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| the basic biological unit of living organisms, containing a nucleus and a variety of organelles enclosed by a limiting membrane |
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| a group of similar cells specialized to perform a specific function |
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| the tiny projections on the free surfaces of some epithelial cells |
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| membranous sacs containing powerful oxidase enzymes that use molecular oxygen to deoxify a number or poisonous substances, including alcohol and formaldehyde |
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| below normal tone or tension |
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| excessive, above normal tone or tension |
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| the ingestion of solid particles by cells |
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| the engulfing of extracellular fluid by cells |
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| one of the biological units of heredity located in chromatin; transmits heredity information |
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| the fluid between the cells |
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| a homogenous mixture of two or more components |
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| components or substances present in smaller amounts are called this |
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| "into the cell"- includes those ATP-requiring processes that take up extracellular substances by enclosing them in a small membraneous vesicle (phagocytosis and pinocytosis) |
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| "out of the cell"- moves substances out of the cells (secrete hormones, mucus and other cell products or eject certain cellular wastes) |
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| the nucleic acids(base sequence) are made understandable to the proteins(amino acid sequence) |
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| the transfer of information from DNA's base sequence into the complementary base sequence of mRNA |
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| a spiral staircaselike sculpture |
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| net movement of a substance across a membrance against a concentration or electrical gardient |
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| membrane transport processes that do not require cellular energy (ATP) |
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~ control center of the cell
~ contains DNA |
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~ forms barrier of the nucleus
~ consists of a double phospholipid membrane
~ contain nulcear pores that allow for exchange of material with the rest of the cell |
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~ sites of ribosome production
~ ribosomes then migrate to the cytoplasm through nuclear pores |
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~ composed of DNA and protein
~ scattered throughout the nucleus
~ condenses to form chromosomes when the cell divides |
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~ barrier for cell contents
~ double phospholipid layer
~ contains: protein
cholestrol
glycoproteins |
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| material outside the nucleus and inside the plasma membrane |
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| fluid that suspends other elements |
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| metabollic machinery of the cell |
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~ made of protein and RNA
~ sites of protein synthesis
~ found in 2 locations:
free in the cytoplasm
attached to rough ER |
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~ fluid filled tubules for carrying substances- two types:
Rough
Smooth |
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| functions in cholesterol synthesis and breakdown, fat metabolism and deoxyfication of drugs |
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~ modifies and packages proteins
~ produces different types of packages:
- secretory vesicles
- cell membrane components
- lysosomes |
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| contain enzymes that digest nonusable materials with in the cell |
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~ powerhouses of the cell
~ change shape continuously
~ carry out reactions where oxygen is used to break down food
~ provides ATP for cellular energy |
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~ network of protein structures that extend throuhout the cytoplasm
~ provides the cell with an internal framework |
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~ rodshaped bodies made of microtubles
~ direct formation of mitotic spindle during cell division |
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~ not found in cells
~ used for movement:
- cilia moves materials across the cell surface |
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~ 1st part of cell division
~ centromeres will migrate to the poles |
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| ~ spindle from centromeres are attached to chromosomes that are aligned in the center of the cell |
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~ daughter chromosomes are pulled toward the poles
~ the cell begins to elongate |
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~ daughter nuclei begin forming
~ a cleavage furrow (for cell division) begins to form |
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| transfer RNA- transfers appropriate amino acids to the ribosome for building the protein |
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| ribosomal RNA- helps form the ribosomes where proteins are built |
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| messenger RNA- carries the instructions for building a protein from the nucleus to the ribosomes |
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| the four elements that make up most living matter |
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| carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen |
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| complementary base pairs: AAT-CGT-TCG |
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| types of Active Transport |
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Definition
| ~ solute pumping and bulk transport (exocytosis and endocytosis) |
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| types of Passive Transport |
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Definition
~ diffusion (simple, osmosis, facilitated)
~ filtration |
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