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| general parts of the cell (3) |
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Definition
| Plasma membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus. |
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| The cell's outer surface, providing a sturdy barrier. It consists of 2 back-to-back phospholipid layers (with cholesterol, glycolipids) and integral and peripheral proteins. |
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| The basic framework of the plasma membrane, consisting of 2 back-to-back phospholipid layers, cholesterol, and glycolipids. |
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| All the cellular contents between the plasma membrane and the nucleus. Contains cytoplasm and organelles. |
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| Fluid protein inside the cell (intracellular) inside the cytoplasm. |
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| Permanent structures within a cell that are specialized to serve a specific fundtion in cellular activities. |
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| Site which contains the genes which control cellular structure and most cellular activities. |
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| "Transmembrane" proteins that can extend into or across the entire lipid bilayer due to the fact that they are amphipathic. |
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| Proteins found at the inner or outer surface of the plasma membrane and can be stripped away without disturbing membrane integrity. |
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| Channel, transporter, receptor, enzyme, cell identity marker, linker. |
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| Membrane protein that acts as a gate, allowing specific substances in or out of the cell through a pore. Some change shape to open or close for a certain ion. |
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| Membrane protein that binds a polar substance at one end, then changes shape to move it through to the other side of the membrane and releases. Allows bigger substances to pass through. |
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| Membrane protein that serves as a cellular recognition site to bind a specific molecule. |
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Definition
| Membrane protein that catalyzes reactions inside or outside the cell. |
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| Membrane protein that acts as a "nametag" for the cell. ex: helps the body know which cells are foreign invaders |
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Definition
| Membrane protein that anchors proteins in plasma membranes of neighboring cells to one another. It provides shape and structural ability for the cell. |
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| Property of the plasma membrane which allows membrane proteins to move, membrane punctures to self-seal. Cholesterol stabilizes this property by making sure the cell doesn't get too floppy. |
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| Property of the plasma membrane that selectively allows substances to pass through easily, like water and small, nonpolar, uncharged particles. However, ions and charged or polar molecules are not allowed. |
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Definition
| The difference in concentration of a chemical between one side of the plasma membrane and another. A substance will move across the plasma membrane down this from where it's more concentrated to where it's less concentrated. |
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Definition
| More concentrated outside the cell. They will move down the concentration gradient to the inside of the cell. |
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Term
| carbon dioxide and potassium ions |
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Definition
| More concentrated inside the cell. They will move down the concentration gradient to the outside of the cell. |
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Definition
| Difference in the distribution of + and - charged ions between one side of the plasma membrane and the other. |
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Term
| electrical charges of the surfaces of the plasma membrane |
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Definition
| Inner is - and outer is +. |
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Term
| what is essential to the life of the cell |
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Definition
| The ability to move substances across the membrane. |
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Term
| passive transport diffusion |
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Definition
| Movement of solutes and solvent (solids and liquids) from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration until equilibrium is reached. Uses no energy. This is for small, hydrophylic, inorganic ions. |
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Definition
| Passive transport diffusion where a solute binds to a specific transporter on one side of the membrane and is released on the other side. This is for polar and large solutes (i.e. glucose, urea, fructose, galactose, and some vitamins). |
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Term
| influences on rate of passive transport diffusion (4) |
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Definition
| Steepness of gradient, temperature, size or mass of substance, diffusion difference. |
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Term
| active transport diffusion |
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Definition
| Moves solutes (solids) only against their concentration gradient. Requires energy (ATP). |
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Term
| primary active transport diffusion |
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Definition
| Cell directly uses ATP (about 40%). Transponder pumps a substance across the membrane against its concentration gradient. |
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Term
| secondary active transport diffusion |
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Definition
| Cell indirectly uses energy obtained from ATP where energy stored in the form of a sodium or hydrogen ion concentration gradient is used to drive other substances against their own concentration gradient. |
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Definition
| A couple transporter which moves 2 substances in the same direction. |
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Definition
