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| Arachnoid villi are related to the choroid plexuses in the same way that ???? Is related to the ciliary body |
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| body's awareness of a change in its environment |
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| concious awareness of a sensation (pain, hearing, smell or touch) |
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| stimulation of receptors widespread over the body |
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| stimulation of receptors in a localized area (vision, hearing, taste, smell) |
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| specialized cell or neuron ending that responds (depolarizes) when there is a change in the environment |
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| ability of a receptor to convert a stimulus into a nerve impulse |
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| receptor becomes less responsive to a stimulus (you don't always feel your clothes rubbing) |
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| perception of a stimulus after it no longer exists |
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| adapt rapidly and senses go through phases, they make you aware of changes |
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| adapt slowly or not at all, they provide constant reminder of tissue damage or body position |
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| respond to stimuli from outside the body; exist near the body's surface (skin or mucous membranes) |
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| respond to stimuli inside the dorsal or ventral cavity |
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| respond to stretch and exist in tendons, muscles, moints and inner ear |
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| respond to chemicals, large arteries of the thorax, neck and brain, regulates blood chemistry, are tonic receptors |
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| responds to mechanical forces. Include tactile and barorecptors and proprioceptors |
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| respond to tension and pressure in the skin, phasic |
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| respond to stretch in blood vessel walls |
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| responds to stretch in tendons |
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| in the hypothalamus and respond to osmotic pressure changes in the blood or CSF; are tonic |
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| respond to light and include rods and cones in the retina of the eye |
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| free nerve endings that respond to change in temperature |
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| also called a projection, the ability of the brain to pinpoint the location of a stimulus |
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| nociceptors are present in all tissues except the brian but the brain is the site of pain perception. Diencephalon perceives most types of pain |
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| sudden and sharp, duration is short and impulses travela long class A axons |
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| throbbing and recurring pain (headache or arthritis) impulses travel along class C axons |
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| in the skin, muscles or joints |
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| in the epidermis or mucous membrane, most are acute |
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| in the dermis, hypodermis, skeletal muscles or joints. Long duration and suggests damage in deep tissues |
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| occurs when stimuation of nociceptors in the thorax and abdomen occurs. Impulses may share ascending tracts with impulses from somatic nociceptors. (a person having a heart attack and feeling pain in the left arm) |
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| brain receives an impulse and projects pain somewhere else |
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| perception of pain in a structure that no longer exists |
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| bumps on the tongue that have taste buds, or groups of taste cells |
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| also supporting cells, arise from basal cells, exists in taste buds as taste receptors |
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| amino acids, peptides and polypeptides |
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| lamina propria and secretes mucus onto the surface..same as the olfactory gland |
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| neuronst hat conduct impulses to the olfactory cortex |
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| inhibit the activity of mitral cells, (why strong odor becomes less noticeable as time passes) |
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| receptors int he eyes that respond to light energy. impulses conducted through teh optic nerves pass to tracts that lead to the occipital lobes where perception of light occurs |
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| 3 layers, a lens and two major fluid filled chambers |
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| outer layer of the eye, consists of dense fibrous connective tissue. |
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| white part of the eye that covers all but the anterior surface (avascular and provides a tough protective layer for internal components) |
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| transparent anterior portion of the eye that allows light to enter the eye. it is continuous with the sclera |
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| deep to the sclera and has a rich supply of blood vessles that supplies oxygen and nutrients to the fibrous and nervous tunics. Most of it consists of the choroid coat which contains melanocytes. Melanin absorbs the light that enters the eye nad prevents excessive light scattering |
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| smooth muscular ring that alters the shape of the lens |
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| posterior jagged boundary of the ciliary body |
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| consists of 2 groups of smooth muscle, regulates the amount of light reaching the posterior part of the eye by controlling the diameter of an opening called the pupil |
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| Sphincter (circular) muscle |
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| in the iris and encircles the pupil |
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| has fibers that radiate outward fromt he sphincter muscle. When it contracts, the pupil dilates, it receives impulses from the parasympathetic axons in the oculomotor nerve |
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| also called the retina, inner coat of the eye |
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| outer nonsensory portion next ot the choroid coat |
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| inner portion of the retina and contains specailzie dneurons, does not cover the iris |
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| lateral to the optic disc and is yellow oval region, has the fovea centralis at the center. |
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| 95% of vision, noncolor, rhodopsin (scotopsin and reintal) bleaches light, regenerates slowly, dark adaptation is slow |
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| 5%, color, fovea centralis, idopsin, red blue and green, regenerates rapidly |
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| synapse with photoreceptors. Increases spatial summation |
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| protects the eye from foreign particles and dehydration. Areolar connetive tissue and a tarsal plate! Consisting of dense tissue. Tarsal plate provides firm structure. |
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| elevates the upper eyelid |
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| upper and lower eyelids come together meidally; lateral canthus llaterally |
