Bison

-13,000 BCE

-Prehistoric

-Altamira, Spain

-sculptural effects by painting round the natural irregularities in cave walls and ceilings 

-originally dated through stratigraphy

Spotted Horse

-Peche Merle Cave, Dordogne, France

-25,000 BCE

-copying from nature

-paint on limestone

-Paleolithic

Rhinoceros, wounded man and bison

-Lascaux

-15,000 bye

-Paleolithic

-Bison wounded, hunting scene? man dying?

-human stick like while bison life like

Hall of Bulls

-Lascaux, Dordogne, France

-15,000

-composite image, with horns both showing

-optical image

-curving wall to suggest space

-most characteristic features emphasized

-accuracy

Human with the head of a feline

-Hohlenstein Germany

-30,000-26,000

-mammoth ivory, highly polished, difficult to carve = important

-imagination, ritual mask?

-whether or not animals and humans on same plane

-Paleolithic 

Head of a woman

-Brassempouy, France

-30,000

-woman, mammoth ivory

-paleolithic 

-grotte du Pape, Brassempuoy, Landes, France

-maybe travelled with nomadic people

-tiny, demands a level of personal engagement, no specific side to vire from 

-schematic- gives impression of eyes

Nude Woman of Willendorf

-24,000

-Austria

-PREHISTORIC

-limestone

-health and fertility

-proportions like this unlikely, 

-possibly cut due to the material

-maybe an object that was shared between tribes to symbolize friendship/alliance between nomadic tribes

-nonverbal communication

Two Bison Relief

-Tuc de Audoubert, France

-13,000

-clay added to ground

-uses topography

-large for paleolithic

-PREHISTORIC

Stone Tower in Settlement Wall

- Jericho

-8000-7000

-NEOLITHIC

-indicates technological and social advancements

-reach a consensus and construction

-defensive

-small stones and mortar

Human head with restored features

-Jericho

-7200

-NEOLITHIC

-burial ceremonies

-bodies dug up and restored

-respect for ancestors

-new burial practices all at once, perhaps influx of new people 

Restored view of Catal Hoyuk

-Neolithic

-Turkey

-florished 6000-5900

-along a trading root - obsidian trade

-developed rapidly

-no streets

-butressing each other because of the strength of mud brick 

-defensive advantages

-frequently replastered and built on top but shows a continuity cross generations

-buildings outlive lifetimes, tells/mound settlements

Deer Hunt

-Catal Hoyuk, Turkey

-6000

-emphasis on masculinity - erect deer penis/ bearded man/violence

-narrative

-wide variety of posses - composite views make it legibale

-baiting and taunting

Landscape with volcanic eruption

- Catal Hoyuk, Turkey

-6150 BCE

-squares are houses

-shows doubled peaked mountains

-Neolithic

-landscape

-probably an actual event

Tomb Newgrange

-3000-2500

-Ireland

-corbelled vault

-engraved stone

-mound of earth put on top - tumulus

-megalithic

-neolithic

Stone Henge

-2900-1500

-salisbury plain england

-circle of stones or post

-measurement of circumference to keep a perfect circle

-eight different construction phases

-trilithon - tall post and lintel megaliths

horseshoe surrounded by a ring of megaliths

-ceromonial burial site, also healing site?

-Welsh stone - ancestral home?

-quarried stones, sledges, barges, rolled?

-cremation burials marked by circle of bluestoness

-sarsen, big stones

-mortise and tenon joints

-optical illusions, slop slightly out to look vertical 

White Temple and Ziggurat

-3400-3200

-Uruk

-Sumerian

-name from the white walls

-on remains of earlier temples

-temple small scale

-SUmerians used temples as religious buildings and administrative buildings

-squat shaped pyramids 

-tell site - accumulation of material deposited by humans

-in this case mud brick

-system of ramps and rounds, leading up to divine

-high temple

-raised priests up, separated them from everyone else

Female Head

-Uruk

-Inanna sanctuary, possible Inanna, cult sculpture?

