Term
| Functions of the Vertebral Column |
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Definition
Supportive (skull, upper limb, ribs)
Protective
Attachments
Bipedal Posture
Bipedal Locomotion |
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Term
| Unique Structures of the Cervical Vertebrae |
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Definition
Transverse Foramina
Double Spinous Process
7 vertebrae |
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Term
| Unique Structures of the Thoracic Vertebrae |
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Definition
Costal Facets
Pronounced Spinous Process |
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Term
| Unique Structures of the Lumbar Vertebrae |
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Definition
Big Body
Smaller Spinous Process |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| General Articulations of the Vertebrae (2) |
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Definition
Superior/ Inferior Articular Processes (Gliding Joint)
Intervertebral Discs (between bodies of vertebrae) |
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Term
| Articulation of C1 and the Skull |
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Definition
| Atlanto-occipital Joint (yes Joint) |
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Term
| Articulation of C1 and C2 |
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Definition
Atlanto-axial Joint (no joint)
Projection on C2 projects through C1 |
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Term
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Definition
Single anteriorly concave curve at birth
Cervical curve (3-6 months)
Lumbar curve (1 year) |
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Term
| Pathological Curves of the Spine |
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Definition
Scoliosis - Lateral curvature of the spine
Lordosis - exaggerated lumbar curve
Kyphosis - hump on back, collapsed vertebral bodies |
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Term
| Ligaments of the Spinal Column |
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Definition
Anterior Longitudinal Ligament - skull to sacrum along the anterior side of the vertebral bodies, limits extension
Posterior Longitudinal Ligament - Skull to sacrum on the posterior aspect of the vertebral bodies, limits flexion
Interspinal Ligamants - run between the spinous processes of adjacent vertebrae, limit flexion
Supraspinal Ligament - Continuous across spinal processes, holds head in place while running
*Nuchal Ligament when going across cervical curve*
Lamenta Flava - Connects adjacent Lamina, limits lateral flexion |
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Term
| Anatomy of the Intervertebral Disc |
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Definition
Anulus Fibrosous - Concentric rings of cartilage in the intervertebral disc
Nucleous Pulposous - Jelly-like middle of the intervertebral disc |
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Term
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Definition
| Nucleous Pulposous bursts out of the Anulus Fibrosous, usually posteriorly and laterally (due to the posterior longitudinal ligament), which causes it to impinge on the next lowest spinal nerve |
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Term
| Extrinsic Versus Intrinsic Muscles of the Back |
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Definition
| Intrisic muscles begin and end in the back, true muscles of the back, innervated by the dorsal rami of the spinal nerves |
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Term
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Definition
A: upper thoracic vertebrae
B: Cervical vertebrae and base of skull
Inn: Dorsal Rami of spinal nerves
Action:
Together - cervical extension of column
Individual - lateral flexion and rotation of the cervical column |
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Term
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Definition
A: Iliac Crest
B: Rib to Rib
Inn: Dorsal Rami of spinal nerves
Action:
Together - Extension of the vertebral column
Individual - lateral flexion |
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Term
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Definition
A,B:Transverse Process to transverse process
Inn: Dorsal Rami of the spinal nerve
Action
Together - extension of the column
Individual - lateral flexion |
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Term
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Definition
A,B: Spinous Process to Spinous Process
Inn: Dorsal Rami of the spinal nerves
Action
Together - extension of the column
Individual - lateral flexion |
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Term
| Transversospinalis Muscle |
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Definition
A,B: Transverse process to spinous process
Inn: Dorsal Rami of the spinal nerves
Action: Extension and rotation of the column |
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Term
| Functions of the Spinal Cord |
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Definition
Sensory Processor
Motor Outflow
Reflexes |
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Term
| Segments of the Spinal Cord |
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Definition
| Segmented by the pairs of spinal nerves that exit from the spinal cord |
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Term
| Components of the Reflex Arc |
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Definition
Sensory Receptor
Afferent Neuron
Interneuron
Efferecnt Neuron
Target Organ |
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Term
| Location and Contents of the Subarachnoid Space |
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Definition
| space between the arachnoid mater and the arachnoid tubercles |
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Term
| Enlargements and Functions of the Spinal Cord |
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Definition
Cervical Enlargement - Increased neurons from upper limb
Lumbar Enlargement - Increased neurons from the lower limb |
