Term
Which of the following form via intramembranous ossification?
a. flat bones of the cranium
b. mandible
c. clavicles
d. all of the above |
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Definition
Which of the following form via intramembranous ossification?
a. flat bones of the cranium
b. mandible
c. clavicles
D. ALL OF THE ABOVE |
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Term
The weight-bearing, collagen-rich formations of bone matrix running in the long axis of compact bone are called:
a. lamellae
b. trabeculae
c. lacunae
d. canaliculi |
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Definition
The weight-bearing, collagen-rich formations of bone matrix running in the long axis of compact bone are called:
A. LAMELLAE
b. trabeculae
c. lacunae
d. canaliculi |
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Term
During endochondral ossification, the hyaline cartilage at either end of the forming bone continues to grow in length, providing a model for the bony growth to follow.
a. true
b. false |
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Definition
During endochondral ossification, the hyaline cartilage at either end of the forming bone continues to grow in length, providing a model for the bony growth to follow.
A. TRUE
b. false |
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Term
As a bone grows along its long axis, its epiphyseal plate can be divided into 4 distinct zones. In order they would be:
a. quiescent, hypertrophic, proliferating, calcification
b. proliferating, quiescent, calcification, hypertrophic
c. proliferating, hypertrophic, calcification, quiescent
d. quiescent, proliferating, hypertrophic, calcification |
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Definition
As a bone grows along its long axis, its epiphyseal plate can be divided into 4 distinct zones. In order they would be:
a. quiescent, hypertrophic, proliferating, calcification
b. proliferating, quiescent, calcification, hypertrophic
c. proliferating, hypertrophic, calcification, quiescent
D. QUIESCENT, PROLIFERATING, HYPERTROPHIC, CALCIFICATION |
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Term
Osteocytes are connected to each other through ____________ by gap junctions. This allows the cells to exchange nutrients and waste throughout the osteon.
a. Haversian canal
b. trabeculae
c. canaliculi
d. lamellae |
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Definition
Osteocytes are connected to each other through ____________ by gap junctions. This allows the cells to exchange nutrients and waste throughout the osteon.
a. Haversian canal
b. trabeculae
C. CANALICULI
d. lamellae |
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Term
Ectopic ossification refers to
a. normal bone growth
b. bone growth in abnormal sites
c. the way bones knit together post-fracture
d. a type of microscopic bone fracture
e. the cast that one would apply to a greenstick fracture |
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Definition
Ectopic ossification refers to
a. normal bone growth
B. BONE GROWTH IN ABNORMAL SITES
c. the way bones knit together post-fracture
d. a type of microscopic bone fracture
e. the cast that one would apply to a greenstick fracture |
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Term
Intramembranous ossification refers to that type of ossification that occurs when the periosteum is created first and the osteogenic layer of that periosteum creates flat bone.
a. true
b. false |
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Definition
Intramembranous ossification refers to that type of ossification that occurs when the periosteum is created first and the osteogenic layer of that periosteum creates flat bone.
a. true
B. FALSE |
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Term
In long bones forming by endochondral ossification, secondary ossification centers occur:
a. shortly after birth
b. in the epiphysis
c. in the diaphysis
d. all of the above
e. a and b |
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Definition
In long bones forming by endochondral ossification, secondary ossification centers occur:
a. shortly after birth
b. in the epiphysis
c. in the diaphysis
d. all of the above
E. A AND B |
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Term
In the epiphyseal plate, cartilage cells undergo mitosis, pushing the epiphysis away from the diaphysis. In which functional zone does this occur?
a. quiescent
b. calcification
c. proliferating
d. hypertrophic
e. all of the above |
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Definition
In the epiphyseal plate, cartilage cells undergo mitosis, pushing the epiphysis away from the diaphysis. In which functional zone does this occur?
a. quiescent
b. calcification
C. PROLIFERATING
d. hypertrophic
e. all of the above |
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Term
How would you diagnose hypocalcemia?
a. bone biopsy
b. urinalysis
c. stool sample
d. blood sample
e. CSF tap |
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Definition
How would you diagnose hypocalcemia?