-came from temple

-originally part of full body

-3300-3000

- would have had maybe gold hair and inlaid gem stone eyes

-Sumerian

Warka Vase

-3300-3000

-Uruk

-story telling, narrative

-earliest known narrative

-registers

-read bottom to top

-first register : wheat animals bottom - sumerian importance of fertility/agriculture

-second : naked men carrying votive gifts to goddess, composite view 

-third - goddess, hieratic scale, collective religions

Statuettes from the square Temple

-Tell-Asmar

-2900-2600

-sumerian

-would go in shrines in front of more elaborate sculpture of a god

-varying levels of inscriptions, some personal

-conventions of sumerian art (figures stylized faces and bodies, clothing cylindrical, hands clasped in respect also maybe devotional pose, big eyes-attentive gaze)

-often incorporated precious metals

-gift to god

-stand in for uou

-hair in a lot of ancient near eastern art symbolizes maculinity

-hopes of being perpetually visible to god

Standard of Ur

-Royal Cemetery, Ur

-2600-2400

-registers, again bottom to top

-sumerian

-shows king as a militant leader and a provider

-composite view

early narrative

-enlaid with red limestone, lapis, shell into bitchimin

-figures dont really overlap

-peace and war pannel

-ground lines

-war pannel, dead naked and being rolled over

-lapis indicates trade

Cylinder Seal from Tomb of Pu-abi

-Royal Cemetery of Ur

-2600 BCE
-buried with people, also had holes, so to be worn

-signifier of social status

-hard stone

-registers with hieratic scale

-genre scenes

Head of an Akkadian Ruler

-2300-2200

-Nineveh

-Akkadian

-Hollow cast object- clay, wax, thin level of clay pinned, wax melted, copper poured in, traditionally associated with weapons, linked to patron

-impressive

-copper, v expensive

-ritual vandalism, thrown in a trash

-hair important

-symmetry, control and strength

-probably inlaid eyes

Stele of Naram Sin

-Akkadian

-Susa, Iran

-Sandstone

-multiple levels of relief

-commemorative purpose

-composite view

-good story telling

-bottom to top

-not perfect registers

-crown with horns - deifying Naram sin

-big muscles, idealized depiction

-trees, and mountains are specific locations

-integration of text, inscription congratulating naram sin

-ended up in susa because another akkadian ruler took it and reclaimed, reinscribed 

-Ziggurat of Urnammu

-Ur, Iraq

- 2100

-Neo-Summerian revival

-temple on top of ziggurat

-mudbrick

-large staircases for processions

-butressing emphasizes height

-return to monumental architecture

Seated Statue of Gudea holding a temple plan

-Diriote

-neosummerian

-2100 BCE
-Girsu

-identified by accompanying text

-tablet on knee, architectural plan of a temple he is planning to build

-butressing, walls, narrow doors, typical

-temple of god of lagash

-claims to have personally built building

Stele with law code of Hammurabi

-Susa

-Babylonian

-basalt hard permanent stone

-1790 BCE

-commercial/property law

-looks kinda similar to Gudea statue, similarity of materials and reference to earlier styles

-Hammurabi, smaller figure with hand raised in honor

-throne, early example of foreshortening

-composite view

-cuneiform

-one of the oldest and best preserved writings

-Shamash handing off the septre, god of light

-light radiating off

-divine laws

Citadel of Sargon II

-dur sharrukin

-Assyrian 

-720-705

-mud brick, butressing

-open plazas, public spaces

-raised up and enclosed palace, kind of similar to purpose of the ziggurat

-also has a ziggurat

-butressing

-assyrian capital, defensively walled

Lamassu from the Citadel of Sargon II

-720-705

-limestone

-engaged part of building

-two independent reliefs rather than in the round

-gateways and architectural sculpture

-tall horned headdress, lots of hair, muscly

-heavy body, light decorative relief

-apotropaic- possessed magic to turn away evil

Assyrian Archers Pursuing Enemies

-palace of assurnasipal II, in Kalhu

-721-706

-enemies hopelessly flee Assyrian archres

-orthostat panel-lines bottom part of wall, helps protect mudbrick

-low relief narrative

-glorifies king

-landscape there to just indicate land

-Assyrian

Ishtar Gate

-Neo babylonian

-Babylon

-575 BCE

-dominated wide processional avenue

-decorated with baked and glazed bricks, molded into individual shapes

-animals are magically ferocious like lammassu

Palace of Persepolis

-518-460 BCE

-Darius I started

-Iran

-Destroyed by Alex Great, in return for Atehens

-high plateau

-lammassu

-separates king from other people, same narrative

-usual empire queues, continuation and incorporation of other 

-international style, imported best of the best in craft too

Apadana (audience hall) of Darius and Xerxes

-500 BCE

-Persian

-stone columns

-fluted (greek ionic) and then vegetal capitals (egypt)

-also had proton capitals (front and legs of animals)

-volutes- curly part of the capitals

-floors paved, wooden ceiling (lebanon)

Processional Frieze on the terrace of APadana

-521-465

-ORTHOSTAT (Assyrian incorporation)

