Term
|
Definition
Head and Hyoid Vertibraae Ribs and Sternum Subtotal |
|
|
Term
Appendicular Skeleton includes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
phalanges, scapula, femur, tiba, fibula, humerus, ulnar, radius, metatarsals, metacarpals
have hallow shaft and has marrow, replace hyaline cartilage during development |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
found only in the hands and feet |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
protective skull, sternum, ribs, and scapulae, covered with cartilage and fibrous tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
hip bones, few bones in the skull |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
in the tendon, reduce friction and changes angle to create a mechanical advantage, |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
replacement of cartilage to bone |
|
|
Term
intramembranous ossification |
|
Definition
direct deposit of without a preformed cartilaginous model |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
slightly moveable joints, symphysis, syndesmoses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
sutures (found in the skull) syndesmosis (Tibio-Fib) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Synchondroses - no movement but allow bone growth like epiphyseal plates and the Spheno-Occipital joints
Symphyses are united fibrocartilage, slightly moveable, include pubic symphysis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
limited movement, gliding and sliding motions between two flat joints. Intercarpal, Inermetacarpal, Carpometacarpal, and Acromio-Clavicular joints |
|
|
Term
Hinge (ginglymus) joints: |
|
Definition
Allow motion around one axis at right angles to the bones involved elbow and interphalangeal joints |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
one plane motion, in a circular pattern. Radio-Ulnar, and C1-C2 joint |
|
|
Term
Ellipsoidal (condloid) joint |
|
Definition
2 motions, adduction and abduction, flexion and extension Rdiocarpal join, Metacarpalphalangeal joint |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
2 motion Thumb, sternoclavicular |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
freedom of movement, shoulder and hip joints |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
5 sacrum 4 coxccyx 5 Lumbar 12 thoracic 7 cervical |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
body located anteriorly, arch posterior, enclosed vertebral foramen. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The arch is formed by two pedicles and two laminae, which posses four articular processes for adjacent vertebrae. a |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
forms the lateral rim of the orbit |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
area where the Frontal, Parietal, Shpenoid and Temporal bones join. Common site for fractures because of the thinness |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
has striated appearance and is under voluntary control. 40% of body mass. proximal end in origin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
non-striated and is found in organs and blood vessels. walls of manny organs and blood vessels. Peristalsis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Anterior, motor neurons, descending (efferent) pathway |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Posterior, sensory, afferent, upwards |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the innermost layer that gives rise to the digestive and reparatory tracts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the middle that provides the rise to muscular, vascular, and connective tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the outer most layer, gives rise to neural tissue and epidermis. Neuran and glial cells arise from a special portion of the ectoderm called the neural plate that is located dorsally in the midline |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
fold on itself during the 3rd and 4th week of development to make a neural tube. Failure for this tube to completely develop results in defects like spina bifid a. or anencephaly. Hallow tube gives rise to the ventricular system in the brain |
|
|
Term
Cuadal potion of the neural atube |
|
Definition
gives rise to spinal cord, while the rostral part gives rise to the brain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
rise to the cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, and limbic systems |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
gives rise to the thalamus, subthalmus, hypothalamus, retina, and lens of the eye |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
gives rise to the midbrain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
gives rise to the medulla oblongata |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
arises from the inferior end of the neural tube, which remains undivided |
|
|
Term
Alar plate of the spinal cord |
|
Definition
become the sensory cells on the dorsal side |
|
|
Term
