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Anatomy Unit 1 vocab
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191
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
08/24/2011

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Term
What is another name for frontal?
Definition
coronal
Term
Define viscera
Definition
organ
Term
Define parietal
Definition
wall
Term
Define parasagittal
Definition
Sagital plane in any location other than the midline
Term
What is the difference between mucous and serous fluid?
Definition
mucous is thick; serous fluid is thin
Term
What are the three types of endocytosis?
Definition
phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and receptor-mediated endocytosis
Term
What are the three components of the cytoplasm?
Definition
cytosol, organelles, and inclusions
Term
What are the three components of the cytoskeleton?
Definition
microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules
Term
___ are non-motile finger-like projections of the plasma membrane that increase SA
Definition
microvili
Term
____ and ____ are the motile projections of microtubules
Definition
flagella and cilia
Term
What is the main function of the centrosome?
Definition
It helps form microtubules for cilia and flagella
Term
What is the purpose of ribosomes?
Definition
protein synthesis
Term
What is the function of the golgi apparatus?
Definition
cisternae that receive, modify, and send out proteins (cis face to trans face)
More prominent in secretory cells
Term
What is the main function of the lysosome?
Definition
Digestion
Term
the mitochondria are also know as the cell ____
Definition
powerhouse
Term
What are the three nuclear components?
Definition
the nuclear envelope, nuclear pores, and nucleolus
Term
Define dysplasia
Definition
cells change in size, shape, or arrangement
Term
What causes dysplasia?
Definition
Long-term irritation or inflammation
Term
Define hyperplasia
Definition
cells increase in number
Term
Define hypertrophy
Definition
increase in cell size
Term
Define atrophy
Definition
decrease in cell size
Term
Define metaplasia
Definition
cells change from one type to another
Term
What are the four basic types of tissue?
Definition
epithelium, connective, muscle, and nervous
Term
Define epithelium
Definition
a sheet of cells that cover a body surface or line a body cavity
Term
Provide the synonyms for connective, epithelial, muscular, and nervous tissue
Definition
support, covering, movement, and control
Term
What is the function of epithelial tissue?
Definition
covers body surface and lines hollow organs, body, cavities, ducts; forms glands
Term
What is the function of connective tissue?
Definition
Protects, supports, and binds organs; stores energy as fat; provides immunity
Term
What is the purpose of muscular tissue?
Definition
Movement and body heat
Term
What is the purpose of nervous tissue?
Definition
Detects and responds to changes in and around the body
Term
What are the two basic componenets of all tissues?
Definition
The cellular and extracellular component
Term
Define interstitial fluid
Definition
tissue fluid that is derived from blood plasma; found in extracellular component
Term
What are the seven special features of epithelia?
Definition
Cellularity, avascular, nervous innervation, regeneration, polarity, basement membrane, and membrane junctions
Term
Define cellularity
Definition
cells are closely packed and held tightly together; has minimal extracellular matrix
Term
What makes a picture of epithelial tissue easily identifiable?
Definition
Free surface
Term
What two terms are used to describe polarity?
Definition
apical (free) surface and basal surface
Term
What are the two components of the basement membrane?
Definition
basal and reticular lamina
Term
Define membrane junctions
Definition
contact points in the plasma membrane of adjacent cells
Term
What are the three types of membrane junctions and their purpose?
Definition
desmosomes (prevents cells from being pulled apart), gap junction (let inside cell A to talk to inside cell B), and tight junctions (sealant)
Term
What are the different classifications for epithelia?
Definition
Simple or Stratified; Squamous (flat), Cuboidal (same shape all around), or Columnar
Term
What is the function of each epithelial cell shape?
Definition
Squamous: allow rapid passage of substances
Cuboidal and Columnar: secretion or absorption
Term
Where can you find simple squamous epithelium?
Definition
The lining of the ventral body cavity
Term
What are the two specialized types of simple squamous epithelia and where are they found?
Definition
Endothelium (heart and vessels) and Mesothelium (serous membranes)
Term
What type of cell will NOT be depicted with the ciliated variety?
Definition
simple columnar epithelium
Term
What type of cell will ONLY be depicted with the ciliated variety?
Definition
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
Term
What type of cell contains keratonized and non-keratonized regions?
Definition
stratified squamous epithelium
Term
What is the purpose of stratification in a cell?
Definition
to protect areas that come in contact with large amounts of friction (keeps tissue from pulling apart)
Term
What lipid is responsible for maintaining the integrity of the plasma membrane?
