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| the force distributed over area |
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| tells us that as the volume of a container increases, the air pressure within the container decreases |
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| causes the air to enter the container until the pressure is equalized |
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| Pressure increases and air flows out until the the pressure is equalized |
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| inhalation; drawing air into the respiratory system |
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| small cavity; the air sac wherein gas exchange occurs |
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| the force exerted on a surface by air molecules |
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| the bony structure made of vertebrae |
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| the nerve tracks and cell bodies within the spinal column |
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| a small rounded prominence on bone; little swelling |
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| the five sacral vertebrae that are actually a fused mass |
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| composed of the fused coccygeal vertebrae |
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| composed of vertebral segments that combine to form a strong but flexible column |
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| Top part of spine; bones C1 through C7 |
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| 2nd part of spine; bones T1 through T12 |
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| 3rd part of spine; bones L1 through L5 |
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| 4th part of spine; fused bones S1 through S5 |
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| fused vertebrae known as the coccyx; lowest part of spine |
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| Spinous and Transverse Process |
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| the spinal column provides the points of attachment for numerous muscles by means of? |
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| Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves |
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| The vertebrae houses the ______ ____, with ______ ______ emerging and entering the spinal cord through spaces between the vertebrae |
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| The ____ of the rib cage articulate with the ______ ______ in a fashion that permits the rib cage some limited movement for respiration |
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| Pectoral or Shoulder Girdle |
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| Collarbone; clavivula; little key |
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| Rib Cage and Vertebral Column |
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| the bony support structure of the respiratory system is composed of the ___ ____ and the _________ ______ |
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| Pelvic Girdle, ilium, sacrum, pubic bone, and ischium |
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| At the base of the vertebral column is the ______ ______, composed of the _____, ______, _____ ____, and the _______ |
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| Pectoral Girdle, Scapula, Clavicle, and Sternum |
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| The _______ ______ is comprised of the _______ and ________, which attach to the _______ |
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| Pectoral Girdle and Pelvic Girdle |
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| These structures provide the points of attachment for the upper and lower extremities |
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| Composed of 12 ribs (7 true ribs, 3 false ribs, and 2 floating ribs) |
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| The _____________ __________ of the ribs to the sternum permits the ribs to rotate slightly during respiration, allowing the rib cage to elevate |
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| At rest the ribs slope downward, but they _______ during respiration |
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| Flexible tube, approximately 11 cm in length and composed of a series of 16 to 20 hyaline cartilage rings that are open in the posterior aspect |
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| Bronchi or Bronchial Tubes |
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| pulmonarious, pertaining to the lungs |
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| A critical organ of the respiratory systems is the _____, the right and left lung having three and _____ respectively |
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| Communication between the external and internal environment is by means of the _______ and the _________ ____ |
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| Repeated subdivisions of the bronchial tree end with the _______, the site of gas exchange |
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| Highly vascularized Alveoli |
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| These ______ ____________ _______ provide the mechanism by which oxygen enters and carbon dioxide exits the bloodstream |
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| Pollutants entering the respiratory tract are removed through the cleansing action of the _______ _________ that line the bronchial passageway |
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| the lungs are covered with _______ _______ which, in conjunction with the thoracic wall, provide the mechanism for air movement through muscular action |
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| When the diaphragm contracts, the _____ ___ ______ ___ because of the association between the pleurae and the diaphragm |
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| Diaphragmatic Contraction |
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| _____________ ___________ expands the lungs, drawing air into them through the bronchial passageway |
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| the primary muscle of inspiration is the _________, the dividing line between the thorax and the abdomen |
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| Central Tendon, Vertical Dimension |
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| the fibers of the diaphragm pull on the _______ ______, resulting in the downward motion of the diaphragm during inspiration. This movement expands the lungs in the ________ _________ |
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| rhombus, parallelogram + oid, like |
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| Diaphragm, Accessory Muscles |
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| The _________ is an exceptionally important muscle of inspiration, but there are many _________ _______ of inspiration and expiration that also serve respiration |
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| To _______ the lungs, you need to expand the ______ that holds them so air can rush in |
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| Increase, Diaphragm, Elevate |
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| to inflate the lungs you can either ________ the long dimension fairly easily by contracting the _________, or you can elevate the rib cage with just a little bit more effort |
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| reverses the inflation of the lungs by pulling the thorax down and in and by forcing the diaphragm higher into the thorax |
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Respiration is defined as the exchange of gas between an organism and its environment.
