Term
|
Definition
O:pubic crest/symphysis
I: Xiphoid process/costal cartilages
A: Flexes the trunk |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
O: Ilium/sacrum/coccyx
I: Gluteal tuberosity of femur
A: Extends the hip |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
O:Long head: ischial tuberosity
Short head: linea aspera
I: Head of fibula and lateral condyle of tibia
A:Extends the hip/flexes the knee |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
O: Ischial tuberosity
I: Medial, upper shaft of tibia
A: Extends the hip/flexes the knee |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
O: Ischial tuberosity
I: Medial condyle of tibia
A: Extends the hip/flexes the knee |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
O: Lumbar vertebrae
I: Lesser trochanter of femur
A: Flexes the hip and trunk |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
O: Iliac fossa/ala of sacrum
I: Lesser trochanter of femur
A: Flexes the hip and trunk |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
O: Anterior inferior iliac spine/acetabular labrum
I: Patella/tibial tuberosity
A: Extends the knee/ flexes the hip |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
O:Linea aspera, medial supracondylar line, Intertrochanteric line
I:Patella/tibial tuberosity
A:Extends the knee |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
O:Linea aspera/greater trochanter/Intertrochanteric line
I:Patella/tibial tuberosity
A:Extends the knee |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
O: Anterior shaft of femur
I: Patella/tibial tuberosity
A:Extends the knee |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
O:Ischial and pubic rami/ischial tuberosity
I:Linea aspera/adductor tubercle of femur
A:Adducts the hip |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
O:Inferior ramus and body of pubis/ischial ramus
I:Medial condyle of tibia
A:Adducts the hip |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
O:Medial and lateral condyles of femur
I:Posterior calcaneus (calcaneal tendon)
A:Plantarflexion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
O:Superior tibia, fibula, and interosseous membrane
I:Posterior calcaneus (calcaneal tendon)
A:Plantarflexion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
O:Lateral condyle/proximal shaft of tibia
I:Medial cuneiform/1st metatarsal
A:Dorsiflexion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
O:Manubrium/clavicle
I:Mastoid process
A:Flexes neck/laterally rotates head |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
O:Clavicle/acromion/spine of scapula
I:Deltoid tuberosity of humerus
A:Abducts the shoulder |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
O:Clavicle/sternum/costal cartilages
I:Greater tubercle of humerus
A:Flexes/medially rotates/adducts the shoulder |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
O:Short head: corocoid process of scapula
Long head: supraglenoid tubercle
I:Radial tuberosity
A:Flexes/supinates the elbow |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
O:Long head: infraglenoid tubercle
Lateral head: posterior shaft of humerus
Medial head: posterior shaft of humerus
I:Olecranon process
A:Extends the elbow |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| muscle cell (skeletal, cardiac, or smooth) |
|
|
Term
| What is another name for a SKELETAL muscle cell? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| plasma membrane of muscle fiber |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cytoplasm of a muscle fiber |
|
|
Term
| What are the characteristics of skeletal muscle tissue? |
|
Definition
| striated, multinucleated, mostly voluntary control, involuntary control of diaphragm and reflexes |
|
|
Term
| What are the characteristics of cardiac tissue? |
|
Definition
| walls of the heart, striated, uninucleate, intercalated discs (gap junctions), branched cells, involuntary |
|
|
Term
| Describe and give locations for smooth muscle |
|
Definition
| walls of hollow organs (stomach, blood vessels, bladder, intestines), no striations, uninucleate, involuntary |
|
|
Term
| What are the four functions of muscle? |
|
Definition
| movement, posture, joint stabilization, and thermogenesis (heat generation) |
|
|
Term
| cardiac muscle moves ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two forms of thermogenesis? |
|
Definition
| contracting of skeletal muscles (excercise and shivering) and contraction of smooth muscle (goose bumps and dartos muscle) |
|
|
Term
| What are the four functional characteristics of muscle? |
|
Definition
| Contractibility, excitability, extensibility, elasticity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the CT components of skeletal muscle? |
|
Definition
| Epimysium (surrounds entire muscle), perimysium (surounds fascicles), and endomysium(surrounds individual myocytes); tendon, aponeurosis, and fascia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| CT attachment of a skeletal muscle to a bone's periosteum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| dense sheet of CT that covers the body wall and limbs |
|
|
Term
| What is the point of muscle attachment on the less movable bone? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the point of musce attachment on the more movable bone? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where can you find capillaries in relation to muscle tissue? |