a. bone biopsy
b. urinalysis
c. stool sample
D. BLOOD SAMPLE
e. CSF tap |
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Term
Your thyroid gland has just released calcitonin
a. in response to rising blood Ca++ levels
b. increasing the number and activity of osteoclasts
c. decreasing the number and activity of osteoblasts
d. b and c
e. all of the above |
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Definition
Your thyroid gland has just released calcitonin
A. IN RESPONSE TO RISING BLOOD CA++ LEVELS
b. increasing the number and activity of osteoclasts
c. decreasing the number and activity of osteoblasts
d. b and c
e. all of the above |
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Term
Bones stop growing in length as we mature but they continue to increase in thickness or diameter throughout life in response to stress from increased load bearing or muscle activity. This increase in diameter occurs by appositional growth and follows Wolff’s Law.
a. true
b. false |
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Definition
Bones stop growing in length as we mature but they continue to increase in thickness or diameter throughout life in response to stress from increased load bearing or muscle activity. This increase in diameter occurs by appositional growth and follows Wolff’s Law.
A. TRUE
b. false |
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Term
Our skeleton serves to protect our brain and internal organs and provide a framework to hang our skin and muscles on. That’s it. No other functions.
a. true
b. false |
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Definition
Our skeleton serves to protect our brain and internal organs and provide a framework to hang our skin and muscles on. That’s it. No other functions.
a. true
B. FALSE |
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Term
Bone remodeling:
a. reshapes bone according to Langer’s Lines.
b. involves chondroblasts and chondroclasts
c. only occurs during fetal growth
d. all of the above
e. none of the above |
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Definition
Bone remodeling:
a. reshapes bone according to Langer’s Lines.
b. involves chondroblasts and chondroclasts
c. only occurs during fetal growth
d. all of the above
E. NONE OF THE ABOVE |
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Term
Bone resorption:
a. is accomplished by osteoblasts
b. forms resorption bays as bone is broken down
c. involves transcytosis where dissolved matrix is moved through the osteoblast and into the interstitial fluid, ending up in the blood.
d. a and c
e. b and c |
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Definition
Bone resorption:
a. is accomplished by osteoblasts
B. FORMS RESORPTION BAYS AS BONE IS BROKEN DOWN
c. involves transcytosis where dissolved matrix is moved through the osteoblast and into the interstitial fluid, ending up in the blood.
d. a and c
e. b and c |
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Term
The breakdown of bone matrix:
a. is conducted by osteoblasts
b. removes Ca2+ and phosphate from the blood
c. is called bone resorption
d. all of the above |
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Definition
The breakdown of bone matrix:
a. is conducted by osteoblasts
b. removes Ca2+ and phosphate from the blood
C. IS CALLED BONE RESORPTION
d. all of the above |
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Term
Bone increases:
a. in length by appositional growth
b. in diameter (thickness) by appositional growth
c. in length from the epiphyseal plate
d. b and c
e. all of the above |
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Definition
Bone increases:
a. in length by appositional growth
b. in diameter (thickness) by appositional growth
c. in length from the epiphyseal plate
D. B AND C
e. all of the above |
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Term
What is a tonofilament?
a. the alternate connection between osteocytes through canaliculi. This connection is what actually gives strength to bone.
b. a mass of collagen monomers
c. a mass of keratin monomers
d. a mass of elastin monomers
e. a single bony matrix fiber |
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Definition
What is a tonofilament?
a. the alternate connection between osteocytes through canaliculi. This connection is what actually gives strength to bone.
b. a mass of collagen monomers
C. A MASS OF KERATIN MONOMERS
d. a mass of elastin monomers
e. a single bony matrix fiber |
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Term
A connection between 2 bones, bone and cartilage or bone and teeth is called a(n):
a. joint
b. arthrosis
c. articulation
d. a and c
e. all of the above |
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Definition
A connection between 2 bones, bone and cartilage or bone and teeth is called a(n):
a. joint
b. arthrosis
c. articulation
d. a and c
E. ALL OF THE ABOVE |
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Term
How does melanin darken skin?
a. melanin precursors oxidize in the presence of UV light. This oxydation darkens the melanin, which darkens the skin.
b. exposure to sunlight causes melanocytes to produce more melanin over time.
c. melanin migrates along dendrites from cells within stratum granulosum to cells in stratum basale
d. a and b
e. all of the above |
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Definition
How does melanin darken skin?
