• AKA throat
• A tubelike structure, about 12.5 cm (5") long, extending from the base of the skull to the esophagus.
• Made of muscle and divided into 3 parts.

• Characterized by acute inflammation of the lungs
• Alveoli & bronchi become plugged with thick fibrin & neutrophil exudate (pus).
• Majority of infections result from strep 

• The pulmonary ventilation mechanism must establish 2 gas pressure gradients:

-One in which pressure within the alveoli of the lungs is lower than atmospheric pressure to produce inspiration.

-One in which pressure in the alveoli of the lungs is higher than atmospheric pressure to produce expiration.

• Excessive tracheobronchial secretions are produced obstructing air flow; bronchial mucous glands are enlarged.

• Tendency of pulmonary tissues to return to a smaller size after having been stretched.
• Occurs passively during expiration

• Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: term to describe conditions of progressive irreversible obstruction of expiratory air flow.
• Symptoms include productive cough and intolerance of activity.
• Bronchitis, asthma and emphysema are disorders observed in COPD patients

• Air spaces distal to the bronchioles enlarge as a result of connective tissue damage.
• Alveoli enlarge, rupture, and fuse into large irregular spaces destroying air/gas exchange

• A malignancy of pulmonary tissue.
• Destroys vital lung tissue and invade other body parts (metastasis)
• Most common cause is smoking, but also asbestos, coal and petroleum products.

• Upper respiratory tract: Organs that are located outside the thorax and consist of the Nose, nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx, and larynx.
• Lower respiratory tract: Organs that are located within the thorax and consist of the trachea, the bronchial tree, and the lungs.

What structures are included in the upper respiratory tract, their lengths and functions?

• Nose-provides a passageway for air traveling to and from the lungs and filters air, aids speech, and makes possible sense of smell.
• Pharynx-12.5cm (5") long: is the pathway for the respiratory and digestive tracts.
• Larynx-positioned between the root of the tung and the upper end of the trachea: voice box.

• Trachea
• Bronchi and alveoli
• Lungs
• Thorax

Function of alveoli:

• Sacs that serve as gas exchangers
• All other parts of respiratory system serve as air distributors

• 3 divisions divided by the pleura.
• Pleural divisions: The part occupied by the lungs
• Mediastinum: Part occupied by the esophagus, trachea, large blood vessels, and heart.

Explain expiration and how it occurs:

How is carbon dioxide is transported in the circulatory system?

• A small amount of CO2 dissolves in plasma and is transported as a solute (10%)
• More than 2/3 of the CO2 is carried in plasma as bicarbonate ions (70%)

What fills paranasal sinuses?

• Air-containing spaces that open or drain into the nasal cavity
• They are lined with respiratory mucosa

• 20 ml (20%) of oxygen per 100 ml of blood

1. Nasopharynx
2. Oropharynx
3. Laryngopharynx

• Vestibular folds (false vocal folds)
• Vocal folds

• AKA windpipe
• Extends from the larynx to the primary bronchi.
• About 11 cm (4.5 inches) long.

• 2 lobes, superior and inferior

• Chronic bacillus infection caused by mycrobacterium tuberculosis.
• Highly contagious, transmitted airborne.
• Symptoms: non-productive cough, fatigue, chest pain weight loss, fever, night sweats.

• Potential medical emergency caused by accumulation of air or gas in the pleural cavity, occurring as a result of disease, injury, or spontaneously.

• Lower end of the trachea divided into 2 primary bronchi (left and right)
• The primary bronchi enter the lung and divide into secondary bronchi, which branch into bronchioles and eventually divide into alveolar ducts and alveoli.

1. The oxygen pressure gradient between alveolar air and blood
2. The total functional surface area of the respiratory membrane
3. The respiratory minute volume: volume moved per minute
4. Alveolar ventilation: Alveoli must be properly ventilated for adequate gas exchange

True/False

The walls of the alveoli and capillaries form only a very thin barrier for gases to cross.

• Common condition characterized by acute inflammation of the tracheobronchial tree.
• Part of or preceded by and acute URI.
• Protective functions of the bronchial epithelium are disturbed and excessive fluid accumulates in the bronchi.