Definition
cholesterol
Term
What is the purpose of glycolipids in the phospholipid bilayer?
Definition
cellular adhesion, recognition, and growth/development
Term
What are the main components of the plasma membrane?
Definition
lipids and proteins
Term
What are the two layers of serous membrane?
Definition
visceral layer and parietal layer
Term
Where can you find simple columnar epithelium?
Definition
The GI tract
Term
What are the tissue types for Loose CT Proper?
Definition
Areolar, Adipose, and Reticular
Term
What are the tissue types for Dense CT Proper?
Definition
Regular, Irregular, and Elastic
Term
What is the most abundant CT type?
Definition
Areolar Loose CT Proper
Term
What causes the push of organelles to the periphery in Adipose Loose CT Proper?
Definition
lipid droplets
Term
What is Adipose Loose CT Proper NOT to be confused with?
Definition
simple squamous epithelium
Term
In what type of CT Proper are ALL fiber types present?
Definition
Areolar Loose CT Proper
Term
What type of CT Proper functions in immunity?
Definition
Reticular Loose CT Proper
Term
When describing tissues, what does the term "regular" refer to?
Definition
the arrangement of fibers
Term
Where can you find Elastic Dense CT Proper?
Definition
the aorta
Term
What are the two classifications of glands?
Definition
Endocrine and exocrine
Term
What is the name for a unicellular exocrine gland?
Definition
a goblet cell
Term
What is the largest gland in the body?
Definition
the liver
Term
What are the secretions of endocrine glands?
Definition
hormones
Term
What epithelial type is the goblet cell?
Definition
simple columnar
Term
What is the most diverse and abundant type of tissue?
Definition
Connective Tissue (CT)
Term
What are the four main categories of connective tissue?
Definition
CT Proper, Cartilage, Bone, and Blood
Term
What is the embryonic origin of connective tissue?
Definition
Mesenchyme
Term
What fibers are present in CT and what are their purpose?
Definition
Collagen fibers (strength), Elastic fibers (recoil), and Reticular fibers (support)
Term
What are the three types of cartilage?
Definition
Hyaline, Fibrocartilage, and Elastic cartilage
Term
What are the cells cartilage is composed of?
Definition
chondrocytes
Term
Describe hylaine cartilage
Definition
Hard, gelatinous ground substance with a glassy appearance
Term
True or False?
Hyaline cartilage has collagen fibers
Definition
FALSE
Hylaine cartilage has collagen FIBRILS
Term
Where can you find elastic cartilage?
Definition
the external ear and epiglottis
Term
Where can you find hyaline cartilage?
Definition
the costal cartilage of the ribs
Term
What type of tissue has lacunae in a "train"?
Definition
fibrocartilage
Term
What is fibrocartilage NOT to be confused with?
Definition
dense regular CT Proper
Term
Where do you find chondrocytes?
Definition
In cartilage lacunae
Term
What is the main function of compact bone?
Definition
Protection
Term
Blood is most confused with what other type of CT?
Definition
Loose Reticular CT Proper
Term
Blood _____ have fiber
Definition
does NOT
Term
True or False:
RBC have organelles
Definition
FALSE
They do not
Term
What is the name for blood that has leaked out of a vessel?
Definition
interstitial fluid
Term
What is another name for RBC?
Definition
Erythrocytes
Term
What are the three types of membranes?
Definition
Cutaneous, Mucous, and Serous
Term
In what three cavities will you find serous membranes?
Definition
pleural, pericardial, peritoneal
Term
In what four systems will you find mucous membranes?
Definition
respiratory, reproductive, digestive, and urinary
Term
What are the three types of muscle tissue?
Definition
cardiac, skeletal, and smooth
Term
Muscle cell= ____ = muscle fiber
Definition
myocyte
Term
What is an easily identifiable characteristic of skeletal muscle cells?
Definition
parallel stripes
Term
Skeletal muscles are used to move ____ and ____
Definition
bone and skin
Term
skeletal cells have multiple ____
Definition
nuclei
Term
Movement:
Skeletal muscles only ____ and ____
Definition
pull and contract
Term
What do intercalated discs consist of?
Definition
Proteins and connexons (gap junctions)
Term
What are the two components of nervous tissue?
Definition
neurons and neuroglia ("glia")
Term
Define somatic
Definition
of the body
Term
What is another name for the axons of a nerve?
Definition
neuron process
Term
What is edema?