a. melanin precursors oxidize in the presence of UV light. This oxydation darkens the melanin, which darkens the skin.
b. exposure to sunlight causes melanocytes to produce more melanin over time.
c. melanin migrates along dendrites from cells within stratum granulosum to cells in stratum basale
D. A AND B
e. all of the above |
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Term
Which of the following structures does not connect directly to the patella?
a. the quadriceps tendon
b. the patellar tendon/ligament
c. the lateral retinaculum
d. the lateral collateral ligament
e. they all connect directly to the patella |
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Definition
Which of the following structures does not connect directly to the patella?
a. the quadriceps tendon
b. the patellar tendon/ligament
c. the lateral retinaculum
D. THE LATERAL COLLATERAL LIGAMENT
e. they all connect directly to the patella |
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Term
The ACL limits hyperextension of the knee and prevents anterior sliding of the tibia from under the femur when the knee is bent. The ACL is damaged in ~70% of all serious knee injuries.
a. true
b. false |
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Definition
The ACL limits hyperextension of the knee and prevents anterior sliding of the tibia from under the femur when the knee is bent. The ACL is damaged in ~70% of all serious knee injuries.
A. TRUE
b. false |
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Term
Sesamoid bones. Why bother?
a. they protect tendons
b. they provide mechanical advantage
c. they allow extra movement and directional changes that wouldn’t otherwise be possible.
d. a and b
e. all of the above |
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Definition
Sesamoid bones. Why bother?
a. they protect tendons
b. they provide mechanical advantage
c. they allow extra movement and directional changes that wouldn’t otherwise be possible.
D. A AND B
e. all of the above |
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Term
In the coxofemoral joint, the head of the femur passes through the obturator foramen to articulate with the acetabulum of the pelvis. There is a ligament inside the joint helping to hold the articulating surfaces together.
a. true
b. false |
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Definition
In the coxofemoral joint, the head of the femur passes through the obturator foramen to articulate with the acetabulum of the pelvis. There is a ligament inside the joint helping to hold the articulating surfaces together.
a. true
B. FALSE |
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Term
A femoral head ostectomy (FHO) is
a. a salvage procedure
b. the removal of the head of the femur
c. only performed on animals
d. a and b
e. all of the above |
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Definition
A femoral head ostectomy (FHO) is
a. a salvage procedure
b. the removal of the head of the femur
c. only performed on animals
D. A AND B
e. all of the above |
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Term
What do simple and facilitated diffusion share in common?
a. movement of molecules from areas of low concentration to areas of high concentration
b. they require energy
c. they require integral membrane proteins
d. they’re passive forms of transport |
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Definition
What do simple and facilitated diffusion share in common?
a. movement of molecules from areas of low concentration to areas of high concentration
b. they require energy
c. they require integral membrane proteins
D. THEYRE PASSIVE FORMS OF TRANSPORT |
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Term
Energy is required to maintain the proper concentrations of K+ and Na+ inside cells.
a. true
b. false |
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Definition
Energy is required to maintain the proper concentrations of K+ and Na+ inside cells.
A. TRUE
b. false |
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Term
At an ion’s equilibrium potential:
a. the membrane potential has reached the point where it will prevent that ion from moving down its concentration gradient.
b. the net movement of that ion across the membrane will be zero
c. the membrane potential is at zero, in perfect electrical equilibrium
d. a and b
e. all of the above |
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Definition
At an ion’s equilibrium potential:
a. the membrane potential has reached the point where it will prevent that ion from moving down its concentration gradient.
b. the net movement of that ion across the membrane will be zero
c. the membrane potential is at zero, in perfect electrical equilibrium
D. A AND B
e. all of the above |
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Term
The equilibrium potential
a. may be measured with a voltmeter
b. may be calculated using the Nernst Equation
c. will always equal the membrane potential, as long as the membrane potential is at its resting potential.
d. trends towards zero but may never actually reach zero.
e. is expressed in units of time |
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Definition
The equilibrium potential
a. may be measured with a voltmeter
B. MAY BE CALCULATED USING THE NERNST EQUATION
c. will always equal the membrane potential, as long as the membrane potential is at its resting potential.
d. trends towards zero but may never actually reach zero.
e. is expressed in units of time |
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