Term
| high blood osmolarity of a dehydrated person stimulates.... |
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Definition
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Term
| ADH has the renal tubules add... |
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Definition
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Term
| aquaporins are stimulates by which hormone |
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Definition
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Term
| aquaporins are installed on the... |
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Definition
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Term
| with more aquaporins, will the CD absorbs more or less water? |
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Definition
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Term
| the cortical CD is impermeable to water without... |
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Definition
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Term
| if your GFR is really low...will you reabsorb less or more water |
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Definition
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Term
| if your GFR is really low...will you produce less or more urine? |
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Definition
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Term
| countercurrent multiplier |
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Definition
| captures salt and returns it to the medulla instead of letting it diffuse across with the gradient |
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Term
| countercurrent multiplier returns the salt to where |
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Definition
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Term
| is osmolarity higher in the medulla or the cortex? |
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Definition
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Term
| countercurrent exchange system is formed by the |
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Definition
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Term
| in the counter current system in the descending part...what goes into the cappilaries? |
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Definition
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Term
| in the counter current system in the ascending part...what goes out of the capillaries? |
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Definition
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Term
| in the collecting duct, in the ascending limb, what leaves the duct |
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Definition
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Term
| in the collecting duct in the descending limb, what get's reabsorbed |
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Definition
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Term
| the countercurrent multiplier is located... |
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Definition
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Term
| the countercurrent exhange thing is located |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| any substance that releases a H+ |
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Term
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Definition
| ionizes freely, easily gives away its H+ ions, really affects pH |
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Term
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Definition
| ionizes slightly, but keeps its H+ bound, not giving it away, so it has litte effect on pH |
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Term
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Definition
| anything that accepts an H+ |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| mechanisms that resist change in pH by making strong acids or bases into weak ones |
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Term
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Definition
| system (mostly urinary and respiratory) that stabalizing the pH by controlling the body's outpput of acids and bases |
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Term
| types of chemical buffer systems |
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Definition
| bicarbonate, phosphate, protein |
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Term
| which reaction is reversible |
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Definition
| the acid/base bicarbonate/carbonic acid equation |
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Term
CO2 + H2O <¬ H2CO3 <¬ HCO3- + H+
makes it more...(acidic or basic) |
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Definition
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Term
CO2 + H2O --> H2CO3 --> HCO3- + H+
makes it more...(acidic or basic) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| phosphate buffer system equation |
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Term
| which buffering system is important in the ECF |
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Definition
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Term
| which buffering system is important in the ICF AND renal tubules |
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Definition
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Term
| which buffering system is most concentrated/important in the ICF |
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Definition
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Term
| which buffering system is used for 75% of the chemical buffering in the bodily fluids |
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Definition
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Term
| what effect will acidosis have on nerve and muscle cells in regards to excitability? |
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Definition
| less excitable, hyperpolarized |
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Term
| what makes potassium enter a cell, acidosis or alkalosis? |
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Definition
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Term
| does alkalosis makes cells more excitable or less? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| ventilation rate is lower than CO2 production |
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Term
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Definition
| increase in H+ due to nonvolatile organic acids (like ketones, lactic acid, etc) |
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Term
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Definition
| breathing rate is too high |
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Term
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Definition
| rare, loss of acid, acid loss that’s independent of ventilation rate |
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Term
| hyperventiliation could cause |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| respiratoy acidosis due to the lack of useable alveoli |
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Term
what 2 buffering systems combine:
bicarbonate
phosphate
protein
respiratory
urinary |
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Definition
| repiratory and bicarbonate |
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Term
| true or false...bicarbonate can be directly reabsorbed into the blood from the lumen |
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Definition
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Term
| what buffer systems are found in the tubule fluid |
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Definition
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Term
| carbonic anhydrase is found in.... |
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Definition
| lumen and tubule epithelial cell |
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Term
| largest fluid compartment |
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Definition
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Term
| smallest fluid compartment |
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Definition
| transcellular fluid (of the ECF) like CSF, synovial fluid...etc |
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Term
| fluid compartments of the ECF (there's 3) |
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Definition
tissue fluid
blood plasma/lymph
transcllular fluid |
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Term
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Definition
| when water intake = water loss |
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Term
| hypothalamic osmoreceptors are signaled in response to... |
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Definition
| increasing ECF osmolarity |
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Term
| what is secreted in response to increased ECF osmolarity? |
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Definition
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Term
| what two things make you feel thirsty |
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Definition
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Term
| what electrolyte is responsible for a cell's resting membrane potential |
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Definition
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Term
| in the kidneys there's no reabsorption beyond the... |
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Definition
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Term
| what hormone adds Na-K pumps |
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Definition
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Term
| what hormone inhibits ADH and aldosterone |
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Definition
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Term
| which type of hyperkalemia inhibis repolarization |
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Definition
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Term
| which electrolyte has teh most dangerous imbalances |
