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Definition
Extracellular material, proteins, mineral salts, nutrients, wastes, fluids |
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Term
Four primary tissues (Adult) |
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Definition
Epithelial, Connective, Nervous, and Muscular |
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Definition
Large, fusiform cells that often show slender, wispy branches. Produce the fibers and ground substance that form the matrix of the tissue. |
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Definition
Tissue composed of layers of closely spaced cells that cover organ surfaces, form glands, and serve for protection, secretion, and absorption. Locations: Epidermis, Inner lining of digestive tract, Liver and other glands. |
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Definition
Tissue with usually more matrix than cell volume, often specialized to support, bind, and protect organs. Locations: Tendons and Ligaments, Cartilage and bone, Blood |
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Definition
Tissue containing excitable cells specialized for rapid transmission of coded information to other cells. Locations: Brain, Spinal Cord, Nerves |
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Definition
Tissue composed of elongated, excitable muscle cells specialized for contraction |
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Term
Three Primary Germ Layers |
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Definition
Ectoderm, Mesoderm, Endoderm |
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Definition
Outer germ layer, gives rise to epidermis and nervous system. |
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Definition
Innermost germ layer, gives rise to mucous membranes of digestive and respiratory tracts and to the digestive glands. |
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Definition
Middle germ layer of more loosely organized cells. Eventually turns into a gelatinous tissue called mesenchyme. |
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Definition
Derived from mesoderm. Composed of fine, wispy collagen (protein) fibers and branching cells embedded in a gelatinous ground substance. Gives rise to muscle, bone, and blood among other tissues. |
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Definition
Phagocytes; engulf and destroy bacteria. |
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Definition
Aka fat cells. Store triglyceride. |
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Definition
Tough and flexible fibers and resist stretching. Made of the body's most abundant protein. |
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Definition
Thin collagen fibers coated with glycoprotein. Form a spongelike framework for organs like spleen and lymph nodes. |
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Definition
Thinner than collagenous fibers, and branch and rejoin each other along their course. Made of proteins called elastin. |
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Definition
Empty Space. Usually has a gelatinous to rubbery consistency. Absorbs compressive forces and protects the more delicate cells from mechanical injury. |
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Definition
Play important rule in regulating the water and electrolyte balance of tissues. Most abundant one is chondroitin sulfate; abundant in blood vessels and bones and is responsible for the relative stiffness of cartilage. |
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Definition
The connection between one cell and another |
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Term
Three Types of Cell Junctions |
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Definition
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Definition
Cell membranes form tight seal, prevents fluid from moving between cells. |
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Definition
Anchoring junctions; membrane proteins, intermediate filaments, form "welds" & resist mechanical stress. |
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Definition
"Communicating Junctions"-Contain a ring somewhat like the segments of an orange. Critical in smooth and cardiac muscle. |
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Definition
Ductless glands, secrete hormones into blood. |
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Definition
Secretions pass through ducts to surfaces |
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Definition
Mucous Membranes, Serous Membranes, Endothelium, Synovial Membranes |
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Definition
Consists of 3 layers (epithelium, connective tissue, and smooth muscle); Lines respiratory, digestive, and urogenital tracts. It is protective, secretory, and absorptive. |
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Definition
Composed of a simple squamous epithelium resting on thin layer of connective tissue. Line inside of body cavities and form smooth outer surface. Protective. |
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Definition
Growth and differentiation of tissues depend on a supply of these. Undifferentiated cells that are not performing specialized functions, but have potential to differentiate. |
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Definition
Tissue growth through cell multiplication. (Increased cell number) |
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Definition
Skeletal muscle and adipose tissue grows through enlargement of preexisting cells. (Increased cell size) |
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Term
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Definition
Development of tumor composed of abnormal, nonfunctional tissue. |
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Definition
Replacement of dead or damaged cells by the same type of cells as before. Restores normal function. |
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Definition
Replacement of damaged tissue with scar tissue, composed mainly of collagen produced by fibroblasts. Helps hold organ together but does not restore normal function. |
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Atrophy (Without nourishment) |
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Definition
Shrinkage of a tissue through loss in cell size or number. Results from normal aging and lack of use of an organ. |
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Definition
Premature tissue death due to trauma, toxins, infections. |
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Definition
Sudden death due to cut off blood supply |
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Definition
Programmed cell death. Cell shrinks and is phagocytized. |
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Definition
Stratified squamous epithelium. Deepest layer contains stem cells. Consists of 4-5 strata. |
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Definition
Cells found in the stratum spinosum and granulosum. Immune cells against pathogens and toxins. |
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Definition
Connective tissue layer. Composed of mainly collagen. Contains glands and blood vessels. Consists of papillary and reticular layers. |
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Definition
Aka subcutaneous tissue. Helps bind skin to underlying tissue. |
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Definition
Slender filament of keratinized cells that grows from an oblique tube in the skin called follicle. |
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Definition
Fine, downy unpigmented hair that appears on the fetus in the last 3 months of development. |
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Definition
Birth hair; fine and pale. |
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Definition
Course and pigmented hair |
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Definition
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Definition
Expanded head at each end |
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Definition
Tough, outer fibrous layer of collagen in bone |
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Definition
a thin layer of reticular connective tissue lining internal marrow cavity, covers all the honeycombed surfaces of spongy bone and lines the canal system in compact bone. |
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Definition
In children in adolescent bones; hyaline cartilage separates the marrow spaces of the epiphysis and diaphysis. |
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Definition