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| in the medial canthus and contains sebaceous and sweat glands that secrete white fluid during sleep |
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| covers the medial canthus and obscurse the lacriminal caruncle in asians |
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| modified sweat glands that secrete a lubricating fluid into the eyelash follicle |
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| large sebaceous glands that prevent the eyelids from stickling together |
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| covers the anterior surface of the sclera but not the cornea |
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| lines the inner surface of the eyelids |
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| where tears drain into from the eye |
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| tears pass through it after the puncta and into the nasolacrimal duct |
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| processes as ight passes through the cornea and its waves bend |
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| making te lens more round due to the contraction of the ciliary muscle |
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| closest distance that a person can focus an object clearly |
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minimum distance away in which the lens does not need to accomodate
diameter increases as objects get closer |
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| if objects move closer, the eyes rotate medially |
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| when eyes move in jerky matter |
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| Electromagnetic (radiant) energy |
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| tiny packets of energy (photons) travel through space in waves |
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| Longest to shortest wavelengths in color |
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| when light strikes a photopigment and the pigment undergoes a structural change - retinal and opsin separate |
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| near sightedness. bottom number gerater |
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| air vibrations the ear can convert to nerve impulses that the brain can perceive |
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| conversion of a stimulus to an impulse, allows the brain to perceive the vibrations of sound |
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| fleshy appendage on the side of the head that reflects sound vibrations into the external auditory meatus, made of elastic cartilage |
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| eardrum, where sound vibrations go through after the auditory meatus |
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| occurs as sound waves move through the external ear |
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| line the meatus and secrete wax, helps waterproof the meatus and repeal small insects |
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| connect the typanum to inner ear; are responsible for bone conduction of sound |
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| hammer, transmites vibrations from tympanum to middle ossicle |
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| anvil transmits vibrations to the medial ossicle |
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| stirrup, causes vibrations to inner ear |
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| or auditory tube, connects the pharynx to middle ear used to equalize pressure |
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| connects the wall of the auditory tube to the malleus |
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| smallest, connects the stapes to the wall of the middle ear cavity |
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| series of cave-like compartments and tubes in the temporal bone includes semicircular canal, vestibule and cochlea |
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membrane bound series of tubes and sacs in the bony labyrinth
Includes semicircular ducts, utricle, saccule and cochlear duct |
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| watery fluid that fills the space between the two labyrinths |
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| fills the membranous labyrinth |
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inside each canal is a semicircular duct and at the base of the duct is an ampulla
The duct and the ampulla are both filled with endolymphs |
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| sensory structure in each ampulla |
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| contained in the hairlike projections inside the cristae |
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| orients vertically, responds to up and down units |
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| inside the macula. Tiny calcium carbonate cyrstals |
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| gelatinous material and otoliths together |
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| also the scala media, membranous tube that divides the cochlea into 3 chambesr |
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| separates the vestibuli form cochlear duct |
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| separates the cochlear duct from the scala tympani |
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| where the vestibuli and the tympani contain perilymph and connect to each other |
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| spiral organ. located in the cochlear duct resting on the basilar membrane. Contains sensory receptors for hearing and supporting and hair cells along with the tectorial membrane |
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| where the stapes connect to the scala vestibuli |
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| at the end of the scala tympani |
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| measured in hertz, refers to the number of wave peaks that pass during a given time |
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| refers to the distance between peaks |
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| intensity or volume, measured in decible,s measure the wave's height |
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| High frequency is heard near |
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| High intensity vibrations stimulate |
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| a large number of hair cells |
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| relates to the head's position relative to the ground and when the body moves in a straight line, maculae within the saccule and utricle help maintain. |
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| relates to the angular movements, (spinning, turning, flipping) associated with semicircular canals, causes endolymph to move |
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| lipid synthesis, forms transport vesicles |
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| sorting and packaging of molecules for export |
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| storage, digestion and transport |
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| neutralize toxic substances |
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| unknown, but associated with centrosome which synthesizes microtubules |
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| function like hollow pipes, allowing ions to diffuse through continuously. Examples (Na+ into the cell, K out of the cell) |
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| nothing passes through, occludins |
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| connexons , allows thing to go from one cytoplasm to another |
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| expell things outside of the body |
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| UV --> dehydrocholestoerol --> cholecalciferol (or D3) --> into the liver turns into calcidiol which goes into calcitriol in the kidneys |
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| inflammation, proliferation and remodeling |
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