Term
| What are the 5 main functions of the skeletal system? |
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Definition
1) support
2) protection
3) movement
4) storage
5) blood cell production |
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Term
| What are the major supporting tissues of the body? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does cartilage in a bone provide? |
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Definition
| flexible but firm support |
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Term
| What attaches to bones to hold them together? |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the 3 components that support the skeletal system? |
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Definition
| bones, cartilage, ligaments |
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Term
| What components in the skeletal system protect the body? in what way? |
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Definition
1) skull - protects brain
2) vertebrae - protects spinal cord
3) ribcage - protects organs of the chest |
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Term
| What are 2 things stored in bones? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the roles of calcium in the body? |
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Definition
1) help with blood clotting
2) electrical signaling in the heart |
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Term
| What are the roles of phosphorus in the body? |
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Definition
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Term
| How are new blood cells produced in bone? where and what are produced? |
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Definition
| within bone marrow: RBCs, WBCs, and platelets are produced |
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Term
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Definition
| specialized cells that produce new cartilage matrix |
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Term
| What makes up bone cartilage? |
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Definition
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Term
| When does a chondroblast mature into a chondrocyte? |
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Definition
| when they secrete new matrix and it surrounds them |
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Term
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Definition
| the space that a chondrocyte occupies in the cartilage matrix |
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Term
| what is the perichondrium? |
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Definition
| double-layered connective tissue sheath that covers cartilage |
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Term
| What are the layers of the perichondrium? |
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Definition
inner and outer layers:
1) INNER layer is made of CHONDROBLASTS
2) OUTER layer is made of dense regular connective tissue with FIBROBLASTS |
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Term
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Definition
| 2 ways: appositional growth & interstitial growth |
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Term
| What is appositional growth? |
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Definition
-cartilage growth from the outside
-chondroblasts lay down new matrix on the outside of the tissue |
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Term
| What is interstitial growth? |
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Definition
-cartilage growth from the inside
-inner chondrocytes rapidly divide and expand the cartilage from within |
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Term
| How many named bones in the human body are there? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is each bone considered? what does this mean? |
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Definition
considered an organ made of living tissue
-means that bones can grow and repair |
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Term
| What is the function of the appendicular skeleton? What parts make it up? |
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Definition
function is movement:
(upper limbs, lower limbs, shoulder girdle, and pelvic girdle) |
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Term
| What is the function of the axial skeleton? what parts make it up? |
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Definition
| protection & support (made up of skull, vertebral column, and ribcage) |
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Term
| What are the 4 different bone shapes? |
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Definition
| long, short, flat, irregular |
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Term
| What do long bones look like? Where are they found? example? |
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Definition
-longer than they are wide
-most bones of upper and lower limbs
-ex: humerus and tibia |
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Term
| What do short bones look like? What is an example? |
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Definition
approximately as wide as they are long
-ex: bones of wrist and ankle |
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Term
| What do flat bones look like? What are examples? |
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Definition
thin, flat, and usually curved
-ex: sternum, ribs, scapula, and some of the skull bones |
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Term
| What do irregular bones look like? examples? |
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Definition
odd-shaped
-ex: vertebrae and the patella |
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Term
| What is the patella also known as? what kind of bone shape is it? |
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Definition
| irregular bone shape; known as a sesamoid bone |
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Term
| What does long bone structure consist of? (6) |
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Definition
| diaphysis, epiphysis, epiphyseal plate, medullary cavity, periosteum, endosteum |
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Term
| Where is the diaphysis of a long bone and what is it made of? |
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Definition
the shaft that forms the long axis of bone
-composed of compact bone |
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Term
| What is the epiphysis of long bone? what is it made of? |
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Definition
the "knobs" at the end of long bones
-mostly made of cancellous/spongy bone
-covered in compact bone |
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Term
| What is the epiphyseal plate in the compact bone? What is it made of? |
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Definition
an area of growth between the epiphysis & diaphysis
-made of hyaline cartilage
-someone who is no longer growing doesn't have a plate but a line |
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Term
| What is the epiphyseal plate made out of? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where is the medullary cavity located? |
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Definition
in the diaphysis of long bone
-made of bone marrow |
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Term
| What does the diaphysis contain? what is contained even further? |
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Definition
medullary cavity
-children's diaphysis contains RED bone marrow
-adult's bone marrow in medullary cavity turns to YELLOW marrow |
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Term
| What is the periosteum? how many layers? |
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Definition
in long bones
-connective tissue membrane that covers the outer surface of the bone (2 layers) |
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Term
| What is the outermost layer of the periosteum made of? what does it contain? |
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Definition
dense, irregular connective tissue
-contains blood vessels and nerves |
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Term
| What part of the bone contains blood vessels and nerves? |
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Definition
| the outermost layer of the periosteum of long bone (made of dense irregular connective tissue) |
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Term
| What does the innermost layer of the periosteum contain? what do they do? |
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Definition
osteoblasts and osteoclasts
-osteoblasts are bone-forming cells
-osteoclasts are bone-resorbing cells |
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Term
| what are bone-forming cells and where are they located? |
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Definition
| osteoblasts, located in innermost layer of periosteum |
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Term
| What are bone resorbing cells? |
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Definition
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Term
| What relationship of cells describes osteoblasts and osteoclasts and why? |
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Definition
| antagonistic cells because they perform opposite functions |
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Term
| What are Sharpey's fibers? |
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Definition
| secure tendons and ligaments to the periosteum |
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Term
| What is the endosteum of long bones? |
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Definition
| connective tissue membrane that lines inner bones surfaces |
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Term
| What bones do not usually have a diaphysis or epiphysis? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| in flat bones, spongy/cancellous bone between 2 layers of compact bone |
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Term
| What do short and irregular bones have in the center? |
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Definition
| a spongy bone center (also with trabecular bone and bone marrow) that is covered in compact bone |
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Term
| how is compact bone organized microscopically? |
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Definition
| into structural units called osteons |
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Term
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Definition
| structural unit of compact bone |
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Term
| What are lamellae? where located? |
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Definition
circular layers of bone matrix
-surround a common center for the Haversian canal |
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Term
| What is the haversian canal? |
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Definition
| passageway for blood vessels and nerves in bone |
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Term
| Where are lacunae found? what are they? what do they contain? |
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Definition
found at junctions of lamellae
-they are small cavities in the matrix
-contain osteocytes |
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Term
| What contains osteocytes in compact bone? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are canaliculi, where located? what is the purpose? |
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Definition
-small canals connecting the lamellae to each other and to the haversian canal
-waste and nutrient exchange for osteocytes occurs via the blood cells |
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