Oxygen travels to the cells of the body to sustain life by breathing in: inspiration
We eliminate waste products when we exhale or breathing out: expiration |
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| Pressure is Force on Area |
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| Structures of Respiration: Bony Thorax |
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Vertebrae and vertebral column
Ribs and their attachment to the vertebral column
Pectoral girdle (scapula and clavicle)
Sternum
Pelvic girdle |
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Respiratory passageway (nose, mouth, trachea and bronchi)
Lungs
Mediastinum |
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| Additional Structures of Respiration |
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Diaphragm
Accessory muscles of inspiration
Accessory muscles of expiration
Muscles of postural control |
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| Structures of Respiration |
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| Bony Thorax, Visceral Thorax, Diaphragm, Accessory muscles of inspiration, Accessory muscles of expiration, Muscles of postural control |
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| The lungs are housed in the? |
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| Thorax, An area bounded in the superior aspect by the first rib and clavicle, and in the inferior by the twelfth rib |
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| The lateral and anterior aspects are composed of the ____ and the ________ |
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| vertebral column aka spinal column |
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| The entire thorax is suspended from the _________ ______ aka ______ ______ |
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| conduit, spinal cord, nervous system |
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| The spinal column doubles as the _______ for the ______ ____, the _______ ______ for the body and extremities |
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| The ______ of the vertebra makes up the anterior portion with a prominent hole or vertebral foramen just posterior to that |
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| It is through the foramen that the tracts of the spinal cord pass. The spinal nerves exit and enter the spinal cord of the ___________ ________ |
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| Superior, Inferior Articular Facets |
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| The vertebral column articulation is completed by the ________ and ________ _________ ______ |
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| The uppermost cervical vertebra, C1 is the _____. It supports the skull for rotation |
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| Articulating with the inferior surface of the _____ is C2, the axis, on which the skull pivots |
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| The 12 thoracic vertebrae (T1-12) provide the basis for the ___________ framework |
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| Each rib consists of four parts: the ____, the ____, _____ and _____ |
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| Manubrium Sterni, corpus, and xiphiod or ensiform process |
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| 3 components of the sternum? |
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This tube is necessary for delivery of oxygen to the lungs. The inner lining of the trachea has submucosal glands that assist in cleaning the trachea.
The trachea is both rigid and flexible.
Posterior to the trachea is the esophagus |
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| when food or liquid enters the lungs and misses the esophagus |
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The right lung is composed of 3 lobes separated by fissures
The left lung has only two lobes.
Space on the left is taken by the heart and the mediastinal or middle space structures |
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The bronchi divide into smaller and smaller cartilaginous tubes.
The final tube called the terminal bronchiole.
Remember the cross section of the trachea is about 5 cm, the size of a quarter, the cross section of the 300,000,000 alveoli would equal the size of a 10ft x 24 ft rug!
The terminal bronchi serve the alveoli. It is known as the alveoli duct. |
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During quiet breathing, the blood spends only about half a second in the capillaries with gas exchange occurring with the first quarter of its transit through the pulmonary system.
500 cc’s of air are exchanged during quiet tidal respiration on average
The pulmonary artery branches to follow the bronchial tree, serving the gas exchange at the alveolar level |
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| Movement of Air through the system |
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The lungs are placed inside the thoracic cavity, not held to the walls by ligaments or cartilage.
The lungs and inner thoracic wall are completely covered with a pleural lining. The lungs are encased in linings : Visceral pleurae and the thoracic linings are the parietal pleurae |
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