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Term
| Functions of the Meninges |
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Definition
Surround
Support
Suspend
Protective |
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Term
|
Definition
Pia Mater - Very thin, most intimate layer with the spinal cord
Arachnoid Mater - Second layer, forms the subarachnoid space with the pia mater
Dura Mater - Outermost and thickest layer of the meninges, connected to the poterior longitudinal ligament. Forms the epidural space between the dura mater and the neural arch |
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Term
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Definition
| Terminal End of the spinal cord, created by differential growth rates between the vertebral column and the spinal cord |
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Term
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Definition
| Area where Dura and Arachnoid Mater continue down after the spinal cord has terminated. Significant because fluid may be drawn from the cistern without worrying about damaging the cord |
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Term
| Spinal Nerves and Relationships to the Vertebrae |
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Definition
| Exit through transverse foramina of the vertebrae. Due to differential growth rates, many spinal nerves must first travel inferiorly before exiting |
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Term
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Definition
| Roots the spinal cord to the cottom of the vertebral column |
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Term
| Internal Anatomy of the Spinal Cord |
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Definition
Dorsal Horn - Cell bodies of interneurons
Ventral Horn - Cell bodies of lower motor neurons
Lateral Horn
White Matter - Myelinated cell processes |
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Term
| Cells and Function of the Grey Matter |
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Definition
Cell bodies of motor neurons and interneurons
Ventral Root - final common pathway |
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Term
| Cells and Functions of the White Matter |
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Definition
Myelinated dendrites and axons of sensor, motor, and intreneurons
Afferent - mostly along the outer edge
Efferent - more centralized |
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Term
| Types of Tracts within the White Matter |
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Definition
Long Ascending Tracts - sensory
Long Descending Tracts - Motor processes of upper neurons
Short Propriospinal Tracts - Cell processes of interneurons |
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Term
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Definition
| Structire of the pia mater which attaches the spinal rootlets to the dura mater |
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Term
| Lower Motor Neuron Injury |
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Definition
| Results in flaccid paralysis, loss of tone of target body, loss of reflex |
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Term
| Upper Motor Neuron Injury |
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Definition
| Results in spastic paralysis, muscles constantly flexed, reflexes remain intact |
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Term
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Definition
Above - No change in sensory or motor neuron action
At - Spinal cord severed: loss of motor and sensory action below the corresponding spinal nerve (not necessarily the same level as the injury)
Below - loss of sensory and motor action |
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Term
| Arterial Supply of the Thoracic Wall |
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Definition
Posterior Wall - Posterior Intercostal Arteries, which originate from the aorta
Anterior Wall - Anterior Intercostal Arteries, which originate from the Internal Thoracic Arteries, which originate from the Subclavian Arteriaes |
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Term
| Venous Return of the Thoracic Wall |
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Definition
Posterior - Posterior Intercostal Veins empty into the Azygous Vein, which empties into the superior vena cava
Anterior - Anterior Intercostal Veins empty into Internal Thoracic Veins, which empty into subclavian veins, which empty into the superior vena cava |
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Term
| Bony Anatomy of the Rib Cage (Ribs) |
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Definition
Head of the Rib - articulates with thoracic vertebrae
Tubercle of the Rib - articulates with the thoracic vertebrae
Neck of the Rib - between the head and tubercle
Angle of the Rib - Part of the rib which bends
Costal Groove - groove for the intercostal vessels and nerves |
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Term
| Bony Anatomy of the Rib Cage (Sternum) |
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Definition
Manubrium - Most superior, flared out area of sternum
Jugular Notch - Curvature in the top of the manubrium
Sternal Angle - Meeting of the Manubrium and the body of the sternum
Costal Notches - Notches in the body of the sternum for the ribs
Xiphoid Process - pointed structure on the inferior aspect of the body of the sternum |
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Term
| Bony Anatomy of the Rib Cage (Vertebrae) |
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Definition
| Costal Facets - Faces on the thoracic vertebrae with which the ribs articulate |
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Term
| External Intercostal Muscles |
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Definition
| Lateral side of the rib cage, face same way as pockets, in between ribs |
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Term
| Internal Intercostal Muscles |
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Definition