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Definition
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Term
| what acid/base imbalance/disorder can cause hypercalcemia |
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Definition
alkalosis
(opposite is true) |
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Term
| would acidosis cause HYPOkalemia or HYPERkalemia |
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Definition
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Term
| digestive system (two parts) |
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Definition
| digestive tract & accessory organs |
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Term
| three layers of the mucosa |
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Definition
| epithelium, lamina propria, muscularis mucosae |
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Term
| what's the inner epithelium of the mucosa made of |
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Definition
| simple columnar epithelium |
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Term
| enteric (nervous) system/network |
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Definition
| regulates motility, secretion, and blood flow in the digestive system |
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Term
| what neural reflex (long or short) use the vagus nerve |
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Definition
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Term
| which nerve stimulates digestive motility and secretion |
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Definition
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Term
| what is partially digested by the mouth |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| responsible for ingestion, taste, chewing...etc |
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Term
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Definition
| released in saliva, activated in the stomach, digests fat |
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Term
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Definition
| in saliva, digests starch |
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Term
| what found in saliva kills bacteria |
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Definition
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Term
| where does food pause briefly |
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Definition
| lower esophageal sphincter |
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Term
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Definition
| cardiac, fundus, body, pyloric |
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Term
| which cells of the stomach secrete hormones and paracrine messengers |
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Definition
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Term
| what's gastric juice composed of? |
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Definition
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Term
| what cells produce gastric juice |
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Definition
| parietal cells of the gastric glands |
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Term
| CAH is found in what cells of the gastric gland? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| what activates ligual lipase |
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Definition
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Term
| what cell secretes pepsinogen |
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Definition
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Term
| which enzyme digests protein |
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Definition
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Term
| name 3 ways pepsin is activated |
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Definition
-HCl
-autocatalytic
-low pH |
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Term
| which enzyme of the gastric gland is essential for the making of hemoglobin |
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Definition
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Term
| what cell (of the gastric gland) secretes intrinsic factor |
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Definition
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Term
| what relaxes the ilocecal valve and what cell is it secreted by |
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Definition
| -gastrin from enteroendocrine cells |
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Term
| which hormone/enzyme inhibits gastric motility |
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Definition
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Term
| how are the cells of the stomach lining reproduced/replaced |
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Definition
| by cell division in the gastric pits |
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Term
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Definition
| the smooth muscle of the stomach resists expansion then relaxes to allow more food |
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Term
| phases of gastric function |
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Definition
| cephalic, gastric, and intestinal |
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Term
| what nerve is associated with the cephalic phase |
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Definition
| vagus nerve...stimulates gastric secretion |
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Term
| which phase of gastric regulation is responsible for the most gastric secretion |
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Definition
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Term
| histamine, gastrin, and ACh stimulate the _______ cells to produce ________ |
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Definition
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Term
| the enterogastric reflex uses what nervous system |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
absorb from blood: glucose, amino acids, iron, vitamins, other important things for metabolism and storage
-removes from blood: toxins, hormones, bile pigments, drugs
-secretes into blood: albumin, lipoproteins, clotting factors, angiotensin, other products
-makes and secretes bile |
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Term
| what's the most abundant protein in the blood |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| bile salts aid in _______ digestion and absoprtion |
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Definition
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Term
| is the pancreas an endocrine or exocrine gland? |
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Definition
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Term
| name some accessory organs to the digestive system... |
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Definition
| pancreas, gallbaldder, liver |
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Term
| what organ secretes glucagon into the blood |
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Definition
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Term
| what organ is associated with insulin |
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Definition
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Term
| a few cells in the pancreas make insulin...what are they called |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| lipidase digests ______ and ______ |
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Definition
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Term
| what helps activate the zymogens |
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Definition
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Term
| enterokinase is secreted by the ____ |
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Definition
| mucosa of the small intestines |
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Term
| tripsinogen is activated in the |
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Definition
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Term
| what zymogen digests dietary protein |
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Definition
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Term
| what has the biggest efect on the gallbladder |
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Definition
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Term
| in what part of the intestines does the most absorption occur |
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Definition
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Term
| where does pepsin turn inactive |
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Definition
| duodenum of the small intestines due to increased pH |
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Term
| what causes chyme to flow in a spiral motion |
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Definition
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Term
| what layer are the villi located on? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| movement of contents toward colon (begins after reabsorption occurs) |
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Term
| what two things digest carbs |
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Definition
| amylase(s) then enzymes from the brush border |
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Term
| when carbs are digested and broken down, they're turned into |
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Definition
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Term
| where are carbs competely digested |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| deliver fatty acids, monoglycerides and other lipid products to the surface of the intestinal absorptive cells for absorption into cells. |
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Term
| where do micelles originate |
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Definition
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