Stem cells that develop from embryonic mesenchymal cells and give rise to most other bone cell types. |
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Definition
Bone-forming cells; nonmitotic. |
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Definition
Former osteoblasts that have become trapped in the matrix they deposited. Reside in lacunae. |
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Definition
Bone-dissolving cells found on bone surface. |
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Term
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Definition
Delicate slivers of bone in spongy bone |
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Definition
Thin plates in spongy bone |
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Definition
Soft tissue that occupies the marrow cavity of a long bone. |
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Definition
In nearly every bone of a child. Hemopoietic (produces blood cells) |
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Definition
Most abundant marrow in adults, fatty. No longer produces blood |
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Term
Intramembranous Ossification |
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Definition
Produces most of the flat bones of the skull and most of the clavicle. Mesenchyme condenses into a layer of soft tissue with a dense supply of blood capillaries. Osteogenic cells gather and differentiate into osteoblasts. Osteoblasts secrete matrix and compact bone surrounds spongy bone. |
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Term
Endochondral Ossification |
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Definition
Process by which bone is preceded by hyaline cartilage "model" that becomes replaced by osseous tissue. |
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Term
Primary Ossification Center |
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Definition
Occurs in diaphysis. Perichondrium produces osteoblasts, deposits bony collar around middle of cartilage model. Marrow Cavity forms via cartilage death. |
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Term
Secondary Ossification Center |
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Definition
Occurs in epiphysis. Osteoblasts secrete bony matrix in the center of epiphysis, distal cartilage forms articular cartilage |
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Term
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Definition
Seen in bones of children and adolescents. A thin wall of cartilage separating the primary and secondary marrow cavities at one or both ends of the bone. Growth zone. |
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Term
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Definition
Endochondral growth in length by epiphyseal plate |
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Term
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Definition
Growth in diameter and thickness of periosteum. Osteoblasts in the inner layer of periosteum deposit osteoid tissue on bone surface, calcify it, and become trapped in it as osteocytes. |
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Term
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Definition
A crystallization process in which calcium, phosphate, and other ions are taken from the blood plasma and deposited in bone tissue. |
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Definition
Process of dissolving bone. Releases minerals into the blood and makes them available for other uses. Carried out by osteoclasts. |
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Term
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Definition
Tissue failure due to excessive stress. |
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Term
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Definition
A bone fracture severs blood vessels of the bone and periosteum, causing bleeding and the formation of blood clots. |
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Term
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Definition
Fibroblasts deposit collagen in the granulation tissue,while some osteogenic cells become chondroblasts and produce patches of fibrocartilage. |
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Term
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Definition
Other osteogenic cells differentiate into osteoblasts, which produce a bony collar called |
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Definition
Immovable joint formed when the gap between two bones ossifies and they become a single bone. |
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Definition
Point at which adjacent bones are bound by collagen fibers that emerge from one bone, cross the space between them, and penetrate into the other. Immobile to slightly mobile. i.e. sutures |
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Term
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Definition
Two bones linked by cartilage. Immobile to slightly mobile. ex) rib/sternum |
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Term
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Definition
Strip or sheet of tough collagenous connective tissue that attaches a muscle to bone. Cord-like with parallel fibers. |
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Term
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Definition
Sheet of connective tissue that attaches one bone to another. |
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Term
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Definition
Freely movable joint that separates bone by a joint cavity containing a viscous fluid similar to raw egg white. |
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Term
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Definition
Encloses cavity of synovial joint and retains the fluid. |
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Term
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Definition
Membrane composed mainly of fibroblast-like cells that secrete synovial fluid, and is populated by macrophages that remove debris from joint cavity. |
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Term
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Definition
"Wear-and-tear arthritis"; As joints age, articular cartilages soften and degenerate. |
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Term
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Definition
Severe arthritis. Results from an autoimmune attack against the joint tissues. |
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Definition
Thin sleeve of loose connective tissue that surrounds each muscle fiber. |
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Definition
Thicker connective tissue that wraps muscle fibers together in bundles called fascicles. |
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Definition
Fibrous sheath that surrounds the entire muscle. Grades into fascia on its outer surface. |
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Definition
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Definition
Collagen extends from muscle into periosteum |
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Definition
The bony site of attachment at the relatively stationary end |
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Term
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Definition
The attachment sight of muscle to bone at its more mobile end |
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Term
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Definition
Prime mover. The muscle that produces the most force during a particular joint action. Prime mover is brachial is. |
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Definition
Muscle that aids prime mover |
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Definition
Muscle that opposes prime mover |
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Term
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Definition
The identity of a nerve that stimulates a muscle. |
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Term
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Definition
The plasma membrane of a muscle fiber. |
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Term
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Definition
Sarcolemma's cytoplasm. Occupied by long protein cords called myofibrils and an abundance of glycogen and myoglobin. |
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Term
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Definition
A starchlike carbohydrate that provides energy for the cell during heightened levels of exercise. |