Basal plate in the spinal cord |
|
Definition
become the motor parts on the ventral side |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
ventral connect between the lateral ventricle and the 3rd ventricle |
|
|
Term
Cerebral aqueduct of Sylvia |
|
Definition
connects the 3rd and 4th ventricle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Obstruction of the the cerebral aqueduct |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
3 holes connected from the ventricles to the subarachnoid space |
|
Definition
2 Foramen of Lushaka (lateral) 1 Foramen of Lushka (midsagitaly) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
includes includes the caudate nucleus, putamen, and globes pallid us |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The hippocampus, fornix and the cinglate and parahippocampal gyrus |
|
|
Term
The ANS has 2 two neuron chain |
|
Definition
The pregnglionic (presynaptic) or the second neuron called postganglionic (or postsynaptic) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Runs from T1-L2. Axons from these neurons pass through the ventral roots, spinal nerves, white rami communicants to enter the ganglia of the vertebral column and contain the second cell body, very close to the vertebral column. Short preganglionic and long post. Fight or flight. affects blood vessels, sweat glands, motor fibers to smooth muscles of hair follicles. Inc hr, inhibits GI, dilates pupils and bronchi |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Arise from brain stem CN II, VII, IX, and X and the sacral part S2-4, long preganglionic fibers and postganglionic fibers |
|
|
Term
Oxygenated blood in fetus |
|
Definition
oxygenation of blood occurs int the placenta |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
shunts blood from the right atrium to the left atrium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Avascular form of connective tissue! • Functions:! • Support soft tissue! • Provide smooth articular surface! • Enable development of long bones |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Nourished by diffusion! • Has no blood supply, nerve supply or lymphatics! • 3 types:! • Hyaline- most common. Found at articular surfaces! • Elastic- Example: external ear! • Fibrocartilage- Example: Intervertebral discs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Calcified living tissue! • Functions:! • Support! • Protection! • Reservoirs of calcium and phosphorus! • Levers on which muscles act! • Containers for blood- producing cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Long- ex: Femur, Humerus! • Short- ex: Carpals and Tarsals! • Flat- Skull! • Irregular- Face! • Sesamoid- within tendons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Vascular and innervated! • Nearby arteries give off a nutrient branch which enters the bone to supply the marrow, spongy bone and inner layers of compact bone! • All bones covered by periosteum! • Nerves accompany the arteries that perfuse the bone! • Bone is poorly innervated but periosteum richly innervated |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Bones separated by capsule! • Inner synovial membrane- highly vascular and produces synovial fluid! • Outer fibrous membrane- Dense CT which stabilizes the joint- may thicken to form ligaments! • Hyaline cartilage at ends of bones |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
allow sliding or gliding movements (Distal Radioulnar joint) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
movements around a single axis that passes transversely through the joint permitting flexion and extension (Humeroulnar joint) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
movement around a single axis that passes longitudinally along the shaft of a bone permitting rotation (Atlantoaxial joint) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
movement around two axes that are at right angles to each other permitting flexion, extension, abduction and adduction (wrist) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
movement around two axes that are at right angles to each other; the articular surfaces are saddle-shaped permitting flexion, extension, abduction and adduction (CMC of Thumb) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
movement around multiple axes (hip) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Bones linked together by cartilage! • Limited movement available Sutures- only in the skull Gomphoses- between teeth and adjacent bone Syndesmoses- Bones linked together via a ligament- example is the interosseous membrane in the arm and leg • Synchondroses- occur where two ossification centers in a developing bone remain separate.! • Occurs between the head and shaft of a developing bone and will eventually ossify Symphyses- Two bones are interconnected by cartilage! • Typically occur in the midline |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Largest • Epidermis is outer layer of stratified squamous epithelium which is avascular! • Dermis is a dense bed of vascular connective