|
Definition
| around each individual myocyte |
|
|
Term
| What are the two components of sarcoplasm? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the predominant organelle in the skeletal muscle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the characteristic that differentiates pictures of muscle TISSUES from muscle CELLS? |
|
Definition
| nuclei; if nuclei are present it is a cell |
|
|
Term
| What are the the proteins that constitute myofibrils? |
|
Definition
| contractile (actin and myosin), regulatory (tropomyosin and troponin), and structural proteins (titan and dystrophin) |
|
|
Term
| What is the hierarchy of muscle fiber composition? |
|
Definition
| myofilaments-->myofibrils-->muscle fiber |
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of contractile myofilaments? |
|
Definition
| actin (thin) and myosin (thick) |
|
|
Term
| What are the five components of the sarcomere? |
|
Definition
| Z discs, A band, I band, H zone, and M line |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the basic unit of contraction in skeletal muscle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the boundary of each sarcomere |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| region where thin and thick filaments overlap |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| area on either side of an A Band that contains only thin filaments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| central part of A band where no filaments reach |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| center of the H zone that contains rods that hold thick filaments together |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| contractile organelles of the muscle fiber; help give muscle cell its striped appearance |
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of regulatory proteins? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chord-like protein covering myosin binding sites on actin molecues |
|
|
Term
| Define and state the purpose of troponin |
|
Definition
| protein complex attached to tropomyosin; binds with Ca and pulls tropomyosin OFF binding sites |
|
|
Term
| What are the two structural proteins? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| protein that anchors the myofibrils to the sarcolemma |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| elastic proteins that anchor the thick filaments to the z discs and resists overstretching |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| invaginations of sarcolemma |
|
|
Term
| Define sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) |
|
Definition
| membranous sacs that encircle each myofibril |
|
|
Term
| myofilaments ____ shorten |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the components of a motor unit? |
|
Definition
| a single somatic motor neuron and all its muscle fibers |
|
|
Term
| fine movements have ____ per motor unit |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| gross movements have ____ per motor unit |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Define and give another name for axon terminals |
|
Definition
| the enlargements at the end of the tiny branches of the motor neuron |
|
|
Term
| What are the components of the neuromuscular junction (NMJ)? |
|
Definition
| Axon terminal, sarcolemma of the muscle fiber, and the synaptic cleft |
|
|
Term
| What are the three types of muscle fibers? |
|
Definition
| Slow Oxidative (type 1), Fast Ox-Glycolytic (type IIa), fast glycolytic (type IIb/IIx) |
|
|
Term
| the ___ muscle fibers present means the ___ time you can use them |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the four types of fascicle arrangement? |
|
Definition
| convergent, parallel, circular, and pennate |
|
|
Term
| Define and provide an example of a convergent fascicle |
|
Definition
triangular/ fan-shaped
Pectoralis major |
|
|
Term
| Define and provide an example of a parallel fascicle |
|
Definition
Fusiform (large belly in the middle) and strap-like (no large belly)
biceps brachii and sartorious |
|
|
Term
| Define and provide an example of a circular fascicle |
|
Definition
circular rings
orbicularis oris; sphincters |
|
|
Term
| Define and provide an example of a pennate fascicle |
|
Definition
feather-like; unipennate, bipennate, multipennate
extensor digitorum longus; rectus femoris; and deltoid |
|
|
Term
| Which parts of the skeletal system are the fulcrum and which parts are the lever? |
|
Definition
Fulcrum: joint
Lever: bone |
|
|
Term
| What is the most common lever-type in the human body? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| muscle that contracts to cause action (prime movers) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stretches and yields to the effects of th agonist |
|
|
Term
| In the upper body, coronal muscles _____ and posterior muscles ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the arrangement of a first-class lever? |
|
Definition
load, fulcrum, effort
(muscles behind the neck) |
|
|
Term
| What is the arrangement of a second-class lever? |
|
Definition
fulcrum, load, effort
(standing on your heel) |
|
|
Term
| What is the arrangement of a third-class lever? |