| Medial to the external intercosatal muscles, face opposite direction of pockets, in between ribs |
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Term
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Definition
| Posterior surface of the anterior wall of the rib cage, attaches to the sternum and branches out to the ribs |
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Term
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Definition
A: xiphoid process, last 6 ribs, upper three lumbar vertebrae
B: Central Tendon of the diaphragm
Inn: Phrenic Nerves
Action: Increase thoracic cavity volume, increase interabdominal cavity pressure
Forms the inferior border of the thoracic cavity |
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Term
| Expansion of the Rib Cage |
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Definition
Rib movement - Intercostal muscles and transversus thoracis muscle
Diaphragm - pulls down or pushes up to change pressure
Rib cage moves inferior to superior and moves out anteriorly |
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Term
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Definition
| Increase in thoracic cavity volume leads to an increase in lung volume, creating a negative pressure inside the lungs, causing air to rush in |
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Term
| What Structures Pass through the diaphragm |
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Definition
| Abdominal Aorta, Inferior Vena Cava, Greater Splanchnic Nerve, Esophogus, Azygous Vein, Vagus Nerve |
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Term
| Divisions of the Thoracic Cavity |
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Definition
Right Pleural Cavity - contains right lung
Left Pleural Cavity - contains the left lung
Mediastinum - Contains the heart and inferiorly and superiorly running vessels and structures |
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Term
| Serous Lining of the Lungs |
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Definition
Parietal Pleura - Forms one side of the continuous balloon, attached to the thoracic wall
Visceral Pleura - Other half of the continuous balloon, close to lungs
Plearal Cavity - Space between the two layers, filled with serous fluid |
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Term
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Definition
| Oral Cavity--> Pharynx--> Trachea--> Primary Bronchi--> Secondary Bronchi--> Tertiary Bronchi--> Bronchioles--> Alveoli |
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Term
| Layers of the Pericardium |
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Definition
Fibrous Pericardium - Outermost layer, noncontinous
Parietal Pericardium - Middle layer, continuous with the visceral pericardium
Visceral Pericardium - Innermost layer of the pericardium, continuous with the parietal pericardium |
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Term
| Blood Flow Through the Heart |
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Definition
| Right Atrium--> Right Atrioventricular Valve--> Right Ventricle--> Pulmonary Valve--> Pulmonary Trunk--> Pulmonary Arteries--> Lungs--> Pulmonary Veins--> Left Atrium--> Left Atrioventricular Valve--> Left Ventricle--> Aortic Valve--> Ascending Aorta--> Throughout the rest of the body--> Superior and Inferior Vena Cava--> Right Atrium |
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Term
| Great Vessels of the Heart |
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Definition
Superior Vena Cava - Venous blood from the upper limb, thoracic cavity, and head to the right atrium
Inferior Vena Cava - Venous return of blood from the abdomen and lower limb to the right atrium
Pulmonary Arteries - Carry deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs
Pulmonary Veins - Carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium
Aorta - Arterial Blood supply to the body from the left ventricle |
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Term
|
Definition
Blood Flow between the atrium and ventricle
Chordae Tendoneae and Papillary Muscles keep blood from backflowing through the valve during ventricular contraction |
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Term
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Definition
| Between the right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk |
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Term
|
Definition
Between the left ventricle and the aorta
**Forms the Aortic Sinuses** |
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Term
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Definition
| Contain the opening for the coronary arteries, sinuses capture blood for the arteries |
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Term
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Definition
Atherosclerosis - Thickening of arterial walls
Ischemia - Restriction of blood supply to tissue
Angina Pectoris - Ischemia of the heart tissue due to obstruction of the coronary vessels |
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Term
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Definition
| Placenta--> Umbilical Vein--> Umbillicus (belly button)--> Ductus Venosous--> Inferior Vena Cava--> Right Atrium--> Preferentially directed through the Foramen Ovale--> Left Atrium--> Left Ventricle--> Aorta--> Aortic Arch--> Upper limbs and head--> Superior Vena Cava--> Right Atrium--> Preferentially directed into the Right Ventricle--> Pulmonary Trunk--> Ductus Arteriosus--> Left and right Umbilical Arteries--> Placenta |
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Term
|
Definition
Ductus Venosous - Allows placental blood to bypass the liver
Ductus Ateriosous - Links the pulmonary trunk to the descending aorta so that deoxygenated blood may return to the placenta
Foramen Ovale - Hole in the interatrial wall, allows for oxygenated blood to flow from right to left atrium |
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Term
| Adult Remnants of the Fetal Shunts |
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Definition
Ductus Venosous - Ligamentum Venosum
Ductus Ateriosous - Ligamentum Arteriosum
