To dissect/cut

The study of the structure of the body

1. Palpation

2. Auscultation

3. Percussion

Touch body surfaces

ie-pulse

Listen to body sounds

ie-listen to lungs via stethoscope

tap on body surface and listen for echo

ie-abdominal tap

Levels of Organization

from least to most complex

1. Chemical

2. Cellular

3. Tissue

4. Organ

5. Organ system

6. Organism

1. Hydrogen

2. Oxygen

3. Carbon

4. Nitrogen

1. Integumentary

2. Skeletal

3. Muscular

4. Nervous

5. Endocrine

6. Cardiovascular

7. Lymphatic

8. Respiratory

9. Urinary

10. Digestive

11. Reproductive

1. Responsiveness

2. Adaptability

3. Growth

4. Differentiation

5. Reproduction

6. Movement

breaking of chemical bonds

ie-eating

Fluid outside of body cells

1. between tissues

2. in blood vessels

1. interstitial fluid, tissue fluid, intercellular fluid

2. Plasma

Protects from the environment

Temperature control

Movement

Heat production

uses magnetic field

-patient can have no metal on body

-best for soft tissues

X-ray beam

cross section

best for hard tissues

Structual building blocks of all plants and animals

-produced by cell division

-smallest structural unit that perform all vital functions

Cytoskeleton

Microvilli

Centrioles

Cillia

Flagella

Ribosomes

Mitochondria

Nucleous

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Golgi apparatus

Lysosomes

Peroxisomes

material inside the cell

-fluid high in protein

"Little Hairs"

Structural framework

-Consists of microfilaments, microtubules

multiple centrioles=centrosome

composed of microtubules

-responsible for chromosomal movement during cell division

1. Free Ribosomes-float in the cytoplasm

2. Fixed Ribosomes-attached to the ER (endoplasmic reticulum) 

Produces cellular energy in the form of ATP

-"POWERHOUSE" of the cell

1. Rough ER-attached ribosomes-responsible for the production and packaging of protein

2. Smooth ER-no attached ribosomes-production and packaging of lipids and steroids

"The post office" of the cell

-flattened plate-like sacs

-packaging of secretions for export

-produced by golgi apparatus

-contains strong digestive enzymes

-responsible for breakdown of damaged organelles

Plasma Membrane

-lipid bilayer permeability

-Selectively permeable

-permeable to small, non-polar, uncharged molecules

-slightly permeable to water

1. Tight Junctions

2. Gap Junctions

3. Desmosomes

cell membranes tightly bound together by membrane proteins via adhesion belt, preventing passage of materials

IE-Stomach lining

cell membranes bound together by membrane proteins called channel proteins, allowing smaill materials to pass through gaps

IE Heart

cell membranes held together by a thin layer and reinforced by a network of filaments for strenght

IE Skin

uncontrolled cell proliferation

-cells that divide without control

1. Epithelial

2. Connective

3. Muscle

4. Nervous

1. provide protection

2. control permeability

3. provide sensation

4. specialized secretions

5. filtration

6. excretion/absorption

1. cellularity-closely connected cells

2. Polarity-cells have basal and apical borders

3. Avascular-blood supply from other tissues

4. Regeneration-creates new cells

CRAP

1. SIMPLE epithelium

2. STRATIFIED

3. PSEUDOSTRATISFIED

one layer of cells

-used to move or filter

2+ layers of cells

-used for protection

1. squamous

2. cuboid

3. columnar

4. transitional

Cells change between squamous and cuboidal, sometimes columnar

-allows for stretching

layers-shape-epithelium

IE Simple squamous epithelium

"Fried egg"

-found where diffusion and filtration occur

IE heart, blood vessels, capillaries, lungs, kidneys, body cavities

Capable of secretions

IE secreting glands (thyroid, sweat, salivary)

Large amounts of cytoplasm and organelles perform complex chemical reations

IE-GI tract and respiratory tract

Found where abrasion occurs and cells slough off

IE epidermis, mouth, esophagus, anus

found in few locations in the body

IE male urethra, epiglottis, anal canal, pharynx

Found where there is a great deal of stretching tissue to prevent rupturing

IE urethra, urinary bladder

1. Endocrine

2. Exocrine

Ductless and secrete their product into an extracellular fluid eventually making their way to the blood stream for indirect distribution

IE hormones 

1. Merocrine

2. Apocrine

3. Holocrine

secretions released by exocytosis

IE Salivary glands, sweat glands 

Moving molecules out of the cell

-vesicle fuses to the inside of the membrane and releases its contents to the extracellular fluid

Secretions released when the apical end othe cell is shed

IE mammary/lactiferous glands

Secretions are released when the cell membrane ruptures and dies

IE-Sebaceous glands (oily feel on hair and skin)

1. Connective Tissue Proper

2. Fluid Connective Tissue

3. Supporting Connective Tissue

-Most abundant tissue

-No cellularity

-Vascular: has own blood supply and supports epithelial tissues

1. Establish the structural framework for the body

2. Transport fluid and dissolve materials

3. Protect organs

4. Support, surround, and connect other tissues

5. Store energy (fat)

6. Defend the body from microorganisms

1. Specialized cells that produce:

2. Extracellular protein fibers

3. Ground substance

Made up of protein fibers and ground substance

-varies from fluid (blood), gelatinous (symphysis pubis), to calcified (bones).

