Term
| an investigator who conducts an experiment to determine how temperaturechanges affect the rate at which the heart is most likely a... |
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Definition
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Term
| the structure of a body part is closely related to its function |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the levels of organization |
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Definition
| atom, molecule, macromolecule, organelle, cell |
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Term
which of the following includes all the others:
excretion
digestion
respiration
matabolism
absorption |
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Definition
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Term
| the traits that humans share with pther organisms are called charascteristics of life |
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Definition
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Term
| the ability of an organism to sense changes in its body is an example of |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| all of the chemical reactions in the body that break down and build up substances. |
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Term
| the building up phase of metabolism is called |
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Definition
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Term
| the breaking down phase of metabolism is called |
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Definition
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Term
| incorporating substances into the body and changing them to chemically different forms is called. |
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Definition
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Term
which is not required from the envionrment for the maintenance of life:
water
food
carbon dioxide
pressure
heat |
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Definition
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Term
| requiremtns fro humans do not include |
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Definition
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Term
which of the following processes is not concerned with mataining the life of an adult organism:
responsivness
movement
reproduction
metabolism
assimilation |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| maintaining internal conditions |
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Term
| heat helps determine the rate of metabolic reactions |
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Definition
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Term
| an example of homestatic mechanism |
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Definition
| shivering in response to a drop in body temperature |
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Term
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Definition
the most abundant chemical in the body,
a major component of the extrecellular fluid,
a component of the interal environment,
and a requirment of life. |
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Term
which of the following directly cause the changes in the internal environment needed to maitain homeostasis:
receptors
effectors
setpoint
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Definition
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Term
| the organ system responsible for the integration and coordination are the nervous and endocrine |
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Definition
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Term
| the digestive system filters wastes from the blood and maintain fluid and electrolyte balance |
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Definition
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Term
| the muscular system is responsible for body movements, maintenance of posture and production of body heat. |
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Definition
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Term
| when a body is in the anatomical position, it is |
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Definition
| standing erect with the face forward |
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Term
| all of the food that we eat , liquids that we drink and medications that we take are |
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Definition
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Term
| chemistry is the branch of science that deals with the compostion of matter |
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Definition
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Term
which is not an element
iron
oxygen
water
carbon
hygrogen |
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Definition
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Term
| matter is anything that has weight and takes up space |
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Definition
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Term
| all matter is composed of atoms of fundamental substances called |
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Definition
| carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen. |
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Term
| an element with an atomic number of 6 contains 12 protons |
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Definition
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Term
| which of the following is the number of elements living organisms reguire |
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Definition
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Term
| the atomic weight of an atom of an element equals the number of nuetrons in its nucleus |
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Definition
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Term
| the electrons of an atom occupy one or more areas of space are called |
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Definition
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Term
| the atoms of the isotopes of a particular element vary in the number of |
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Definition
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Term
| the elctronsin the outermost shell of an atom determine its |
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Definition
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Term
| sodium and chloride ions readily combine because they have opposite charges |
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Definition
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Term
| an atom that has gained or lost electrons in called an ion |
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Definition
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Term
| the first electron shell of an atom can hold a maximum of |
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Definition
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Term
| a covalent bond is formed by two atoms that share electrons |
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Definition
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Term
| the molecular frmula for compounds like sodium chloride give the ralative amounts of each element present |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| a molecule contains 2 hydrogen atoms and 1 oxygen atom |
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Term
| if two pair of electrons are shared, the resulting bond is called a double covalent bond |
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Definition
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Term
| the attraction of the positive hydrogen end of a polar molecule to the negative nitrogen or oxygen end of another polar molecule is called |
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Definition
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Term
| when two or more atoms bond, they form a new kind of particle called a molecule |
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Definition
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Term
| a molucule of a compound alwas contains definite kinds and numbers of atoms |
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Definition
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Term
| water is an example of a compound |
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Definition
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Term
| a molecular formula represents the numbers and types of atoms in a molecule |
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Definition
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Term
| if the bonds of a reactant molecule break so that the simpler molecules, atoms or ions form, the reaction is an exchange reaction |
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Definition
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Term
| a chemical reaction in which pairs of two differnt molecules trade positions is called a(an) __________ reaction |
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Definition
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Term
| when two or more atoms (reactants) bond to form a more complex structure (product) the reaction is called synthesis. |
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Definition
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Term
| a decomposition reacton can be symbolized as... |
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Definition
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Term
| a pH value indicates the hydrogen ion concentration in solutions, including the body fluids. |
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Definition
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Term
| the pH scale ranges from 0-14 |
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Definition
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Term
| which term describesa solution that contains more hydroxide ions than hydrogen ions? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| each whole number on the pH scale represents a _______ -fold difference in hydrogen ion concentration |
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Definition
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Term
| as hydrogen ion concentration increases, the pH number |
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Definition
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Term
| a solution that has a pHof 6 has ten times the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution with pH |
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Definition
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Term
| a substance that releases hydrogen ions in water is a base |
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Definition
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Term
| an acid is defined as an electrolyte that releases hydroixide ions in water |
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Definition
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Term
| a person has alkalosis if the blood pH |
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Definition
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Term
| as a group, compounds that release ions when they dissolve in water are called |
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Definition
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Term
| chemicals that resist changes in pH are called |
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Definition
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Term
| buffers combine with hydrogen iond when H+ is in excess or they donate hydroxide ions when H+ is depleted |
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Definition
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Term
| a salt is a compound composed of oppositely charged ions |
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Definition
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Term
| at the cellular level of organization, biology becomes the study of |
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Definition
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Term
which of the following chemicals is not an inorganic substance?