Foramen Ovale - Fossa Ovallis |
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Term
| External Abdominal Oblique |
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Definition
A: Last 8 ribs
B: Illiac Crest, Inguinal Ligament, Linea Alba
Inn: Spinal Nerves
Function: Increase abdominal pressure, trunk rotation, lateral flexion of trunk |
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Term
| Internal Abdominal Oblique |
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Definition
A: Illiac Crest
B: Linea Alba
Inn: Spinal Nerves
Functions: Increase interabdominal pressure, lateral flexion and ortation of the trunk |
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Term
|
Definition
A: Last 6 ribs, and illiac crest
B: Linea Alba
Inn: Spinal Nerves
Function: Increase interabdominal pressure, rotation and lateral flexion of the trunk |
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Term
|
Definition
A: Costal Cartilage
B: Pubic Crest
Inn: Spinal Nerves
Function Flexion of the Trunk |
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Term
|
Definition
A: Lumbar Transverse Processes
B: Illiac Crest
Inn: Spinal Nerve
Action: Stabilization of last rib during inspiration, lateral flexion of the trunk |
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Term
| Functions of the Abdominal Wall Muscles |
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Definition
Increase Intraabdominal Pressure
Posture
Respiration
Protection of Abdominal Viscera
Trunk Movement
Stabilize Ribs |
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Term
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Definition
| Abdominal Obliques and Transversus Abdominus muscles become tendinous as they movemedially, housing the rectus abdominus in a sheath like structure, Interior Abdominal Oblique literally splits |
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Term
| Blood Supply of the Abdominal Wall |
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Definition
Anterior - Superior Epigastric (name change of Internal Thoracic), Inferior Epigastric (originate from external illiac artery)
Posterior - Lumbar Arteries (originate from the aorta) |
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Term
| Nerve Supply to the GI System |
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Definition
Parasympathetic - Vagus Nerve, Pelvic Splanchnic Nerves
Sympathetic - Splanchnic Nerves (Greater, Lumbar, and Sacral) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Long tube reaching from the pharynx to the stomach |
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Term
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Definition
| Made up of the Fundus, body and pyloric areas, deals mostly in further digetion of food, little absorbtion. Pyloric Sphincter leads to the duodenum |
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Term
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Definition
| Produces Bile for the digestive system |
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Term
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Definition
| Stores bile created by the liver |
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Term
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Definition
| Secretes enzymes used in digetstion |
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Term
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Definition
| Used in absorption of nutrients, made up of the duodenum, jejunum, and the Ileum. Attaches to the large intestine via the ileocecal junction |
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Term
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Definition
| Mainly used in re-absorption of water. Made up of the cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descening colon, and sigmoid colon. Vermiform Appendix is attached to the cecum |
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Term
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Definition
| End of the digestive system, used in excretion fecal matter |
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Term
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Definition
| Liver--> Left and Right Hepatic Ducts--> Common Hepatic Duct--> cystic duct--> gall bladder--> cystic duct--> Common Bile Duct--> Pancreatic Duct--> Duodenum |
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Term
|
Definition
Functions - Suspend the gut, vessels and nerves can travel through the double fold
GI System - Intraperitoneal (In the peritoneum)
Urogenital System - Retroperitoneal (Behind the Peritoneum)
Lesser Omentum - Length of Peritoneum that connects the liver to the lesser curvature of the stomach
Greater Omentum - Fatty apron that drapes over the intestines
Parietal Peritoneum - Layer farthest from the organs
Visceral Peritoneum - Layer closest to the organs |
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Term
| Functions of the Mesentery |
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Definition
| Suspend the Intestines, allow nerves and vessels to travel to the intestines |
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Term
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Definition
| Protection, fat storage, wound isolation |
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Term
| Unpaired Arteries of the Abdominal Aorta |
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Definition
Celiac Trunk
Superior Mesinteric Artery
Inferior Mesinteric Artery |
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Term
|
Definition
Left Gastric Artery - stomach, part of esophagus
Splenic Artery - Spleen, pancrease, stomach
Common Hepatic Artery - Liver, stomach, pancrease, proximal duodenum, gall bladder |
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Term
| Superior Mesinteric Artery |
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Definition
| Duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, vermiform appendix, ascending colon, 1st half of the transverse colon |
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Term
| Inferior Mesinteric Artery |
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Definition
| 2nd half of the transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, anal colon |