Fibro-fiber cell

Chondro-cartilage cell

osteo-bone cell

1. Collagen

2. Reticular

3. Elastic

Most abundant connective tissue fiber

-long, cylindrical and made up of 3 subunits coiled around one another

-Strongest fiber-IE tendons and ligaments

single unit of collagen protein

IE liver, spleen: porous

contain the protein elastin

-very rare, found between vertebrae

-stretches

1. Loose connective tissue

2. Dense connective tissue

1. Loose/areolar

2. adipose

3. reticular

1. Dense irregular

2. Dense regular

3. Elastic

-Moste abundant

-has unorganized structure

-used to attach skin and support blood vessels

-fat cells surrounded by loose CT

-used for energy storage and protection

-Strong parallel fibers

-Found in tendons and ligaments

-irregular fibers

-forms the dermis layer

-allows stretching

-found in walls of arteries, and ligaments of vertebrae

1. Blood

-matrix=plasma with other cells (formed elements)

2. Lymph-interstitial fluid travels through lymphatic vessels

1. few cells (more matrix)

2. high amounts of fiber

3. ground substance may contain insoluble calcium salts

1.cartilage

2. bone

1. Hyaline Cartliage

2. Elastic cartilage

3. Fibrocartilage

-most abundant with tight collagen fibers

-used for strength

*found in tracheal rings, joints, nose

elastic fibers

-stretches, but returns back to its original shape

*found in outter ear (pinnae) and epiglottis

-tough, compressible

-important for shock absorption

*found in knee joint, symphisis pubis

1. Smooth

2. Cardiac

3. Skeletal

-Located in hollow structures ie blood vessels, GI tract, where activity is NOT controlled (is automatic)

-No striations

-Centrally located nuclei

HEART

-striated (railroad tracks through cells)

-Branching cells with centrally located nuclei

-Involuntary control

-Attached to bone

-long cylindrical cells, regularly arranged

-can have multiple nuclei

-voluntary control

-conducts electrical signals through the body

-contains neurons and neuroglia

cells that actually transmit the electrical signals

*Working cells

supporting cells of the neural tissues

*Supporting cell

-less efficiency of repair and maintenance with age

-Effected by hormonal and lifestyle changes

-Epithelial and connect become thin and weak

-cardiac and muscle have less ability to regenerate and repair

Integumentary system

-largest organ

1-Cutaneous membrane

2-Accessory structures

1. Physical protection

2. Regulation of body temperature

3. Excretion (secretion)

4. Nutrition

5. Sensation

6. Blood reservoir

-protects against dehydration

-against invasion of microorganisms

-UV block

-first defense for internal organs

-Cold: blood vessell constriction, goose bumps

-Hot: increased blood flow to surface, sweat

Epidermal Layers

Deepest to most superficial

1. Stratum basale

2. stratum spinosum

3. stratum granulosum

4. stratum lucidum

5. stratum corneum

-deepest layer

-attaches to basal membrane

-most active cell-->mitosis-constant reproduction

-appears to be covered in spines

-some mitosis

-flattened cells that contain granuals, cells in various stages of degeneration

*Provides waterproofing, strength

-clear, flattened, dead cells found mainly in thick skin

*soles of feet, palms 

-most superficial

-densely-packed, keratin-filled dead cells

-continuously being lost to abrasion

-friction created an increase of cells (corns, callous)

1. keratinocytes

2. melanocytes

3. merkel cells

4. langerhans cells

-most abundant cells in epidermis

-attached by desmosomes

-produce keratin protein that replaces their cytoplasm and once dead, is pushed to the surface for strength and waterproofing

-pigment cells found deep in the epidermis (stratum basale)

-cells release melanin

-melanin protects from UV

Sensory cells

-cells form touch receptors called merkel discs

1. Papillary layer

2. Reticular layer

-made of areolar (loose) CT

-layer that sits against the basal membrane of the epidermis

-in the papillary layer

-project into the stratum basale

creating ridges-->foot/fingerprints

Made of dense irregular CT

-surrounds blood vessels, hair follicles, and glands

-contains mostly collagen

Subcutaneous layer (hypodermis)

Functions

-Loose/areolar CT mixed with adipose

-stabilizes position of organs

-reduces heat loss

-Energy reserve

-cushion

1. Hair/hair follicles

2. Exocrine Glands

-non-living, keratinized structured

-98% are NOT on the head

-follicles form the hair 

1. Sebaceous

2. Sweat

1. Apocrine sweat-stinky

2. Merocrine/eccrine sweat-regular

-perform merocine secretion

-watery secretions found mainly on soles and palms

-empties at surface via pores

-perform merocrine secretion

-viscous, smelly secretion

-found mainly in genital and armpit regions

-empties onto hair follicle

-performs holocrine secretion

-secretes sebum (oily substance) that coats skin and hair

-contains toxic substances for bacteria

-ducts empty to hair follicle or directly to skin surface

-collagen fibers decreasee in number

-elastic fibers lose elasticity

-fibroblasts become less active

-melanocyted decrease-causing blotchiness

-decrease in langerhans (more prone to infections)

-slow healing from reduced blood supply

Burns

1st degree

Damage

Affected organs

Appearance/sensation

Damage: superficial cells of epidermis are killed.  Papillary layer of dermis is injured

Affected organs: hair follicles and glands unaffected

Appearance/sensation: Inflamed/tender

Burns

2nd degree

Damage

Affected organs

Appearance/sensation

Damage: injury to dermis-reticular layer

Affected organs: hair follicles and glands usually unaffected

Appearance/sensation: blister, pain

Burns

3rd degree

Damage

Affected organs

appearance/sensation

Damage: all dermal cells are killed.  Injury to the hypodermis

Affected organs: sensory nerves, accessory structures, blood vessels destroyed

Appearance/sensation: charred, less pain than 1st & 2nd degree