water
protein
sodium chloride |
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Definition
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Term
| many inorganic substances dissociate in water to release ions |
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Definition
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Term
| inorganci substances that usually dissociate in water are called |
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Definition
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Term
| water accountsfor 2/3 of the weight of an adult human. |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| a waste product of metabolic processes |
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Term
| cellular organelles use oxygen to release energy from glucose |
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Definition
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Term
| which of the following is not organic |
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Definition
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Term
| the different types of carbohydrates do not include |
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Definition
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Term
| the building blocks of fat molecules are amino acids |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
| steroid molecules have four connected rings of carbon atoms |
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Definition
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Term
| the building blocks of proteins are amino acids |
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Definition
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Term
| proteins include DNA and RNA |
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Definition
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Term
cells in different tissues vary considerably. which of the following determines a cell's specialized function?
the number of cells of that type
size
shape
which gene it uses
the reguirements of the body in a particular situation |
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Definition
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Term
| an adult human body has about |
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Definition
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Term
| endoplasmic reticulum is best described as a |
|
Definition
| network of interconnected membranes |
|
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Term
| rubosomes are composed largely of protein and |
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Definition
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Term
| a nucleus is composed largely of |
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Definition
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Term
| vesicles are formed by folding of the |
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Definition
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Term
| a composite cell has three basic parts. they are the |
|
Definition
cell membrane
nucleus
cytoplasm |
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Term
| two functionsof the cell membrane are |
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Definition
| enabling the cell to communicate and attatch to other cells |
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Term
| which of the following is not a component of the cell membranes structure? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| the basic framework of a cell membrane is a triple layer of lipid molecules |
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Definition
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Term
| genetic material is a component |
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Definition
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Term
| a lysosome is an example of a cellular organelle |
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Definition
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Term
| membranes proteins are calssified by their |
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Definition
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|
Term
| mitochondria manufacture proteins |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| a glycoprotein that extends from the surface of a cell may |
|
Definition
| mark the cell as belonging to a particular type of tissue or organ in a particular person |
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Term
| in anaphase of mitosis, centomeres and duplicated parts of chromosomes are seoerated |
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Definition
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Term
| the rods and tubules of the cytoskeletal are built of protein |
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Definition
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Term
| a cell that secretes abundant proteins, such a cell in the pancreas secreting insulin, would have extra nuclei |
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Definition
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|
Term
| which type of cell has many mitochondria? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| the activity that takes place o ribosomes is |
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Definition
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|
Term
| the organelle that houses enzymes thta degrade cellular debris is the |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| a type of cell that has a flagellum is a(n) |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| a cel membrane is composed mostly of |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| a structure that transports secretions from the rough ER to the Golgi apparatus is a vesicle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| attatched to the surfaces of rough endoplasmic reticulum are |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| the process that kidneys use to cleanse blood is |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| the golgi apparatus contains DNA |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| an organelle that is a fluid-filled sac with inner partitions studded with enzymes is a mitochondrion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| interphase is a "time out" in the cycle cell cycle, when the cell cycle, when the cell ress its synthetic activities. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| a cetrosome consists of two structures called |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| if the concentration of glucose in the water outside of a cell is higher than the concentration inside |
|
Definition
| water will tend to leave the cell by osmosis |
|
|
Term
| movement of molecules through a membrane by filtration depends upon |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| if a solution outside of a cell contains a greater concentration of dissolved particles than the contents of the cell, the solution is said to be |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| which of the following cellular processes requires the greatest expenditure of cellular energy |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| which of the following processes uses specific carrier molucules |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| release energy from glucose molecules |
|
|
Term
| which of the following is isotonic to red blood cells |
|
Definition
| 0.9 percent NaCl solution |
|
|
Term
| in osmosis, water diffuses down its concentration gradient |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| a 5 percent solution of glucose is isotonic to human cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the movement of molecules from where they are not highly concentrated to where they are highly concentrated is called difffusion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the process by which glucose can pass through a membrane using special carrier proteins is called |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| the mechanism of membrane transport that requires an input of energy is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the process that moves sodium ions from where they are not very concentrated inside a cell to where they are mch more concentrated outside the cell is called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| tiny droplets of fluids can enter and cross a cell membrane from the outside in a process called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the series of chanes that a cell undergoes from when it forms to when it divides is called |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| nerve cells release neurotransmitters using |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| an organelle type that is biult of microtubules and fringes the free surfaces of certain cell types is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| microfilament is made of tiny rods actin protein |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| white blood cells that take in particles and cellular debris are termed |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| centromeres pull apart during |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| too infrequent cell division can lead to cancer, whereas too frequent cell division can delay wound healing |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which of the following lists includes the phases of mitosis in the correct sequences? |