-rows of figures representing different characters

-low relief with rounded edges which cast shadows

-painted

-true profile rather than composite

-repetative emphasizes space

-eternal quality

-drappery - archaic greece

Palette of King Narmar

-Predynastic

-3000-2950

-unification of lower and upper egypt

-ceremonial makeup pallette

-Hieroglyphic name of Narmar

-carved both sides, lower relief

-Horus 

-on registers

-memphis, egypts first capital

• Egyptian qualities
• flat relief
• registers
• aspective - little perspective
• hieratic
• directionality - usual faces right
• composite view
• symmetric
• hieroglupics 

Stepped Pyramid and Mortuary Temple of Djoser

-Saqqara

-IMHOTEP - priest, first architect, deified

-2650-2575

-roughly shaped blocks, stuck together with clay and pasted over with limestone

-first large scale egyptian stone building

-6 layers

-resembles a ziggurat

-complex made to resemble a palace

-large courtyeards

-stone wall that does not need buttressing yet has it to imitate palace

Great Pyramids of GIza

-2575-2450

-Old Kingdom

-Khafre, Khufu, and Menkaure

-slanting sides of the pyramid might represent suns rays, theres an inscription about the kings ascending and reaching the sun god ra

-4 equilateral triangles

-covered in white limestone (khufu earliest)

-would have had gold at the top

-very expensive and huge!

-didnt get bigger

-needed a flat base, had leveling trenches

-people would work on it during summer floods

-indicates strong central control

-3 chambers

-ashlar masonry made of large square-cut stones

-corbelled vault in gallery 

-3 false pathways to the kings tomb

-kings dies, embalmed, body taken to valley temple to receive ceremonies, then taken to mortuary temple to receive food and drink and ceremonies from priests and family members, then put in pyramid tomb

-courses - rows of stone blocks

-west bank of the nile

-funerary temples used by cult after the death

-valley temples connected pyramids to nile

Mastaba tombs, plans, section restored view

-long low tomb markers

-resemble nice houses to house the afterlife

-mudbrick

-serdab- houses ka statue, usually has a hole for ka statue to look out of 

-usually grouped and called necropolises

-houses a mastabas 

-most common in early dynastic (2950-2575) 

Great Sphinx of Gizeh

-2520-2494

-Khafre

-funerary complex

-human intelligence with animal strength 

-ritual damage 

-carved out of an outcropping of rock after quarrying process

-old kingdom

Kharfre Enthroned

-2520-2494

-Old Kingdom

-Diorite

-importance of sculpture to understand architecture

-participates in cults

-23 in valley temple

-strength and permanence

-overlife sized

-falcon god, horus, acts as support and signifies support by gods

-papyrus and lotus entwined (upper and lower egypt)

-upright, strong, frontal

-false beard and headdresses

-eternal face

-diorite is expensive comes from nubia

Menkaure and his Queen

-calm, stern, radiates power and permanence

-really high relief, monolithic

-2490-2475

-queen embraces

-youthful, idealized

-mimic each other in poses

-old kingdom

-polished

-in valley temple

-Giza

-would have been painted

Relief panel of hesy-ra, Saqqara

-2660

-Saqqara

-canon, stance proportions

-hieratic panel

-gridlines

-breaking up parts of the body into modules into one of these parts

-composite

-legible but static

Ti Watching a Hippopotamus Hunt

-Saqqara

-2450-2325

-only Ti is fit for the canon

-hunters look more naturalistic- canon is choice

-zig zag lines to indicate water

-animals also naturalistic

-Mortuary Temple of Hatshepsut

-Dier el-Bahri

-1473-1458

-Architect: SENENMUT

-NEW KINGDOM

-hatshepsut queen regent but basically pharaoh till she died

-associationa nd mimicry of mutuhtep temple to the ledt

-terraces

-painted limestone

-columns with capitals

-proto doric

-shallow paintings which reinforce her power

-her images destroyed by thutmose, step son

-a mile away from her tomb in the valley of kings

-designed for funerary rites and commemorative ceremonies of the cult

Akhenaton

- 1353-1335

-Amarna period

-androgynous

-aton the sun god, represented by disk

-changes the religion

-breaks canon, not musculature

-fertility?

-maybe more of a portrait?

-Temple of Karnak

Akhenaton, Nefertiti and three daughters

-1353

-Amarna

-intimate scenes, garden settings

-hold their three children

-aten sheds light/blessing

-children dynamic, unite the scene

-Tell el- Amarna

-akenaton breathes life

Nefertiti 

-by thutmose

-1353

-may have served as a model for full length sculptures or paintings of the queen

-painted limestone and plaster

-very youthful

-contemporary notions of beauty

-idealized

-Tell el amarna

Death Mask of Tutankhamen

-1323

-young ruler, died at 19

-gold inlay of semi precious stone

-tomb of tutakhamun in valley of kings