
Term
| Pyramids vs. Olives on Medulla Oblongata |
|
Definition
Pyramids are medial, olives are lateral
CN XII comes out between the two on either side of the medulla |
|
|
Term
| Why does the spinal cord stop at L1-L2 in humans? |
|
Definition
| Because during growth, the growth of the bone/muscle surrounding SC exceeds its growth |
|
|
Term
| Where are the cell bodies of the primary afferent (sensory) neurons located? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the morphology of sensory neurons in the DRG? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are all of the BVs of the CNS located? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is unique about the dura and arachnoid mater in the SC specifically? |
|
Definition
| They are fused to form the dura-arachnoid layer (ONLY SEEN IN SC, not in brain) |
|
|
Term
| Path of the internal carotid artery in the skull? |
|
Definition
| Branches internally from internal carotid; travels through carotid canal in occipital bone, emerges just above foramen lacerum (but does NOT travel through it) |
|
|
Term
| What does the Circle of Willis surround? |
|
Definition
| The sella turcica & pituitary gland |
|
|
Term
| What is the posterior funiculus of the SC divided into? |
|
Definition
Two bundles known as fasciculi
The fasciculus GRACILIS and fasciculus CUNEATUS |
|
|
Term
| What is located in the lateral and anterior funiculi? |
|
Definition
Anterior Funiculus - houses anterior CTS tract
Lateral Funiculus - houses lateral CTS tract |
|
|
Term
| # of neurons & synapses in the MOTOR TRACTS vs. SENSORY TRACTS |
|
Definition
SENSORY - 3 neurons & 2 synapses
MOTOR - 2 neurons & 1 synapse |
|
|
Term
| Path of exit of spinal nerves at the various levels...(differences) |
|
Definition
C1-C7 - exit ABOVE the vertebrae they are named after
C8 and below - exit BELOW the vertebrae they are named after |
|
|
Term
| When do the spinal nerves bifurcate into the dorsal & ventral rami? |
|
Definition
After they have left the intervertebral foramina (for all levels except sacral)
For sacral nerves, they bifurcate BEFORE they exit |
|
|
Term
| Cell body locations of motor vs. sensory neurons? |
|
Definition
Motor - located in ventral horn of SC
Sensory - located in DRG |
|
|
Term
| Two most important sensory tracts? |
|
Definition
| Dorsal & anterolateral columns |
|
|
Term
| What senses do the DORSAL sensory columns carry? |
|
Definition
| Proprioception, discriminatory touch & vibration |
|
|
Term
| What senses do the ANTEROLATERAL sensory columns carry? |
|
Definition
| Pain, temperature, coarse (non-discriminatory) touch |
|
|
Term
| What are the two DORSAL FASCICULI? |
|
Definition
| The fasciculus gracilis & cuneatus |
|
|
Term
| What fibers do each of the respective dorsal fasciculi receive? |
|
Definition
Fibers from BELOW T6 -> travel up the more medial fasciculus GRACILIS
Fibers from ABOVE T6 -> travel up the more lateral fasciculus CUNEATUS |
|
|
Term
| Which dorsal fasciculus is more lateral? |
|
Definition
| The fasciculus cuneatus is lateral, and fasc. gracilis is medial |
|
|
Term
| Where are the nuclei gracilis and cuneatus located? What occurs here? |
|
Definition
The two nuclei are located in the medulla of the brainstem
This is where the 1st synapse in the dorsal pathway occurs, with the secondary (postsynaptic) axons crossing (decussating) here |
|
|
Term
| Where do the axons of the dorsal ascending pathway cross? |
|
Definition
| Just after synapsing in the nuclei gracilis and cuneatus in the medulla of the brain stem |
|
|
Term
| In what structure does the dorsal ascending pathway ascend through the brain stem? |
|
Definition
| Ascends via the MEDIAL LEMNISCUS |
|
|
Term
| Where are the two synapses of the dorsal ascending pathway located? |
|
Definition
1st - in the nuclei gracilis and cuneatus in the brainstem
2nd - in the thalamus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Carries proprioception, vibration & discrim. touch
Starts in fasciculi cuneatus (lateral) and gracilis (medial), fibers travel up and synapse in the nuclei in the medulla.
Secondary axons decussate here and travel up medial lemniscus to the thalamus and synapse a second time.