Definition
Accumulation of fluid in the CT (swelling)
Term
What are the two types of wound healing?
Definition
regeneration and fibrosis
Term
Identify the tissue with Good, Poor, and No regeneration capactiy
Definition
Good: epithelium and bone; Poor: skeletal muscle and cartilage; None: cardiac muscle and nervous tissue
Term
What is the largest organ of the body?
Definition
The skin
Term
What are the accessory organs of the integumentary system?
Definition
Hair, nails, oil and sweat glands
Term
What are the two layers of the skin?
Definition
epidermis and the dermis
Term
The hypodermis ____ part of the skin
Definition
IS NOT
Term
What are the functions of the skin (5)?
Definition
Thermoregulation, protection, excretion and absorption, synthesis of vitamin D, and cutaneous sensation
Term
What is the most important function of the skin?
Definition
Synthesis of Vitamin D
Term
What are the four types of cells in the epidermis?
Definition
Keratinocytes, melanocytes, langerhans cells, and Merkel cells
Term
What type of epidermis is also known as "hairless skin"?
Definition
the THICK skin
Term
How many layers do thin and thick skin have?
Definition
four and five respectively
Term
What are tinofilaments?
Definition
pre-keratin filaments
Term
What are the 5 layers of the epidermis?
Definition
Stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum (thick skin only), and the stratum corneum
Term
What layer of the skin is responsible for making new skin cells?
Definition
Stratum basale
Term
Define stratum
Definition
layer
Term
What is the "dying layer" of the epidermis?
Definition
Stratum granulosum
Term
What epidermal cell type looks like it has "tentacles"?
Definition
Melanocytes
Term
What epidermal cell is associated with nerve endings?
Definition
Merkel cells
Term
What is the largest layer of the epidermis?
Definition
Stratum corneum
Term
How often is the epidermis replaced?
Definition
Every four weeks
Term
What are the two divisions of the dermis?
Definition
Papillary dermis and the reticular dermis
Term
What is the purpose of the papillae pattern in the dermis?
Definition
Increased vascularity and increase connective strength
Term
What are the three pigments responsible for the colors of our skin and hair?
Definition
Melanin, Carotene, and Hemoglobin
Term
True or False:
People with darker skin tones have more melanocytes than those with fair skin
Definition
FALSE; everyone has the same number of melanocytes but those cells produce different amounts of melanin
Term
_____ is the inherited inability to produce any melanin
Definition
Albanism
Term
What are the three types of cutaneous sensation?
Definition
Light touch, pressure/vibration, and pain
Term
What are the three componenets involved in light touch sensation?
Definition
Meisner's corpuscles, Merkel cells, and hair
Term
What are the two layers of the hair follicle?
Definition
External root sheath and internal root sheath
Term
Sebaceous glands are found everywhere except the _____ and _____
Definition
soles and palms
Term
What is the name of the substance secreted from sebaceous glands?
Definition
sebum
Term
What are the two types of sweat glands?
Definition
Eccrine (true "sweat") and apocrine
Term
Where can you find simple cuboidal epithelium?
Definition
ducts/secretory portions of small glands; kidney tubules
Term
Where can you find stratified cuboidal epithelium?
Definition
Big glands and ducts (salivary)
Term
Where can you find stratified columnar epithelium?
Definition
male urethra
Term
Define articulation
Definition
The site where rigid elements of the skeleton meet; joint
Term
What are the two categories for classifying articulations?
Definition
Structurally and functionally
Term
What are the three structural classifications of joints?
Definition
Fibrous joints (held together by dense collagen fibers), cartilaginous joints, and synovial joints (held together by ligaments)
Term
What are the three functional classifications of joints?
Definition
Synarthrotic (immovable), Amphiarthrotic (slightly movable), and Diarthrotic (freely movable)
Term
All synovial joints are _____
Definition
Diarthrotic
Term
What are the three types of fibrous joints?
Definition
Suture (skull), Syndesmosis (held together by ligament), and Gomphosis (peg-in-socket fibrous joint)
Term
What are the two types of cartilaginous joints?
Definition
Synchondroses (held together by hyaline cartilage) and Symphyses (held together by fibrous cartilage)
Term
What is the most common structural classification of joints?
Definition
Synovial joints
Term
Define synovial cavity
Definition
space between articulating bones
Term
Define synovial capsule
Definition
sleeve-like capsule that encloses synovial cavity
Term
What are the two components of the synovial capsule?
