• Eyes & nose forward
• Limbs close to midline
• Palms forward
• Toes forward
• R & L refers to skeleton's R & L

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How many main anatomical planes are there?

What are the names of the 4 main planes?

How do the 4 planes intersect the body?

4

-Median sagittal: cut R & L in = halfs

-Saggital: R & L in unequal halfs

-Coronal/frontal: cuts separate front & back

-Transverse/horizontal: cuts top & bottom

What is the superior/cranial direction?

What is the inferior/caudal direction?

What is the posterior/dorsal direction?

What is the anterior/ventral direction?

What is medial direction?

What is lateral direction?

What is the proximal direction?

What is the distal direction?

Towards the head

Towards the feet

Towards the back

Towards the front

Towards the middle of the body

Away from the middle of the body

Near truck/point of origin

Away from the trunk/point of origin

1. Protect spinal cord & nerves
2. Posture & locomotion
3. Supports & transmits body weight
4. Provides flexible axis for body & pivot for head
5. Attachment point for muscles of the back

What are the 5 sections of the spine?

How many verebrae make them up?

How many are moveable?

How many are immovable?

- Cervical: 7

- Thoracic: 12

- Lumbar: 5

- Sacral: 5

-Coccygeal/coccyx: 4

24

9

What does primary curvatures look like?

How many are there in an adult?

What are they?

How many are there in a fetus?

Concave anteriorly

2:

Thoracic: top

Sacral: bottom

1

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How many secondary spinal curvatures are there?

What are they called?

What do they do?

2:

Cervical curvature: Holds up the head

Lumbar: Helps with sitting 

Kyphosis/hunchback

Lordosis/swayback

Scoliosis

What classifies a movement of the verebral column?

What are the 3 main movements of the spine?

Deviation from anatomical position

1) Flexion/extension: lean back/bend forward

2) Lateral flexion: side to side

3) Rotation

- Body

- Arch (forms vertebral canal)

- Pedicle

- Lamina

- Transverse process

- Spinous process

-Superior articular process

-Inferior articular process

When vertebrae articulate (connect) what does it create?

What are intervertebral discs?

What are the holes formed when vertebrae articulate?

Creates the vertebral canal

Discs found between vertebrae

Intervertebral foramina

What are the 2 parts of the intervertebral discs?

What are they made of?

What is their function?

What happens if a disc herniates?

- Annulus fibrosus: fibrocartilage bands & connective tissue. Limit rotation.

-Nucleus pulposis: gel core. Reduces compression force.

The nucleus pulposis extrudes.

-Between C1 & C2

- Within sacrum & coccyx

- Small body

- Transverse foramina (hole)

- Bifid spinous process

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Vertebra prominens

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What is another name for C1?

What are the distinguishing characteristics of C1?

What is the main function of C1?

What does the anterior facet connect to?

What does the superiour articular process connect to?

What action does it allow to do?

Atlas

- No vertebral body

-No Spinous process

Holds up the head

Connects to axis/dens of C2

Occipital of cranium.

Allows for nodding of the head

What is another name for C2?

What are some distinguishing characteristics for C2?

What does it articulate with?

What is C2 held in place by?

What action is it responsible for?

Axis

Dens:

Anterior arch of the atlas

Transverse ligament of the atlas

Shaking the head no

- Heart shaped body

- Long spinous processes (point inferiorly)

- Rib articulation

-Vertical facet joints

Head of the rib articulates with the inferior costal facet of the top vert & superior costal facet of bottom vert.

Transverse coastal facet articulates with process of top vert

- Kidney shaped body

- Short/broad spinous process (points posteriorly)

- Forms interlaminar space

-Wrapped facet joints

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- 5 fused vertebrae

- Anterior & posterior sacral foramina

- Anterosuperior edge of S1/sacral promontory

- Alae for articulation with the pelvis

- Sacral hiatus

- Lateral crest

- Medial crest (reminants of fused processes)

How can you feel herniated disk for T12?

Where are epidural administered?

Palpate vagina can feel sacrum & if there's a bump between T12 & sacrum then the disk is herniated.

At the sacral hiatus

What the function of coccyx in animal?

What are the distinguishing characteristics of the coccyx?

What is the function of the coccyx?

Serves as the tail

- Most transverse process

- Lacks vertebral canal

Attachement for pelvic mm? & other tissues

What is function of the ligaments of the vertebral column?

What are the different ligaments?

What do they do?

Stabilizes joints of vertebral column

-Anterior Longitudinal: limits extension

-Posterior Longitudinal: prevent hyperflexion & disk herniation

-Ligamentum Flava (between lamina): extends vertebral after it's been flexed

-Interspimous

-Supraspinous

What pathological curvature is this?

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What pathological curvature is this?

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What pathological curvature is this?

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What part of the vertebra is this?

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What part of the vertebra is this?

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What part of the vertebra is this?

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What part of the vertebra is this?

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What part of the vertebra is this?

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What part of the vertebrae is this?

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What is this part of the vertebrae?

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Points of attachments on the bone

What part of the vertebra is this?

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What part of the vertebrae is this?

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What is this called?

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What is this part of the disk called?

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What is this made of?

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What is it's function?

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What is this also known as?

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Where are these vertebrae found?

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What vertebrae is this?

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What is its function?

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What action does this produce?

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What vertebrae is this?

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What action does this allow?

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What section of the vertabrae does this belong to?

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What section of the spine does this belong to?

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What section of the spine is this?

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What is this called?

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What are these called?

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What is this called?

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What is this called?

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What section of the spine is this?

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What is this called?

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What is this called?

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What is this called?

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What is this called?

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What is this called?

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