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Term
| Paired Arteries of the Abdominal Aorta |
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Definition
Renal Arteries - to kidneys
Gonadal Arteries - to the ovaries or testes
Lumbar Arteries - Posterior Abdominal Wall
Common Illiac Arteries
External Illiac Arteries
Internal Illiac Arteries - Pelvic Viscera and Gluteal Region |
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Term
|
Definition
| Blood flow from the heart, to the tissues of the body, back to the heart |
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Term
|
Definition
| Capillaries in the mesintary collect nutrients from digestion,Join the splenic vein, form the hepatic portal vein which enters the liver. A second group of capillaries form inside the liver, which cleans the blood post-digestion |
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Term
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Definition
| Kidney--> Ureter--> Urinary Bladder--> Urethra |
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Term
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Definition
| Testis--> Head of the epididymus--> body of the epididymus--> tail of the epididymus--> Ductus Deferens--> Meets with Seminal Vesicle--> Ejaculatory Duct within the prostate--> Urethra |
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Term
|
Definition
| Produce sperm and testosterone |
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Term
|
Definition
| Storage of sperm until they are mature |
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Term
|
Definition
| Moves sperm from the epididymus to the prostate |
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Term
|
Definition
| Produces 60% of seminal fluid, feeds the sperm and neutralizes vaginal fluids |
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Term
|
Definition
| Path of semen through the prostate |
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Term
|
Definition
| Produces 40% of seminal fluid, feeds sperm and neutralizes vaginal fluid |
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Term
|
Definition
| Neutralize urine in the urethra during ejaculation |
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Term
|
Definition
3 erectile columns
2 superior Corpora Cavernosa (sing: Corpus Cavernosum)
1 Inferior Corpus Spongiosum
Glans Penis at the end |
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Term
|
Definition
Bundle of vessels and nerves to the testes
Testicular Artery - blood supply to the testicle
Pampiniform Plexus - Venous return to testivular vein and temperature control
Ductus Deferens - Transport sperm from the epididymis to the prostate
Testicular Nerves |
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Term
|
Definition
At birth - testes inside abdomen, attached to bottom of scrotum via the gubernaculum
The Gubernaculum begins to degenerate, pulling the testses downward
Testes eventually are pulled through the inguinal canal, pulling a number of abdominal structures with it, including a portion of the internal abdominal ablique, which becomes the cremaster muscle |
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Term
|
Definition
Kidney--> Ureter--> Urinary Bladder--> Urethra--> Exterior
**Difference from the male - Urethra is completely separated from the genital system** |
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Term
|
Definition
| Ovary--> Peritoneal Space--> Fimbrea of the Uterine Tube--> Uterine Tube--> Uterus |
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Term
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Definition
| House the premature eggs. Atatached to the uterus via the ovarian ligament. Pulled down through the abdomen via the gubernaculum, which becomes the ovarian ligament and the round ligament of the uterus |
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Term
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Definition
| Ova travels down uterine tubes from the fimbrea of the uterine tube. Site of fertilization |
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Term
|
Definition
| Egg attaches to the uterine wall to begin pregnancy |
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Term
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Definition
| Sheath leading from the external environment to the uterus. |
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Term
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Definition
| Superior to the vagina, typically flexes over the bladder |
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Term
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Definition
| Spaces in the vagina that run from the point of the cervix to where it inserts into the vagina |
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Term
| Peritoneum and the Ovaries |
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Definition
| Peritoneum covers the ovaries, causing the mature egg to burst through the wall and into the peritoneal space. A hole in the visceral peritoneum where the uterine tubes attach allow the egg to find its way inside the uterine tubes |
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Term
| Broad Ligament of the Uterus |
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Definition
| Extension of the Peritoneum that lies over the uterus |
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Term
|
Definition
Corpora Cavernosa - erectile tissue that extends back from the clitoris
Clitoris - external projection, equivalent to the Glans penis
Foreskin of the Clitoris - Hood over the clitoris formed by the Labia Minora |
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Term
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Definition
| Between the Labia Minora. Contains the opening for the urethra and the vaginal canal |
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Term
| Labia Majora and Labia Minora |
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Definition
Labia Majora - Large, outer lips. Contain bulbs of the vestibule
Labia Minora - Small, inner lips. Contain the vestibule of the vagina |
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