Pathway travels through internal capsule and ends in the somatosensory cortex in the post-central gyrus |
|
|
Term
| What is the end location of the dorsal ascending pathway? |
|
Definition
| In the somatosensory cortex (postcentral gyrus) |
|
|
Term
| Where are the synapses located in the anterolateral ascending tract? |
|
Definition
1st = in the dorsal horn of the SC (axons synapse and then decussate here)
2nd = in the thalamus |
|
|
Term
| What path is shared by both the anterolateral & dorsal ascending columns? |
|
Definition
Once they reach the brain stem, both travel up medial lemniscus and synapse for a second time in the thalamus.
Then both take internal capsule to reach somatosensory cortex. |
|
|
Term
| What is the most direct motor pathway? |
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Definition
| The corticospinal tract (pyramidal tract) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Start in precentral gyrus (motor & premotor cortices); fibers go through internal capsule, cerebral peduncles, pons and through the pyramids of medulla where most decussate to form the lateral CTS tract.
The rest of the fibers remain ipsilateral to form the anterior CTS tract (these cross close to where they terminate)
All CTS fibers terminate in the ventral horn of the spinal cord where they synapse with large motoneurons which exit through the ventral ramus |
|
|
Term
| Where do all CTS fibers terminate? |
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Definition
| In the ventral horn of the spinal cord (synapse with motoneurons here) |
|
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Term
| What are 3 other motor tracts and what do they form? |
|
Definition
Rubrospinal, Vestibulospinal, Reticulospinal Tracts
Collectively they form the EXTRAPYRAMIDAL system |
|
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Term
| CN I (Name, Function, Foramen) |
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Definition
Olfactory
Sensory - olfaction
Cribriform plate in ethmoid |
|
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Term
| CN II (Name, Function, Foramen) |
|
Definition
Optic Nerve
Sensory - vision
Optic canals |
|
|
Term
| CN III (Name, Function, Foramen) |
|
Definition
Oculomotor
Motor - motor to MR, SR, IR, IO, and lev. palpebrae superioris
Superior orbital fissure
Also, parasympathetic to ciliary and lens muscles |
|
|
Term
| CN IV (Name, Function, Foramen) |
|
Definition
Trochlear
Motor - SO
Superior orbital fissure |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Trigeminal (V1 = ophthalmic, V2 = maxillary, V3 = mandibular)
Mixed - sensory to forehead, and most of face; motor to muscles of mastication via V3
V1 = SOF, supraorbital; V2 = foramen rotundum; infraorbital; V3 = foramen ovale; mental/mandibular foramen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Abducens
Motor - LR
Superior orbital fissure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Facial
Mixed - taste to anterior 2/3 tongue; facial expression muscles
Internal acoustic meatus; stylomastoid foramen
Also, parasympathetic to submandibular & sublingual salivary glands and lacrimal glands |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Vestibulocochlear
Sensory - balance & hearing
Internal acoustic meatus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Glossopharyngeal
Mixed - taste to posterior 1/3 of tongue; sensory and motor to pharynx
Jugular foramen
Also, parasympathetic innervation to parotid glands |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Vagus
Mixed - sensory & motor to the larynx
Jugular foramen
Also, parasympathetic to thorax & abdomen (as far as 2/3 down the transverse colon) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Spinal accessory
Motor - trapezius & sternocleidomastoid
Jugular foramen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Hypoglossal
Motor - intrinsic & extrinsic muscles of the tongue
Hypoglossal canal |
|
|
Term
| Foramina of ALL cranial nerves exiting skull |
|
Definition
I - cribriform plate
II - optic canal
III, IV, VI - SOF
V - SOF (V1), FR (V2), FO (V3)
VII - stylomastoid foramen
VIII - internal acoustic meatus
IX, X, XI - jugular foramen
XII - hypoglossal canal |
|
|
Term
| 1st synapse in dorsal vs. anterolateral columns? |
|
Definition
Dorsal - by secondary neuron in medulla
Anterolateral - by secondary neuron in dorsal horn |
|
|
Term
| Where do the neurons making up CN I originate? |
|
Definition
| In the olfactory mucosa of the nose |
|
|
Term
| What structure rests on the cribriform plate that CN I axons travel to? What leaves this structure and where does it travel? |
|
Definition
Olfactory bulb rests on cribriform plate
Secondary neurons form the olfactory nerve which runs to the rhinencephalon (olfactory cortex) |
|
|
Term
| Where do the axons in the optic tracts synapse? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the only branch of CN V that exits the pons? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Leaves at junction of pons & medulla; travels into skull via internal acoustic meatus & exits via stylomastoid foramen