|
Definition
load, fulcrum, effort
(biceps) |
|
|
Term
| Effector organs are always ___ and ____ |
|
Definition
| glands and muscles (any type) |
|
|
Term
| What are the two components of the central nervous system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| nerve cell bodies outside of the CNS |
|
|
Term
| What are the four characteristics of neurons? |
|
Definition
| conduction, longevity, lack of division, and high metabolic rate |
|
|
Term
| How long do neurons typically last? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the six main parts of a neuron? |
|
Definition
| dendrites, soma, axon hillock, initial segment of axon, axon, and terminal bouton |
|
|
Term
| What are the STRUCTURAL classifications of neurons? |
|
Definition
| multipolar (most common), bipolar (rare), and unipolar/pseudopolar (somatic sensory neurons) |
|
|
Term
| What are the three functional classifications of neurons? |
|
Definition
| afferent (sensory), efferent (motor), and interneurons (association) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the four types of CNS neuroglia? |
|
Definition
| astrocytes, microglia, ependymal cells, and oligodendricytes |
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of PNS neuroglia? |
|
Definition
| satellite cells and schwann cells |
|
|
Term
| What type of cell are ependymal cells? |
|
Definition
| simple cuboidal epithelium (ciliated) |
|
|
Term
| Where can you find nerves? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where do you find tracts (bundle of axons)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ cover neuronal somal in the PNS |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ form myelin sheaths in the PNS |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____ is a multilayered lipoprotein structure that wraps pieces of axons |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are Nodes of Ranvier? |
|
Definition
| gaps in the myelin sheath that let Na+ into the cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the outermost layer of the myelin sheath that is the cytoplasmic layer of the Schwann cell |
|
|
Term
| myelinated axons are ___ while unmyelinated axons are _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a ____ acts as a tunnel that connects one end of a damaged axon to the other end |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or false:
the white matter in the brain is centrally located |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or false:
the grey matter in the spinal cord is centrally located |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cluster of soma in the PNS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cluster of soma in the CNS that perform a specific function |
|
|
Term
| What gives white matter its color? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____ is a cluster of axons in the PNS |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ is a cluster of axons in the CNS |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most important component of grey matter? |
|
Definition
| cell bodies of interneurons |
|
|
Term
| What is the cable-like organ of the PNS? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____ are many parallel axons arranged in bundles |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| within each nerve, each axon is covered by ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three CT components of nerves? |
|
Definition
| Endoneurium, Perineurium, and Epineurium |
|
|
Term
| What are the five components of a reflex? |
|
Definition
| Receptor, Sensory neuron, integration center, motor neuron, and effector |
|
|
Term
| Which of the five components is ALWAYS part of the reflex arc? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of reflexes? |
|
Definition
| monosynaptic and polysynaptic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Rostral and caudal compare parts in the ___ ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the four major divisions of the brain? |
|
Definition
| Cerebrum, diencephalon, cerebellum, and the brain stem |
|
|
Term
| What are the five ventricles we need to know? |
|
Definition
| lateral ventricles, third ventricle, cerebral aqueduct, fourth ventricle, and the central canal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is contained within the brain ventricles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three protective coverings of the CNS? |
|
Definition
| skull, vertebrae, and meninges |
|
|
Term
| What are the three types of meninges? |
|
Definition
| dura mater (most superficial meninx), arachnoid mater (middle meninx), and pia mater (adheres to brain/spinal cord surfaces) |
|
|
Term
| ____ separates the cerebral hemispheres |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ ______ separates the cerebellum from the cerebrum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Define dural venous sinuses |
|
Definition
| space between the two layers of dura mater |
|
|
Term
| What is the cerebral cortex? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of it fissure? |
|
Definition
| It separates the right and left halves of the brain |
|
|
Term
| Where is the insula located? |
|
Definition