tissue! • Skin functions as mechanical and permeability barrier, sensory organ, thermoregulatory organ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Connective tissue containing varying amounts of fat! • Separate, support and interconnect organs and structures! • Enables movement of one structure relative to another! • Allows transit of vessels and nerves from one area to another |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Skeletal (striated) muscle forms the majority of muscle tissue in the body! • Innervated by somatic and branchial motor nerves! • Controlled volitionally - Cardiac muscle (myocardium)is not volitional and controlled by visceral motor nerves • Smooth muscle is found in the walls of blood vessels, and walls of various structures of the GI, respiratory, genitourinary, urogenital systems! • Innervated by visceral motor nerves |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Consists of heart and blood vessels! • Arteries- transport oxygenated blood to the body! • Large lumen, thick muscular walls! • Veins- transport de-oxygenated blood back to heart! • Smaller lumen with less muscular walls! • Capillaries- connect arteries and veins! • Gas, nutrient and waste exchange occurs here |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Blind lymphatic capillaries found in most tissues of the body! • Collect interstitial fluids, pathogens, cell products (hormones) and cellular debris! • Returns this back to venous circulation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Filters of lymph that contain elements of the body’s defense (lymphocytes and macrophages) that defend and detect foreign pathogens |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Vessels coalesce to form trunks or ducts which drain into venous circulation at the neck |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Comprised of the brain, spinal cord (Central Nervous System) and peripheral nerves (Peripheral Nervous System) |
|
|
Term
Central Nervous System: Brain |
|
Definition
• Comprised of cerebral hemispheres, brainstem and cerebellum! • Gray matter- neuronal cell bodies! • White matter- myelinated axons! • Ventricles- spaces filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) |
|
|
Term
Central Nervous System: Spinal Cord |
|
Definition
• Fills the superior 2/3 of the vertebral canal! • Roughly cylindrical in shape |
|
|
Term
Central Nervous System: Meninges |
|
Definition
• Three connective tissue coverings of the CNS that surround, suspend and protect the CNS! • Outer Dura Mater! • Middle Arachnoid Mater! • Inner Pia Mater |
|
|
Term
Central Nervous System: Subdivisions |
|
Definition
• Somatic part! • Innervates skin and skeletal muscle derived from somites in the embryo! • Mainly involved in receiving and responding to information from external environment! • Visceral part! • Innervates organ systems, smooth muscle and glands! • Detecting and responding to information from internal environment |
|
|
Term
Central Nervous System: Somatic |
|
Definition
• Somatic sensory neurons carry information from the periphery into the CNS and are also called somatic sensory afferents (SSA) or general somatic afferents (GSA)! • Somatic motor fibers carry information away from the CNS to skeletal muscle and are also called somatic motor efferents (SME) or general somatic efferents (GSE) |
|
|
Term
Central Nervous System:Visceral |
|
Definition
• Sensory nerves monitor changes in the viscera! • Motor nerves innervate smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands |
|
|
Term
Central Nervous System:Visceral |
|
Definition
• Visceral motor component is referred to as the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)! • Subdivided into:! • Sympathetic Nervous System! • Parasympathetic Nervous System • Visceral sensory and motor neurons do not enter and leave the cord at all levels:! • In the cranial region, visceral components are associated with cranial nerves III,VII, IX and X! • In the spinal cord, visceral components are associated with T1- L2 and S2-4 |
|
|
Term
Sympathetic Nervous System |
|
Definition
• That part that leaves the Thoracolumbar (T1-L2) region! • On each side of the spinal cord, a paravertebral sympathetic trunk extends from the base of the skull to the inferior end of the vertebral column! • Each trunk is attached to the anterior rami and becomes the route by which sympathetics are distributed to the periphery |
|
|
Term
Parasympathetic Nervous System |
|
Definition
• Cranial nerves III,VII, IX and X! • Head and face, heart, lungs and upper GI tract! • S2-4! • Lower GI tract, pelvic viscera |
|
|
Term
Parasympathetic Nervous System • Cranial nerves III,VII, IX and X! • Head and face, heart, lungs and upper GI tract! • S2-4! • Lower GI tract, pelvic viscera Somatic Nerve Plexuses |
|
Definition
• Formed from anterior rami of C1-4 (Cervical plexus), C5- T1 (Brachial plexus), L1-4 (Lumbar plexus), L4-S4 (Sacral plexus)! • Except for T1, the thoracic ventral rami remain independent and do not participate in plexuses |
|
|