Definition
the outer fibrous capsule and the inner synovial membrane
Term
Define synovial fluid
Definition
viscous fluid secreted by the inner synovial membrane; reduces friction between joined bones; supplies nutrients and oxygen to joint cartilages
Term
Define and state the purpose of Articular Cartilage
Definition
hylaine cartilage at sites of articulation; shock absorption and decrease friction
Term
Define and state the purpose of Articular Discs
Definition
fibrocartilage inside the joint cavity; shock absorption and enhanced fit of articulating bones
Term
What are the six components of synovial joints?
Definition
synovial cavity, synovial capsule, synovial fluid, reinforcing ligaments, nervous innervation, and blood supply
Term
What are the three types of reinforcing ligaments of synovial joints?
Definition
capsular, extracapsular, and intracapsular
Term
Define and state the purpose of Bursa
Definition
thin, flat, sac-like structure containing synovial fluid that reduces friction between body part that rub together
Term
Define tendon sheaths
Definition
tube-like bursa that wraps around tendons
Term
What are the four types of movement at synovial joints?
Definition
Gliding, angular movements, rotation, and special movements
Term
What are the three places gliding occurs?
Definition
intercarpal joints, intertarsal joints, and intervertebral joints
Term
Define gliding
Definition
the side-to-side movement of flat bone surfaces
Term
Define flexion
Definition
moves bones closer together
Term
Define extension
Definition
moves bones away from each other
Term
Define hyperextension
Definition
continued extension beyond anatomical position
Term
Define ABduction
Definition
movement of bones away from the midline
Term
Define ADduction
Definition
movement of a bone toward the midline
Term
Define circumduction
Definition
movement of a body part in a circle
Term
Define External (lateral) rotation
Definition
anterior surface of a bone is turned away from the midline
Term
Define Internal (medial) rotation
Definition
anterior surface of bone is turned toward the midline
Term
Define elevation
Definition
upward movement of a body part
Term
Define depression
Definition
downwatd movement of a body part
Term
Define Protraction
Definition
movement of a body part anteriorly in the horizontal plane
Term
Define Retraction
Definition
return of a protracted body part to anatomical position
Term
Define inversion
Definition
movement of the sole medially
Term
Define eversion
Definition
movement of the sole laterally
Term
Define plantar flexion
Definition
pointing of the toes
Term
Define dorsiflexion
Definition
pulling your toes to your heel
Term
Define Supination
Definition
turning the palm anteriorly
Term
Define pronation
Definition
turning the palm posteriorly
Term
Define Opposition
Definition
movement of the thumb to touch the finger tips (only place this occurs)
Term
What are the six types of synovial joints?
Definition
Planar, Hinge, Pivot, Condyloid, Saddle, and Ball-and-Socket
Term
Define condyle
Definition
"knuckle"
Term
What are the two ball-and-socket joints?
Definition
femoral-coxal and glenohumeral joint
Term
What are ligaments made of?
Definition
Dense regular CT proper
Term
____ ligaments = _____ stability
Definition
more; more
Term
When increasing flexibility, what component of the body are you stretching?
Definition
the muscles
Term
What are the two components of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ)?
Definition
mandibular condyle and mandibular fossa
Term
What is the most easily disarticulated joint?
Definition
TMJ (temporomandibular joint )
Term
What are the components of the sternoclavicular joint?
Definition
sternal end of the clavicle and the sternoclavicular notch of the manubrium
Term
What are the two components of the Glenohumeral joint?
Definition
the head of the humerus and the glenoid fossa of the scapula
Term
What are the two components of the Femorocoxal joint?
Definition
the head of the femur and the acetabulum of the Os Coxa
Term
What are the three important extracapsular ligaments of the hip?
Definition
Ilofemoral ligament, Pubofemoral ligament, and he Ischiofemoral ligament
Term
What are the three components of the knee joint?
Definition
femur, tibia, and patella
Term
The knee joint is a combination of what two articulations?
Definition
femorotibial and femoropatellar
Term
What type of joint is the TMJ?
Definition
modified hing joint
Term
What type of joint is the Glenohumeral joint?
Definition
ball-and-socket joint
Term
What are the four important structures of the intracapsular area of the knee?
Definition
Lateral miniscus, posterior cruciate ligament (PCL), Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), and the medial meniscus
Term
Define crusciate
Definition
cross
Term
What are the components of the talocrural joint?
Definition
the inferior articular surfaces of the tibia/fibula and the trochlea of the talus
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