| beneath the frontal and temporal lobes of the brain |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the precentral gyrus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the postcentral gyrus? |
|
Definition
| primary somatosensory cortex |
|
|
Term
| What are the three components of cerebral white matter? |
|
Definition
| commisural fibers, associational fibers, and projection fibers |
|
|
Term
| What is the largest commissural fiber? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is another name for basal ganglia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the basal ganglia? |
|
Definition
| initiates and terminates body movements; suppresses unwanted movements |
|
|
Term
| What are the three components of the diencephalon? |
|
Definition
| Thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus |
|
|
Term
| The Thalamus is a _____ station |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the hypothalamus controls ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three components of the midbrain? |
|
Definition
| cerebral peduncles, cerebral aqueduct, and the corpora quadrigemina |
|
|
Term
| Define cerebral peduncles |
|
Definition
| composed mostly of motor tracts from the cortex to the cerebellum and spinal cord |
|
|
Term
| What are the nuclei that form 4 bumps on the dorsal midbrain? |
|
Definition
| corpora quadrigemina; superior colliculi control visual reflexes and the inferior colliculi control auditory reflexes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the bridge between the brainstem and the cerebellum |
|
|
Term
| What is the ventral brain structure of transversely running fibers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What part of the brain is it impossible to live without? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| motor tracts that form bulges on the anterior surface of the medulla |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| nuclei that form bulges just lateral to the pyramids (sensory relay station) |
|
|
Term
| What are the three major tracts entering/exiting the cerebellum? |
|
Definition
| superior, middle (largest), and inferior cerebellar peduncles |
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of the cerebellum? |
|
Definition
| coordinates and smoothes motor movements, equilibrium and balance, some cognition |
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of the flocculonodular lobe? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of the anterior and posterior lobes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three functions of the spinal cord? |
|
Definition
| sensory and motor innervation of the whole body, two-way conduction between the brain and body; major integration center for reflexes |
|
|
Term
| Where does the spinal cord stop? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the five major components of the spinal cord? |
|
Definition
| conus medillaris, cauda equina, filum terminale, cervical enlargement, and lumbar enlargement |
|
|
Term
| Why doesn't the spinal cord reach the entire length of the spinal column? |
|
Definition
| the spinal column grows faster than the spinal cord |
|
|
Term
| Spinal nerves are _____ nerves |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the arrangement of white matter and grey matter in the spinal cord? |
|
Definition
white matter: external
grey matter: internal |
|
|
Term
| What is another name for funiculus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What part of the spine helps you see which side is the front and which is the back? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| somatic neurons are in _____ _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Interneurons are in the ___ ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| spinal cord white matter is both ____ and ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ascending white matter tracts are "_____" while the descending ones are "____" |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the characteristics of the cervical enlargement? |
|
Definition
| Largest amount of white matter and large amount of grey matter |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| small invaginations in the sarcolemma that function to increase surface area; ACh receptors |
|
|
Term
| Describe and provide the function for Slow Ox fibers |
|
Definition
| Aerobic, red, small fiber diameter; functions to maintain posture and endurance activities |
|
|
Term
| Describe and provide the function for Fast Ox-Glyc fibers |
|
Definition
| Aerobic and anaerobic, pink, intermediate fiber diameter; used for walking or sprinting |
|
|
Term
| Describe and provide the function for Fast-Glyc fibers |
|
Definition
| Anaerobic, white, large fiber diameter; used for rapid intense movements of short duration |
|
|
Term
| What is the most abundant CNS neuroglia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the defensive cells of the CNS? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where can you find ependymal cells? |
|
Definition
| lining CSF-filled cavities |
|
|
Term
| What cells have processes that form myelin sheaths around axons in the CNS? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of information gets "relayed" to the thalamus? |
|
Definition
| sound, olfactory, and somatosensory |
|
|