Branches into 5 branches to innervate muscles of facial expression, sensory to posterior 1/3 of tongue, and parasympathetics |
|
|
Term
| Where do rootlets for CN XI exit the spinal cord? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the only two things to travel through the optic canals? |
|
Definition
| The optic nerve and an artery |
|
|
Term
| Which branch of CN V does both motor & sensory innervation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which CN have parasympathetic components? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which two nerves enter the skull via the internal acoustic meatus? |
|
Definition
| CN VIII and CN VII (but only CN VII exits eventually) |
|
|
Term
| Which two CN contribute sensory innervation to the tongue? |
|
Definition
CN VII - anterior 2/3
CN IX - posterior 1/3 |
|
|
Term
| What two BVs does the vagus nerve travel with into the thorax? |
|
Definition
| Common carotid & internal jugular |
|
|
Term
| What is the autonomic NS considered to innervate? |
|
Definition
| Considered to be the MOTOR innervation to the viscera of the body (unconscious motor component of visceral NS) |
|
|
Term
| What are other names for the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems? |
|
Definition
Sympathetic - thoracolumbar
Parasympathetic - craniosacral |
|
|
Term
| What nerves provide parasympathetic innervation throughout the body? |
|
Definition
| CN III, VII, IX, X and S2-S4 |
|
|
Term
| What is true of all information traveling through the ANS? |
|
Definition
| Uses TWO neurons to reach its target tissue (preganglionic and postganglionic neuron) |
|
|
Term
| Where do sympathetic preganglionic neurons originate on the SC? |
|
Definition
| In the intermediate horn of grey matter, which exists between the levels of T1-L2 |
|
|
Term
| What root do the sympathetic preganglionic axons leave the spinal cord via? |
|
Definition
| Leave via the ventral (anterior) root/ramus and join with the spinal nerve |
|
|
Term
| How do the sympathetic nerves enter the sympathetic trunk? |
|
Definition
| Via the WHITE RAMUS COMMUNICANS |
|
|
Term
| In what scenario (i.e. what final target) will the postganglionics leave the trunk and re-join with the spinal nerve? How do they exit the trunk? |
|
Definition
Leave the trunk via the GREY RAMUS COMMUNICANS
They only leave through the grey ramus if their final target is the body wall/BVs |
|
|
Term
| What spinal levels does the sympathetic trunk run from/to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 4 examples of fused sympathetic ganglia |
|
Definition
Superior (C1-C4), Middle (C5-6), Inferior (C7-8) Cervical Ganglia
Ganglia Impar (fusion of coccyg. ganglia) |
|
|
Term
| What is true of ALL sympathetic nerves travelling to the body wall/BVs? |
|
Definition
| ALL synapse in the sympathetic trunk |
|
|
Term
| What levels is white rami communicans and grey rami communicans located respectively? |
|
Definition
White - from T1-L2 (origin of sympathetics)
Grey - all levels along trunk (C1-S5) |
|
|
Term
| What are the final targets for the parasympathetic components of the CN? |
|
Definition
III - muscles for pupil & lens
VII - submandibular, sublingual & lacrimal glands
IX - parotid glands
X - viscera of thorax & abdomen (up to 2/3 along trans. colon) |
|
|
Term
| What are the final targets of the parasympathetics from S2-S4? |
|
Definition
Distal colon
Bladder & urethra
Control blood flow to penis & clitoris |
|
|
Term
| How many autonomic plexuses exist in the THORAX? Where are they located? |
|
Definition
3 - Esophageal, Cardiac & Pulmonary
Cardiac & Pulmonary - near bifurcation of trachea
Esophageal - near distal esophagus |
|
|
Term
| Which surface of the aorta are the abdominal autonomic plexuses associated with? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What forms the enteric plexus in the GI tract? |
|
Definition
| The vagus (CN X) and pelvic splanchnic nerves |
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 autonomic plexuses of the abdomen? |
|
Definition
| Celiac, Superior & Inferior Mesenteric, and Renal Plexuses |
|
|
Term
| How many plexuses are located in the pelvis and what are they? |
|
Definition
| 3 in total - one Superior Hypogastric & two Inferior Hypogastric |
|
|
Term
| Which plexuses do the pelvic splanchnic parasympathetic nerves join? |
|
Definition
| Pelvic splanchnic parasympathetics join in the INFERIOR hypogastric plexuses (one on each side) |
|
|
Term
| If the splanchnic nerve travels ABOVE the diaphragm, where does the synapse usually occur? |
|
Definition
| In the PARAVERTEBRAL (SYMPATHETIC TRUNK) GANGLIA |
|
|
Term
| What supplies the carotid plexus? |
|
Definition
| The superior cervical ganglion (C1-C4) |
|
|
Term
| Generally, what roots supply sympathetic innervation to organs above the diaphragm? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What roots supply the (1) heart, (2) lungs, and (3) esophagus?