| A coupled transporter which moves 2 substances in the opposite direction. |
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| Net movement of a solvent (liquid) from an area of high concentration of solvent to an area of low concentration of solvent. |
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Definition
| How the solution influences the shape of body cells. |
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| Cells undergo hemolysis (rupture). |
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| Cells undergo crenation (shrinkage). |
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Definition
| A small membranous sac formed by budding off from an existing membrane. |
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Definition
| When materials are brought "into" the cell and are surrounded by an area of the plasma membrane. This buds off inside the cell. Requires ATP. |
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Definition
| Receptor-mediated, phagocytosis, pinocytosis. |
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Definition
| Materials move out of all cells in vesicles that fuse with the plasma membrane. Requires ATP. |
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Definition
| Fluid inside the cytoplasm which is 90% water and where many chemical reactions occur. |
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Definition
| The structural framework of the cell containing microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubles. Aids in movement of organelles, chromosomes, and whole cells. |
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Definition
| Serve as centers for organizing microtubles in interphase cells and the mitotic spindle during cell division. |
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Definition
| Hairlike projections extending from the cell's surface allowing the cell to move. |
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Definition
| Tiny spheres consisting of ribosomal RNA where protein is synthesized. May be associated with rough ER or free. |
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Definition
| Network of flattened sac membranes. Can be rough (ribosomes on surface) or smooth (which extends from the rough). Transports substances, synthesizes and packages molecules and stores them, detoxifies chemicals, and releases calcium ions. |
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Definition
| It processes, sorts, and delivers proteins and lipids to the plasma membrane from the rough ER. Contains cisterns. There's usually only one of these per cell. |
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Definition
| Membrane-enclosed vesicles which contain digestive enzymes that digest worn-out organelles and entire cells. Formed by golgi complex. |
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Definition
| Similar to lysosomes but smaller. Contain enzymes that oxidize substances like alcohol. |
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Definition
| "Powerhouses" of the cell where ATP is produced through aerobic cellular respiration. Have a double membrane and an inner layer containing cristae. They are able to self-replicate using their own DNA. There are 100s to 1,000s of these per cell. |
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Definition
| Most prominent feature of a cell. Usually only one of these per cell (but red blood cells have none and skeletal muscles can have several). Controls cellular structure and directs activities. Contains nuclear envelope and nucleoli. |
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Definition
| Double membrane which separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm. Contains huge channels called nuclear pores. |
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Definition
| Clusters of protein, DNA, and RNA. Produces ribosomes. |
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Definition
| When encoded genetic information in DNA is copied onto a strand of messenger RNA, which then leaves the nucleus and enters the cytoplasm. |
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Definition
| When the mRNA is read to determine the amino acid sequence of the protein. This is done by ribosomes in the cytoplasm. |
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Definition
| An orderly sequence of events by which cells reproduce themselves. Consists of a nuclear division (mitosis and meiosis) and a cytoplasmic division (cytokinesis). |
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Definition
| The part of interphase when organelles and cytosolic componants are duplicated. |
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Definition
| The part of interphase when DNA is replicated. |
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Definition
| The phase when the cell carries on every life process except division. It is "at rest". |
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Definition
| The part of interphase when enzymes and other proteins are synthesized. |
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Term
| cell cycle in somatic (body) cells |
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Definition
| Interphase (G1, S, G2), Mitotic (Mitosis [Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase], Cytokinesis) |
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Definition
| Phase following interphase consisting of mitosis and cytokinesis. |
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Definition
| Consists in the distribution of 2 sets of chromosomes into 2 separate nuclei. |
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Definition
| First stage of mitosis. Chromatin condenses into chromosomes and the nucleolus and nuclear envelope disappear. |
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Term
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Definition
| Second stage of mitosis. Centromeres of chromatid pairs line up at the exact center of the mitotic spindle. |
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Definition
| Third stage of mitosis. Centromers split and the 2 sister chromatids of each pair move toward opposite poles of the cell. |
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Definition
| Fourth (and final) stage of mitosis. Begins as soon as chromatid movement stops. New nucleoli appear. |
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Definition
| Second part of mitotic phase and last step before completion of cell division. Begins in late anaphase or early telophase with the formation of a cleavage furrow. Division of cytoplasm and organelles. |
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