|
Definition
| prophase metaphase anaphase telophase |
|
|
Term
| because of mitosis and cytplasm division, the resulting calls have |
|
Definition
| identical chromosomes but different DNA information |
|
|
Term
| cells that retain the ability to divide without specializing are called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| during the metaphase of mitosis, chromosomes |
|
Definition
| line up between the centrioles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which of the following describes a cleavage furrow |
|
Definition
| cellular constriction that occurs towards the end of mitosis |
|
|
Term
| during the metaphase of mitosis chromosomes line up between the two centrioles |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the phases of the cell cycle are |
|
Definition
| interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis |
|
|
Term
| genes carry information that instructs a cell to |
|
Definition
| make specific proteins from amino acids |
|
|
Term
| special proteins called enzymes control the reactions of metabolism |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| monosaccharides are joined |
|
|
Term
| catalysis is the speeding of a chemical reaction |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| almost all enzymes are proteins but a few are |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| enzymes enable chemical reactions in organisms to proceed fast enough to sustain life by |
|
Definition
| lowering the activation energy |
|
|
Term
| each enzyme acts only on a particular chemical called its |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the enzyme catalase acts on the substrate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| enzymes are nucleic acids that promote specific chemical reactions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| oxidation is a process that forms bonds between atoms and molecules |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| most metabolic processes use hemical energy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which of the following substances becomes more abundant during cellular respiration |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| an ATP molecule that loses its terminal phosphate becomes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| during the anaerobic phase of cellular respiration, one molucule of glucose |
|
Definition
| is broken down to yeild two molecules to pyruvic acid. |
|
|
Term
| an ATP molecule consists of an adenine, a ribose and three phosephates |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the part of an ATP molecule that holds the energy used in metabolism is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| glycolysis is referred to as the _________ phase of cellular respiration because it does not require oxygen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| for each molecule of glucose that is decomposed completely, up to _________ molecules of ATP can be produced |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the organelle that houses the reactions of aerobic respiration is the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the two moleules that enter the citric acid cycle are a |
|
Definition
| 4 carbon compound and an acetyl CoA. |
|
|
Term
| of the 38 molecules of ATP generated in one round of the reactions of the cellular respiration, only two come from glycolysis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| complete oxidation of glucose results in nitrogen and water |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
metabolic pathway is a sequence of
enzyme-contolled reactions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a rate-limiting enzyme it typically the first enzyme in a series. the position is important because |
|
Definition
| a rate-limiting enzyme that acts later in the pathway could lead to the build up and intermediate chemical |
|
|
Term
| the parts of DNA molecule that comtain genetic information for aking particular proteins are the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| genes pass to the next generation in eggs and sperm |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a genome is a section of DNA in which the nitrogeneous base sequence encodes a specific sequence of amino acids |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the portion of the human genome that encodes protein is about _____ percent |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is a sequence of nucleicacid base that instructs cells how to make specific protein molecules |
|
|
Term
| all of the DNA in a cell costitutes the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a DNA stand has the sequence T C G A T C. the sequence of the complementary strand is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the complementary base pairs in DNA are |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is composed of joined nucleotides |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the double helix seperating and pulling in new complementary bases |
|
|
Term
| if a strand of DNA molecule contained the base sequence C T A G C, the complementary strand wuld contain the base sequence |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the four mitrogeneous bases in DNA are adenine, cytosine, guanine and uracil |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the transfer of genetic information from the nucleus into the cytoplasm is a function of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| if DNA strand has the organic base sequence T T A A C G A the corresponding base sequence of messenger RNA molecule would be |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| copying of the information in DNA into RNA which can exit in the nucleus is called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| RNA molecules differ from DNA molecules in several ways... |
|
Definition
| RNA molecules are single-stranded, their nucleotides include the sugar ribose and the nucleotide uracil |
|
|
Term
| a codon is a set of three nucleotides of an mRNA that correspond to particular amino acid |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| translation is assemnbly of an amino acid chain according to the sequences of base triplets in a transfer RNA molecule |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| an anticodon sequence is part of a transfer RNA |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| all mutations are harmful |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which of the following is not one of the four basic body tissues |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a basement membrane anchors |
|
Definition
| epithelial tissue to connective tissue |
|
|
Term
| epethelial tissue functions in... |
|
Definition
secretion
absorption
protection
protection
excretion |
|
|
Term
| the tissue through which gases are exchanged between the blood and the air in the lungs is |
|
Definition
| simple squamous epithelium |
|
|
Term
| the tissue that forms the inner lining of respiratory passages is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a carcinoma is a cancer originating from |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| type of epethelium that lines the urinary bladder |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| usually epethelium tissues do not have blood vessels |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| tendons and legaments are composed primarily of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cartilage tissues are likely to be slow i healing because |
|
Definition
| cartilage tissues lack direct blood supplies |
|
|
Term
| bone cells are arrangedin concentric circles around longitudinal tubes in cylinder-shaped units called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| permanent wrinkles caused by |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the tissue that constitutes the outermost layer of skin is a type of connective tissue |
|
Definition
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|