(Via their plexuses) |
|
Definition
Heart - C1-T1
Lungs - T1-T4
Esophagus - T2-T4 |
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 major splanchnic nerves below the diaphragm? Which plexus does each travel to? |
|
Definition
Greater Splanchnic - to celiac plexus
Lesser Splanchnic - to superior mesenteric plexus
Least Splanchnic - to renal plexuses
Lumbar Splanchnic - to inferior mesenteric plexus |
|
|
Term
| Which splanchnic nerve below the diaphragm receives input from the MOST # of sympathetic ganglia? |
|
Definition
| Greater Splanchnic -> receives input from T5-T9 |
|
|
Term
| What are the input roots for the various splanchnic nerves BELOW the diaphragm? |
|
Definition
Greater Spl. - T5-T9
Lesser Spl. - T10-T11
Least Spl. - T12
Lumbar Spl. - L1-L2 |
|
|
Term
| What kind of autonomic ganglia are present in the plexuses ABOVE the diaphragm vs. those BELOW the diaphragm |
|
Definition
ABOVE - only have parasympathetic ganglia in plexuses because sympathetic nerves have already synapsed in paravertebral ganglia
BELOW - have both ganglia present in the plexuses |
|
|
Term
| What portions of the gut are supplied by which abdominal autonomic plexuses? |
|
Definition
Foregut (stomach and 1st part of duodenum) - CELIAC
Midgut (duodenum to 2/3 down t. colon) - SUP. MESENTERIC
Hindgut (remainder of colon) - INF. MESENTERIC |
|
|
Term
| What organs do pelvic splanchnic nerves innervate? |
|
Definition
| The bladder & reproductive organs (blood flow to penis & clitoris) |
|
|
Term
| What kind of splanchnic nerves travel into the pelvis? |
|
Definition
| POSTGANGLIONIC nerves from the lower paravertebral ganglia (have already synapsed in the sympathetic trunk) |
|
|
Term
| Parasympathetic CN Ganglia |
|
Definition
III - ciliary ganglion
VII - pteryogopalatine & submandibular ganglia
IX - otic ganglion
X - just goes everywhere |
|
|
Term
| Hemisection of the R side of the SC; what is lost below the level of injury? |
|
Definition
Lose proprioception, vibration & disc. touch (dorsal) on the R side
Lose pain, temperature & coarse touch (anterolat.) on the L side |
|
|
Term
| In what two situations do preganglionic neurons NOT synapse in the sympathetic trunk? |
|
Definition
If they are traveling to the adrenal medulla
If they are traveling below the diaphragm |
|
|
Term
| What structures in the telencephalon and diencephalon are made of grey matter? |
|
Definition
Tel. - cortex & basal ganglia
Dien. - thalamus |
|
|
Term
| What bone is the carotid canal located in? |
|
Definition
| Petrous portion of temporal |
|
|
Term
| Relative position of globus pallidum vs. putamen? What nucleus do they make up? |
|
Definition
G.P. is medial, putamen is lateral
Make up Lentiform Nucleus |
|
|
Term
| Name of white matter separating caudate & lentiform nuclei? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a cistern? What is the largest one? |
|
Definition
Cistern = opening of the subarachnoid space
Largest is the lumbar cistern (at L1/2) |
|
|
Term
| What supplies the cortical surface vs. the center of the brain? |
|
Definition
Surface = Anterior & Posterior Cerebral
Center = Middle Cerebral |
|
|
Term
| Senses of the dorsal sensory columns vs. anterolateral columns? |
|
Definition
Dorsal = fine touch, proprioception, vibration
Anterolateral = crude touch, pain, temperature |
|
|
Term
| Which bones of the face are paired vs. unpaired? |
|
Definition
Paired = zygoma, maxillae, inferior chonchae, palatine, lacrimal, nasal
Unpaired = vomer & mandible |
|
|
Term
| The tapering point of the spinal cord - what is it called, and what level does it occur at? |
|
Definition
Called CONUS MEDULLARIS
Occurs at L1/L2 |
|
|
Term
| Where do axons in the optic tracts first synapse? |
|
Definition
| Lateral Geniculate Nucleus (LGN) |
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