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Term
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Definition
Red pigment that stores oxygen until needed for muscular activity |
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Term
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Definition
Forms a network around each myofibril; stores calcium (active transport) |
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Term
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Definition
Long protein cords that fill most of the muscle cell. Contains myofilaments. |
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Term
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Definition
Each is made of several hundred molecules of protein called myosin. Each myosin has a head and binds ATP; heads positioned at either end of filament. |
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Term
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Definition
Filaments composed primarily of two intertwined strands of actin. Each actin has an active site that can bind to the head of a myosin molecule. Also has tropomyosin and troponin. |
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Term
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Definition
Has an active site that can bind to the head of a myosin molecule |
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Term
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Definition
Protein on thin filaments that blocks active sites on actin when muscle is relaxed. |
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Term
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Definition
Calcium-binding protein that binds to tropomyosin on thin filaments. |
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Definition
Sarcomere boundary; Provides anchorage for the thin elastic filaments. |
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Term
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Definition
The entire length of think filaments |
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Definition
The length of thin filaments only |
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Definition
Consists of ONLY think filaments, no overlapping thin filaments. |
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Definition
The functional contractile unit of the muscle fiber. |
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Term
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Definition
One nerve fiber and all the muscle fibers innervated by it |
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Term
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Definition
One neuron innervates few muscle fibers |
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Term
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Definition
One neuron innervates up to 1000+ muscle fibers |
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Term
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Definition
The point where a nerve fiber meets its target cell |
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Term
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Definition
Synapse between somatic motor neuron and sarcolemma |
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Term
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Definition
Space between synaptic knob and sarcolemma |
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Term
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Definition
Bulbous swelling at the end of nerve fiber containing synaptic vesicles and ACh |
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Term
Resting Membrane Potential |
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Definition
Excess K within cytoplasm; excess Na in ECF; unequal distribution maintained by Na/K pump |
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Term
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Definition
The quick up-and-down voltage shift, from the negative RMP to a positive value and then back to a negative value again. |
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Term
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Definition
The process in which action potentials in the nerve fiber lead to action potentials in the muscle fiber |
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Term
Excitation-Contraction Coupling |
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Definition
Refers to events that link the action potentials on the sarcolemma to activation to the myofilaments, thereby preparing them to contract. |
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Term
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Definition
When the myosin releases ADP and P and flexes into a bent, low energy position, tugging the thin filament along with it. |
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Term
Length-Tension Relationship |
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Definition
Force dependent on degree of overlap of filaments |
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Term
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Definition
Stimulate motor neuron, when stimulus exceeds threshold, all fibers in motor unit contract. |
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Term
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Definition
Delay in muscle contraction where all the stuff is working |
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Term
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Definition
Multiple stimuli applied white previous twitch incomplete |
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Term
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Definition
Contraction with no change in length but increased tension |
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Term
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Definition
Contraction with a change in length but no change in tension |
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Definition
Muscle shortens at given tension |
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Definition
Muscle lengthens at constant tension |
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Term
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Definition
Fermentation that enables a cell to produce ATP in the absence of oxygen, but the ATP yield is very limited and the process generates lactic acid, which contributes to muscle fatigue. |
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Term
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Definition
Produces far more ATP and no lactic acid, but it requires a continual supply of oxygen. |
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Term
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Definition
The progressive weakness and loss of contractility that results from prolonged use of the muscles. Insufficient ATP to maintain contraction. Results from lactic acid accumulation. |
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Term
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Definition
Post-exercise elevated oxygen need. Resynthesizes CP, oxymyoglobin, glycogen; oxidizes lactic acid; Support elevated metabolic rate due to temp. increase |
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Term
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Definition
Slow twitch (100 msec); Slow oxidative. High myoglobin, Well adapted to aerobic respiration, do not fatigue easily |
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Definition
Fast twitch (8+ msec); Well adapted for quick responses but not for fatigue resistance. Two subtypes a) Fast oxidative and b) Fast glycolytic |
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Definition
Type of muscle that is involuntary and striated, uninucleate, has a branched Y shape, intercalated discs with gap junctions, is autorhythmic, aerobic |
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Term
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Definition
Type of muscle that is involuntary, non-striated, has single nucleus, cells joined by gap junctions, actin/myosin not arranged in sarcomeres. Contraction stimulated by ANS, chemicals or mechanical stress. Slowest contraction and fatigue-resistant. |
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Term
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Definition
Each myocyte innervated by autonomic nerve fiber terminal |
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Term
Single Unit Smooth Muscle |
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Definition
When smooth muscle cells are joined by gap junctions and contract as one unit |
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